纤维素废弃物水热处理制H2的研究进展

水热处理为纤维素废弃物资源化应用开辟了一条新的途径,文中就水热处理技术的特点、水热条件下纤维素的降解过程进行了介绍,并着重综述了纤维素废弃物水热制H2方面的研究进展,同时对纤维素及其废弃物的水热处理和资源化研究前景进行了展望.     

农业废弃物的资源化利用

我国的农业资源浪费和破坏现象十分严重,解决这一问题的根本途径是开展农业废弃物的资源化利用,它是农业可持续发展的重要方面。本文在分析了农业废弃物资源化利用的理论基础后,讨论了农业废弃物的主要资源化利用途径和支持与保障体系。     

藻渣添加对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵特征的影响

厌氧发酵是农业废弃物资源化的有效途径之一.将农业废弃物同其他富含氮元素的有机废物混合发酵能够有效地提高产气效率.以玉米秸秆为例,尝试利用藻渣作为添加剂,提高农业废弃物厌氧发酵的性能.实验主要研究了混合发酵比例对沼气产量、甲烷产量、沼渣沼液特征的影响.当玉米秸秆、藻渣和接种污泥的挥发性固体质量分数为10∶ 2∶2时,沼气产率最高可达421.0 mL/g,甲烷产率为218.7 mL/g.沼渣组分分析表明,纤维素和半纤维素降解效率分别为83.7％和68.4％,和对照相比纤维素的降解效率显著提高.结果表明,藻渣的添加能够有效地促进玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷过程.     

家禽养殖场废弃物处理技术的研究进展

家禽养殖场的废弃物长期以来对环境构成了极大的污染并威胁着畜禽和人类的健康，因而对家禽废弃物进行资源化处理势在必行。综述了近10年来的3种主要的可供选择的家禽垃圾处理的技术路线的研究进展。介绍了最优化堆肥、厌氧发酵和直接焚烧的试验研究结果。     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心乡村环境卫生研究组

正研究方向面向资源化的以源分离为主末端处理为辅的县域乡村污染综合治理技术研究与示范科研理念以建设现代化乡村环境基础设施与服务体系为目标,开展技术研发与示范,实现成果转化研究重点生物性废弃物资源化技术(以负压源分离的厕所重污染水与厨余垃圾为处理对象,采用厌氧发酵技术,     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心乡村环境卫生研究组

正研究方向面向资源化的以源分离为主末端处理为辅的县域乡村污染综合治理技术研究与示范科研理念以建设现代化乡村环境基础设施与服务体系为目标,开展技术研发与示范,实现成果转化研究重点生物性废弃物资源化技术(以负压源分离的厕所重污染水与厨余垃圾为处理对象,采用厌氧发酵技术,     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心乡村环境卫生研究组

<正>研究方向面向资源化的以源分离为主末端处理为辅的县域乡村污染综合治理技术研究与示范科研理念以建设现代化乡村环境基础设施与服务体系为目标,开展技术研发与示范,实现成果转化研究重点生物性废弃物资源化技术(以负压源分离的厕所重污染水与厨余垃圾为处理对象,采用厌氧发酵技术,     

电子废弃物资源化全生命周期碳减排效益评估——以废弃电冰箱为例

随着电器电子产品的快速消费和流转,我国正面临电子废弃物国内产生量和国外非法进口量迅速增长的现实问题。废弃电器电子产品处理基金政策(简称"基金"政策)推动了我国电子废弃物资源化产业的发展,带来显著的环境效益。通过解析电子废弃物生命周期过程及其关键的碳减排和碳排放环节,提出了电子废弃物资源化全生命周期碳减排效益评估方法,并以废弃电冰箱为例开展了案例研究。结果表明,制冷剂回收所致碳减排量占废弃电冰箱资源化过程全部碳减排量的92.5%;相对于制冷剂的回收,再生材料产出带来的碳减排效益并不显著;拆解处理所消耗电力的生产是资源化过程碳排放的主要来源,所占比例达89.7%;综合来看,单台废弃电冰箱资源化全生命周期的碳减排效益为1 573.17 kg CO2-eq,2013年我国废弃电冰箱在正规处理体系内资源化带来的碳减排总效益为94.86×104t CO2-eq,"基金"政策驱动效应已初步显现。     

