家禽养殖场废弃物处理技术的研究进展

家禽养殖场的废弃物长期以来对环境构成了极大的污染并威胁着畜禽和人类的健康，因而对家禽废弃物进行资源化处理势在必行。综述了近10年来的3种主要的可供选择的家禽垃圾处理的技术路线的研究进展。介绍了最优化堆肥、厌氧发酵和直接焚烧的试验研究结果。     

国内外对农药包装废弃物回收的主要做法与经验

全面介绍了国内外有关农药包装废弃物回收与处理的相关法律及政策制度,分析了国内外目前对农药包装废弃物回收处理的具体做法。探讨了国内在农药包装废弃物回收处理中存在的问题,最后对农药包装废弃物的安全处置提出政策建议。     

基于修正的化学品评分排序模式识别油田废弃物中的主要污染物

油田废弃物中污染物数量众多,对环境危害较大,需要对其中的主要污染物进行识别,以便有重点的监管油田废弃物.采用化学品评分排序模式(SCRAM)对油田废弃物中的污染物进行筛选,针对SCRAM在应用过程中存在的问题,对SCRAM进行了修正:在总分计算时增加了检出率和检出浓度2个因子,并且使用几何级数法定义检出浓度的5级赋分标准.在确定油田废弃物中污染物的初选名单后,应用修正SCRAM对液态废弃物、固态废弃物中直接检测以及使用浸出毒性法检测的污染物进行排序.通过对比SCRAM修正前后污染物排名的变化,论证了模型修正的必要性.最终得出54种油田废弃物中的主要污染物.     

城市固体废物管理源头政策调控系统动力学模型

把城市居民固体废弃物源头调控政策、居民的废弃物分类行为与固体废弃物处置管理系统看成动态演化的反馈系统.在固体废弃物从量收费政策和法规政策影响下,采用系统动力学模型分析居民参与废弃物管理的行为对整个废弃物管理系统的动态影响.用开发的昆明城市同体废弃物系统动力学模型对3种设定的政策情景进行了仿真.结果表明:要实现同体废弃物处置与管理的可持续发展,必须在源头上通过收费和法规等政策促使居民参加到废弃物管理系统中,注重提高资源化和无害化能力的同时,要加强源头减量和回收的力度,减少废弃物的非法处置.     

海洋塑料污染问题研究概况

世界各国，特别是发达国家，已对海洋的塑料污染问题进行了广泛研究。本文在广泛调研文献的基础上，综合评述了世界各地对海洋塑料废弃物污染状况，塑料废弃物对海洋动物、渔业经济和环境的影响，以及塑料废弃物污染的防治等问题研究的概况。详细讨论了有关研究方法、调查结果及影响因素。     

纤维素废弃物水热处理制H2的研究进展

水热处理为纤维素废弃物资源化应用开辟了一条新的途径,文中就水热处理技术的特点、水热条件下纤维素的降解过程进行了介绍,并着重综述了纤维素废弃物水热制H2方面的研究进展,同时对纤维素及其废弃物的水热处理和资源化研究前景进行了展望.     

我国电子废弃物管理与资源化对策

电子废弃物对人类环境的影响,已成为全球化的问题。通过对发达国家关于电子废弃物管理以及资源化技术的进展回顾,针对我国目前的情况提出相应的对策:制定延伸生产者责任以及有害物质的停用限期的相应法规;建立电子废弃物回收网络体系;通过国家政策和经济的扶持,尽快建立专门处理电子废弃物的机构;加快我国电子废弃物处理技术的步伐,尽快提高现有工艺及设备。     

