对进口TSP大流量采样器控制电路的改进

在空气质量自动监测系统中,ＴＳＰ大流量采样器长年安装在各子站,无人值守。由于各种原因,有时出现不该采样时的误启动,从而降低了仪器的使用寿命。为此对其电路进行了改善。改进了可控硅电路,加装了自锁电路,使仪器在没有采样膜时自行锁定不运转,延长了仪器的使用寿命。     

便携折叠式采样仪器桌

便携折叠式采样仪器桌李世本（盐城市环境监测站２２４００２）烟道废气监测过程中，常因没有适合的采样仪器桌而给测试工作带来诸多不便，笔者根据多年来的监测实践，设计了一种便携折叠式采样仪器桌，现介绍如下：１结构特点１．１仪器桌的四条腿采用套管式，其高可在６...     

监测分析仪器的不确定度试验是保证监测结果准确的手段之一

通过仪器的不确定度试验,可以检验分析仪器引起的误差是否满足分析方法的要求,从而知道仪器对分析方法的适应性,同时可以知道作某一分析项目时,同类仪器中哪一台误差最小.监测分析仪器的不确定度试验是保证监测结果准确的手段之一.     

浅谈县级环境监测站污染源监督监测的样品采集

县级环境监测站污染源监督监测普遍存在监测任务与人力、财力的矛盾,而污染源样品的采集又是污染源监督监测的主要组成部分,笔者从污染源监督监测管理的实践出发,谈谈怎样以较少的人力和费用,取得有代表性的样品,从而得到有实用价值的可靠数据,更好的为环境管理和经济建设服务.1 确定合理的采样频率采样频率的高低受多种因素的影响,但主要是依据管理的需要和监测站的监测能力来确定.采样频率过低,不能适应环境管理的需要,不能起到监督监测的效能;采样频率过高,会使环境监测的负担过重,不利于提高监测质量.因此,确定合理的采样频率十分必要.确定采样频率的方法较多,主要的方法有如下几种:     

提高总悬浮微粒监测数据的准确性、可比性

一、TSP监测数据的不可比性 值得注意的是,虽然“标准分析方法”上已规定了TSP的监测方法,但受我国仪器设备等条件的限制,存在两个问题:1.实测数据的监测方法与“标准分析方法”有差别,这是较普遍的现象;2.监测仪器设备的型号不一致。据调查,几年来的监测数据基本上可归纳为由两种方法获得的。一种是用直径40毫米(有效直径30毫米)的滤膜,以30升/分的流量采样称重的(本文称之为小滤膜采样),所得TSP浓度用C_(30)表示。这种仪器一般具有交直流两用的功能,广泛使用于我国环境监测工作的初期;另一种是用有效     

大气自动监测校准中气体流量对仪器示值误差的影响及控制

研究了大气自动监测系统中标准气、校准气以及零空气的流量大小引起仪器示值误差及时校准曲线质量的影响,提出了重点控制标气流量是减小仪器示值误差的关键,从而解决了低浓度校准点仪器示值偏低、误差大及校准曲线截距大的技术难点,提高了大气自动监测中多点校准质量和监测结果的准确性.     

氨氮分析仪与连续流动分析仪对测定水中氨氮的比较

面对地表水采样分析越来越定时、大量的特点,很多监测部门都开始用仪器分析代替原来的手工分析,其中,氨氮分析仪与连续流动分析仪(CFA)是两种用的较多的仪器.现比较两种仪器的分析方法,说明两种仪器的分析方法在灵敏度、稳定性和回收率方面都达到测定要求.     

地表水监测误差分析与对策

分析和探讨了地表水环境监测过程中存在的误差。在13家监测站同步采样、同步分析的基础上，筛选出地表水监测实验室间比对结果偏差较大的石油类、挥发酚、氨氮、五日生化需氧量、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和总磷等7个监测指标。从方法误差、仪器误差、试剂误差、操作误差、环境误差、过失误差和质控选择不当造成的误差等各方面探讨误差成因。根据实样测定结果，提出合理选择并统一分析方法、增加平行测定次数、加强质控措施和修改允许相对偏差等切实可行的对策和措施，为地表水监测和水环境管理提供技术依据。     

谈大气中有机气体的采样

有机气体污染物的采集是大气中有机样品测定的第一步.而标准监测方法和较为成熟有针对性的监测方法又比较少.这就给我们的监测工作带来了困难.因此掌握一些有机气体污染物采样的基本原则和各种采样方法是完全必要的.大气中有机气体采集基本上分成两大类:直接(集气)采样和富集采样(浓缩采样).     