蔬菜类废弃物甲烷发酵的产气潜能及过程特征

蔬菜废弃物具有适合厌氧发酵的特性。采用Batch实验方法,对5种常见的蔬菜废弃物的产气潜能进行研究,并在此基础上进一步对厌氧发酵过程限制性步骤及物质转化特征进行分析。研究结果表明:5种蔬菜废弃物累积产甲烷量在发酵0~10 d内增加较快,土豆和白菜废弃物产甲烷潜能最大,分别达到102 mL·g~(-1)(VS),和83 mL·g~(-1)(VS),而黄瓜废弃物的甲烷化潜能较低,只有35 mL·g~(-1)(VS)左右。动力学参数拟合表明:土豆和白菜废弃物厌氧发酵水解、酸化、乙酸化和甲烷化各过程转化速率都明显高于其他废弃物,并且各过程最大转化潜能也较其他类蔬菜高出2倍之多。厌氧发酵限制性步骤分析表明,快速水解生成的SCOD不能有效地转化为VFAs,限制了白菜废弃物厌氧消化的后续转化,而VFAs的累积则是胡萝卜、黄瓜和土豆废弃物厌氧发酵的限制性步骤,SCOD以及VFAs同时累积是茄子废弃物发酵过程的显著特征。对各物质发酵过程物质转化特征分析表明,各废弃物由于4 d以后甲烷菌对乙酸的利用减慢,导致丙酸向乙酸的转化减慢而发生累积现象,10 d以后由于产酸过程的减弱,累积的丙酸盐逐渐转化。     

纤维素废弃物水热处理制H2的研究进展

水热处理为纤维素废弃物资源化应用开辟了一条新的途径，文中就水热处理技术的特点、水热条件下纤维素的降解过程进行了介绍，并着重综述了纤维素废弃物水热制H2方面的研究进展，同时对纤维素及其废弃物的水热处理和资源化研究前景进行了展望。     

煤矸石和粉煤灰pH与电导率动态变化规律及其相关性研究

煤矸石和粉煤灰是煤矿区两种常见的固体废弃物,对环境造成极大的污染。pH波动幅度大是废弃物农用治理的主要障碍之一。对两种废弃物连续浸提时的pH和电导率(EC)进行长期动态监测,结果表明,不同层次的煤矸石尽管风化程度不同,但经过长时间浸取后,pH和EC变化趋势相似,且煤矸石、粉煤灰的pH、EC值有很大的相关性。该试验为今后两种废弃物合理利用奠定了基础。     

Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from animal production sector in Taiwan during 1990-2000

To investigate the greenhouse gases emissions from the feeding and waste management of livestock and poultry, methane and nitrous oxide emissions were estimated from the local measurement and IPCC guidelines during 1990-2000 in Taiwan. Hog is the major livestock and is followed by goat and cattle, while chicken is the major poultry and is followed by duck and geese. Methane emission from enteric fermentation of livestock was 30.9 Gg in 1990, increased to 39.3 Gg in 1996, and then decreased gradually to 34.9 Gg in 2000. Methane emission from the waste management was 48.5 Gg in 1990, reached the peak value of 60.7 Gg in 1996, and then declined to 43.3 Gg in 2000. In the case of poultry, annual methane emission from enteric fermentation and waste management was 30.6-44.1 ton, and 8.7-13.2 Gg, respectively. Nitrous oxide emission from waste management of livestock was 0.78 ton in 1990, increased to 0.86 ton in 1996, and then decreased to 0.65 ton in 2000. Nitrous oxide emission from waste management of poultry was higher than that of livestock with 1.11 ton in 1990, 1.68 ton in 1999, and 1.65 ton in 2000. There is an urgent need to reduce methane emission from enteric fermentation and recover methane from anaerobic waste treatment for energy in livestock and poultry feeding in Taiwan.     

Comparison of arsenic content in pelletized poultry house waste and biosolids fertilizer

Managers of human biosolids have been incorporating the practice of waste pelletization for use as fertilizer since the mid 1920s, and waste pelletization has recently been embraced by some poultry producers as a way to move nutrients away from saturated agricultural land. However, the presence of arsenic in pelletized poultry house waste (PPHW) resulting from the use of organoarsenical antimicrobial drugs in poultry production raises concerns regarding additional incremental population exposures. Arsenic concentrations were determined in PPHW and pelletized biosolids fertilizer (PBF) samples. Pellets were processed using strong acid microwave digestion and analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. The mean arsenic concentration in PPHW (20.1 ppm) fell within the lower part of the range of previously report arsenic concentrations in unpelletized poultry house waste. Arsenic concentrations in PBF, the source of which is less clear than for PPHW, were approximately a factor of 5 times lower than those in PPHW, with a mean concentration of 4.1 ppm. The pelletization and sale of these biological waste fertilizers present new pathways of exposure to arsenic in consumer populations who would otherwise not come into contact with these wastes. Arsenic exposures in humans resulting from use of these fertilizer pellets should be quantified to avoid potential unintended negative consequences of managing wastes through pelletization.     

Environmental assessment of the poultry sector of CFPR/TUP programme: experience of BRAC's ultra-poor poultry programme

An environmental assessment of the poultry sector of 'Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction/Targeting the Ultra Poor Program (CFPR/TUP)' programme of BRAC has been conducted. Special focus was given to health and environmental aspects of poultry rearing, including the housing and diseases of both humans and poultry, the surrounding environment, access to and sources of water, waste management, common property resources, and social conflicts related to the poultry programme. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and case studies during August 2003. Poultry rearing was found to be a promising income-generating activity for the ultra poor. A few obstacles related to health, resource use, resource management, and social conflicts were identified. There were some innovative initiatives taken by the TUP poultry members related to waste management, other sources of income and water access. Some steps were suggested to resolve social conflicts and health problems, to improve poultry housing and waste marketing, to increase nutritional intake and initiate intermediate income-generating projects, and to highlight management issues of common property resource.     

Optimal loading rates and economic analyses for anaerobic digestion of poultry waste

Four combinations of litter and carcasses from broiler chickens were examined utilizing a thermophilic, stirred-tank digester of demonstration size of approximately 10,000 gal. Under computed optimal loading rates, litter with paper bedding had the highest daily production of methane over an 8-day retention period. The greatest methane production per lb of volatile solids was achieved over 10 days with litter and paper bedding combined with carcasses. This research found that sufficient poultry litter is generated within 20 mi (32 km) of Moorefield, WV, to support a commercial-sized digester operation. However, anaerobic digestion of poultry waste cannot be financially supported by methane production alone. To be financially viable, anaerobic digestion requires a disposal fee for poultry waste and/or the sale of the digested solid effluent as an organic fertilizer to retail markets.     

Optimal Loading Rates and Economic Analyses for Anaerobic Digestion of Poultry Waste

ABSTRACT

Four combinations of litter and carcasses from broiler chickens were examined utilizing a thermophilic, stirred-tank digester of demonstration size of approximately 10,000 gal. Under computed optimal loading rates, litter with paper bedding had the highest daily production of methane over an 8-day retention period. The greatest methane production per lb of volatile solids was achieved over 10 days with litter and paper bedding combined with carcasses. This research found that sufficient poultry litter is generated within 20 mi (32 km) of Moorefield, WV, to support a commercial-sized digester operation. However, anaerobic digestion of poultry waste cannot be financially supported by methane production alone. To be financially viable, anaerobic digestion requires a disposal fee for poultry waste and/or the sale of the digested solid effluent as an organic fertilizer to retail markets.     

Biodegradation of alpha and beta endosulfan in soil as influenced by application of different organic materials