自动(仪器法)和手工(化学法)监测二氧化硫的相关性及两种方法对比试验的探讨

(一)实验仪器:自动仪器采用美国TE公司的43型二氧化硫分析仪、化学法采样器,因当时尚无专用采样器,采用真空泵作动力、限流孔控制流量,用大口冷藏瓶盛水维持采样吸收液(TCM)8—12℃的温度.样品分析用721型分光光度计、盐酸副玫瑰苯胺法.(二)对比试验方法:采用两种监测方法各用两套仪器平行对比的方法.对比前先校正仪器.自动仪器校零校标.然后两套仪器平行测定空气中二氧化硫,使平行日平均浓度连续3天,每天相差不大于15%.化学法采样装置首先选择合乎要求的采样管,在装     

固定源硫酸雾国内外采样方法优劣分析

固定污染源硫酸雾的国标采样方法为滤筒法，但对其采样效率研究较少。在调研国内外标准方法及相关文献的基础上，通过大量实样测定，对国标采样法进行改进：在内装滤筒的烟尘采样管后串联一个冲击式吸收瓶，此改进方法弥补了国标漏测气态硫酸雾的缺陷，采样效率达到99％以上，国标法仅为改进法的47％～68％。将国标改进法与USEPA采样法进行比对，结果表明，由于中国环境本底颗粒物浓度较高，硫酸雾易吸附于颗粒物上，致使USEPA采样效率仅为国标改进法的2?4％～12％。     

Validation of a diffusive sampler for NO2

A diffusive sampler for NO2, Willems badge, was validated in laboratory experiments and field tests. The collecting reagent for NO2 in the sampler is triethanolamine, and the analysis is based on a modified colorimetric method, the Saltzman method. The analysis was performed by a flow injection analysis (FIA) technique. The sampling rate for the sampler was determined to be 40.0 ml min-1. There was no effect of NO2 concentration or relative humidity on sampling rate, and the influence of sampling time was found to be small. The detection limit was 4 micrograms m-3 for a 24 h sample. The capacity is high enough to allow sampling of 150 micrograms m-3 for 7 days, which is twice the recommended Swedish short-term (24 h) guideline value as a 98-percentile over 6 months. In field tests, the sampler performed well, even at wind speeds higher than 2 m s-1, and at low temperatures. The overall uncertainty of the method was 24%. The sensitivity and capacity of the method also make it suitable for personal sampling for 2-8 h in working environments.     

Development of a diffusive sampling method for determination of methyl isocyanate in air

A diffusive sampling method for determination of methyl isocyanate in air has been developed. A glass fibre filter impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in a commercially available diffusive sampling device was used to collect methyl isocyanate and the derivative formed was analysed with LC-MS/MS. The sampling rate was determined to be 15.6 ml min(-1), with a relative standard deviation of 7.3%. The sampler was validated for sampling periods from 15 min to 8 h, for relative humidities from 20% to 80% and for concentrations from I to 46 microg m(-3). A field validation was also made and the diffusive sampling results showed no difference compared to a pumped reference method. The impregnated filters have to be stored apart from the diffusive sampler housing and loaded into the sampler prior to each sampling.     

Evaluating performance of stormwater sampling approaches using a dynamic watershed model

Accurate quantification of stormwater pollutant levels is essential for estimating overall contaminant discharge to receiving waters. Numerous sampling approaches exist that attempt to balance accuracy against the costs associated with the sampling method. This study employs a novel and practical approach of evaluating the accuracy of different stormwater monitoring methodologies using stormflows and constituent concentrations produced by a fully validated continuous simulation watershed model. A major advantage of using a watershed model to simulate pollutant concentrations is that a large number of storms representing a broad range of conditions can be applied in testing the various sampling approaches. Seventy-eight distinct methodologies were evaluated by "virtual samplings" of 166 simulated storms of varying size, intensity and duration, representing 14 years of storms in Ballona Creek near Los Angeles, California. The 78 methods can be grouped into four general strategies: volume-paced compositing, time-paced compositing, pollutograph sampling, and microsampling. The performances of each sampling strategy was evaluated by comparing the (1) median relative error between the virtually sampled and the true modeled event mean concentration (EMC) of each storm (accuracy), (2) median absolute deviation about the median or "MAD" of the relative error or (precision), and (3) the percentage of storms where sampling methods were within 10% of the true EMC (combined measures of accuracy and precision). Finally, costs associated with site setup, sampling, and laboratory analysis were estimated for each method. Pollutograph sampling consistently outperformed the other three methods both in terms of accuracy and precision, but was the most costly method evaluated. Time-paced sampling consistently underestimated while volume-paced sampling over estimated the storm EMCs. Microsampling performance approached that of pollutograph sampling at a substantial cost savings. The most efficient method for routine stormwater monitoring in terms of a balance between performance and cost was volume-paced microsampling, with variable sample pacing to ensure that the entirety of the storm was captured. Pollutograph sampling is recommended if the data are to be used for detailed analysis of runoff dynamics.     