A laboratory pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of amending soil with four different sources of organic matter on the degradation rate of alpha and beta endosulfan isomers. Poultry by-product meal, poultry manure, dairy manure, and municipal solid waste compost were cured, dried, ground (<1 mm) and thoroughly mixed with a calcareous soil at a rate of 2% and placed in plastic pots. Endosulfan was added at the rate of 20 mg kg(-1). The moisture level was kept near field capacity and the pots were kept at room temperature. Soil sub-samples, 100 g each, were collected from every pot at days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 43, and 57 for the measurement of endosulfan isomers. Endosulfan residues were extracted from the soil samples with acetone. The supernatant was filtered through anhydrous sodium sulphate, 5 mL aliquot was diluted to 25 mL with hexane, mixed well, and then two sub-samples from the filtrates were analyzed for alpha and beta endosulfan isomers by gas chromatography. The results indicated that the half-life (T(1/2)) of alpha-endosulfan in the poultry by-product meal treatment was 15 days compared to about 22 days in the other treatments. The T(1/2) of beta-endosulfan was 22 days in the poultry by-product meal treatment and followed a bi-phasic pattern, 57 days in the municipal solid waste compost treatment and the extrapolated T(1/2) was about 115 days for the other three treatments.     

射阳县黄沙港流域面源污染现状及防治对策

针对农村面源污染日渐突出的问题,以农村饮用水源地黄沙港为例分析了农村面源污染的现状和成因,并从乡镇规划、生活污水处理工艺选择、畜禽水产业污染治理、农药化肥的施用、农业废弃物利用技术等方面提出防治措施。     

Composting and bioremediation process evaluation of wood waste materials generated from the construction and demolition industry

The suitability of using bioremediation and composting techniques for diverting construction and demolition (C&D) waste from landfill has been validated in this study. Different timber products from C&D waste have been composted using various composting approaches. The present work demonstrates the quality of compost produced as a result of composting of mixed board product wood waste, which is frequently obtained from the construction and demolition industry. Three compost mixes were prepared by mixing shredded chip board, medium density fibre, hardboard and melamine. Poultry manure, Eco-Bio mixture and green waste were used as nutrient supplements. The results revealed that compost produced from mixtures of poultry manure and green waste used as nutrient supplements improved the performance in plant growth trials (phytotoxicity tests). Results obtained from the experimental study clearly indicate that the composts produced comply with the criterion suggested in BSI PAS 100 (A specification for compost materials) for use in different applications. Composting can also be demonstrated to be a very practical approach to material management including transport reduction to and from the site. The economic suitability of the process will be improved with the increase in landfill tax. In the current regulatory scenario, it is recommended that these materials should be composted at a centralised facility.     

Biodegradation of α and β Endosulfan in Soil as Influenced by Application of Different Organic Materials

Abstract

A laboratory pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of amending soil with four different sources of organic matter on the degradation rate of α and β endosulfan isomers. Poultry by-product meal, poultry manure, dairy manure, and municipal solid waste compost were cured, dried, ground (<1 mm) and thoroughly mixed with a calcareous soil at a rate of 2% and placed in plastic pots. Endosulfan was added at the rate of 20 mg kg^?1. The moisture level was kept near field capacity and the pots were kept at room temperature. Soil sub-samples, 100 g each, were collected from every pot at days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 43, and 57 for the measurement of endosulfan isomers. Endosulfan residues were extracted from the soil samples with acetone. The supernatant was filtered through anhydrous sodium sulphate, 5 mL aliquot was diluted to 25 mL with hexane, mixed well, and then two sub-samples from the filtrates were analyzed for α and β endosulfan isomers by gas chromatography. The results indicated that the half-life (T _½) of α-endosulfan in the poultry by-product meal treatment was 15 days compared to about 22 days in the other treatments. The T _½ of β-endosulfan was 22 days in the poultry by-product meal treatment and followed a bi-phasic pattern, 57 days in the municipal solid waste compost treatment and the extrapolated T _½ was about 115 days for the other three treatments.     

Anaerobic digestion of a mixture of cheese whey, poultry waste and cattle dung: a study of the use of adsorbents to improve digester performance

This paper-describes the results of a study aimed at improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion of a mixture of cattle dung, poultry waste and cheese whey at a ratio of 2 : 1 : 3 (w/w on dry weight basis) in terms of total gas production, methane content and process stability by adding various adsorbents. The adsorbents appeared to improve the digester performance, for example about a two-fold enhancement in total gas production with 17% enriched methane content were achieved with the addition of 4 g litre(-1) of silica gel.