Development of active and diffusive sampling methods for determination of 3-methoxybutyl acetate in workplace air

Monitoring of the workplace concentration of 3-methoxybutyl acetate (MBA), which is used in printer's ink and thinner for screen-printing and as an organic solvent to dissolve various resins, is important for health reasons. An active and a diffusive sampling method, using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector, were developed for the determination of MBA in workplace air. For the active sampling method using an activated charcoal tube, the overall desorption efficiency was 101%, the overall recovery was 104%, and the recovery after 8 days of storage in a refrigerator was more than 90%. For the diffusive sampling method using the 3M 3500 organic vapor monitor, the MBA sampling rate was 19.89 cm(3) min(-1). The linear range was from 0.01 to 96.00 microg ml(-1), with a correlation coefficient of 0.999, and the detection limits of the active and diffusive samplers were 0.04 and 0.07 microg sample(-1), respectively. The geometric mean of stationary sampling and personal sampling in a screen-printing factory were 12.61 and 16.52 ppm, respectively, indicating that both methods can be used to measure MBA in workplace air.     

博物馆室内微环境中碱性气体的被动采样方法研究

针对博物馆微环境中的碱性污染气体-氨气，采用自行研制的被动采样器，建立了一套适合博物馆馆藏文物保存环境中氨气含量分析的被动采样-离子色谱检测方法，应用于博物馆的实地采样分析，通过与主动法采样对照，获得了被动采样器在博物馆微环境中氨的吸收系数，从而获得采样点空气中氨气的浓度，为博物馆文物保存环境监测提供了可行方法。     

镀金石英砂吸附-AMA 254测汞仪测定大气中痕量汞的研究

采用镀金石英砂来富集大气中的气态总汞,AMA 254测汞仪测定。结果表明,不同采样时间下的单级吸附管的吸附效率均在90%以上,采样40min时的相对标准偏差为5%左右。与巯基棉吸附和吸收液吸收方法的对比显示,该方法具有吸收效果好、多次采样的精密度高、操作简便并且可以再生重复使用等优点。运用该法,对徐家汇等几个地点的大气总汞进行了测定。     

C OD在线分析仪比对中应注意的问题

分析了COD在线分析仪和实验室比对结果人为差异的原因是样品不均匀,在线分析仪取样装置滤过,取样层面和采样方式以及沉淀消除的方法不同造成的.提出应在相同的地点、层面和同一容器取样,用相同沉淀消除方法去除样品中氯离子干扰,保证两方法比对中使用水样的一致均匀,使测试结果正确可信.     

Evaluation of a novel hollow fiber membrane technique for collection of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine in air

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel one-step method for the time-weighted average determination of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) in the air followed by spectrophotometric detection. For this reason, 0.1% hydrochloric acid as the absorbent was used in hollow fiber (HF) membrane for sampling of UDMH from an atmospheric standard chamber. Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the sampling parameters, such as flow rate and sampling time. Moreover, several analytical parameters including breakthrough (BT) volume, storage time, and carryover effect of the proposed HF were investigated. The results showed that optimal sampling rate was 9.90 mL/min. In order to validate the proposed method, it was compared with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 3515 method, which showed good compatibility between the two methods. Intra- and inter-day repeatability values of the HF method were in the range 0.082–0.1 and 0.091–0.12, respectively, and the limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.002 and 0.006 ng/mL, respectively. The storage time of the proposed HF was 7 days at 2 °C. These results demonstrated that the one-step HF membrane offered a high sensitivity for sampling of UDMH in air.     

利用自动采样滤膜监测PM_(2.5)中铅和镉的可行性

根据PM2.5中重金属监测国标分析方法,从PM2.5采样方法、采样保存条件、滤膜材质性能等方面说明利用空气自动采样滤膜监测PM2.5中铅和镉是可行的;对手工采样(石英滤膜)和Beta射线法自动采样(自动采样滤膜)2种方法,对PM2.5实际样品中铅和镉的结果进行比较,结果显示:自动采样滤膜的空白检出和检出限均满足铅和镉的监测需求,铅和镉的回收率分别为95.2%~107%和91.8%~105%,与手工采样方法相比测得铅和镉的相对误差分别为3.6%~8.4%和1.3%~10.8%,从实践角度进一步证明了利用自动采样滤膜对PM2.5中铅和镉进行监测是可行的。