废塑料资源化新技术及其进展

随着社会的发展，人们对物质的要求日益增大，而自然资源和能源却日趋匮乏；另一方面，可再生利用的高分子材料的消耗所产生的废弃物也造成了严重的污染，威胁到人类的生存。有人提出废旧塑料的资源化是21世纪全人类的重要课题。本文综述了国内外废旧塑料资源化新技术及其进展。     

优化工艺结构,推行清洁生产

论述了三明钢铁厂优化工艺结构，采取炼钢全连铸，轧钢－火成材，焦炉煤气置换等清洁生产技术；改善能源配置，推广应用少污染，无污染的原，燃料，综合利用，实现废弃物资源化，减量化。     

废LCD面板有机材料水热资源化产乙酸

LCD面板主要由附着偏光片及液晶等有机材料的玻璃面板构成。有机材料的去除及资源化利用是废LCD面板处理的第一步。在水热条件下对废LCD面板进行了降解产酸研究。研究考察了反应温度、反应时间、氧化剂用量、水用量及pH值等对水热产乙酸产率及选择性的影响。通过正交实验确定了水热产乙酸的最佳操作条件：反应温度325℃，反应时间5min，氧化剂（30％H2O2）0．6mL，用水量2mL，近中性环境（pH6-6．5去离子水）。此条件下，乙酸产率及选择性分别为68．83％及70．56％。结果表明，以废LCD面板有机材料为原料，采用水热技术进行产乙酸反应，可实现其资源化再利用。     

Hydrothermal treatment for inactivating some hygienic microbial indicators from food waste–amended animal feed

To achieve the hygienic safety of food waste used as animal feed, a hydrothermal treatment process of 60–110 °C for 10–60 min was applied on the separated food waste from a university canteen. Based on the microbial analysis of raw waste, the inactivation of hygienic indicators of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), total coliform (TC), total aerobic plate counts (TPC), and molds and yeast (MY) were analyzed during the hydrothermal process. Results showed that indicators' concentrations were substantially reduced after hydrothermal treatment, with a greater reduction observed when the waste was treated with a higher temperature and pressure and a longer ramping time. The 110 °C hydrothermal treatment for 60 min was sufficient to disinfect food waste as animal feed from the viewpoint of hygienic safety. Results obtained so far indicate that hydrothermal treatment can significantly decrease microbial indicators' concentrations but does not lead to complete sterilization, because MY survived even after 60 min treatment at 110 °C. The information from the present study will contribute to the microbial risk control of food waste–amended animal feed, to cope with legislation on food or feed safety.

Implications: Reduction of microbial indicators at ramping time and holding time during the hydrothermal process showed that hydrothermal treatment is an effective method to achieve hygienic feed from food waste to a certain extent, but the conditions researched in this study were not enough for the complete sterilization of food waste, because of the different heat resistance of bacteria and spores.     

Hydrothermal treatment for inactivating some hygienic microbial indicators from food waste-amended animal feed

To achieve the hygienic safety of food waste used as animal feed, a hydrothermal treatment process of 60-110 degrees C for 10-60 min was applied on the separated food waste from a university canteen. Based on the microbial analysis of raw waste, the inactivation of hygienic indicators of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), total coliform (TC), total aerobic plate counts (TPC), and molds and yeast (MY) were analyzed during the hydrothermal process. Results showed that indicators' concentrations were substantially reduced after hydrothermal treatment, with a greater reduction observed when the waste was treated with a higher temperature and pressure and a longer ramping time. The 110 degrees C hydrothermal treatment for 60 min was sufficient to disinfect food waste as animal feed from the viewpoint of hygienic safety. Results obtained so far indicate that hydrothermal treatment can significantly decrease microbial indicators' concentrations but does not lead to complete sterilization, because MY survived even after 60 min treatment at 110 degrees C. The information from the present study will contribute to the microbial risk control of food waste-amended animal feed, to cope with legislation on food or feed safety.     

水热炭化废弃生物质的研究进展

针对近年来水热炭化技术在废弃生物质处理及资源化利用方面的研究进展,着重讨论水热炭化技术处理废弃生物质的种类、实施方法、炭化物改性及应用,并分析了当前研究需要解决的问题,展望了水热炭化废弃生物质的研究动向。     

真空碳热还原法无害化处理废弃阴极射线管锥玻璃的研究

危险电子废物阴极射线管(cathode ray tube,CRT)是当前我国电子垃圾处理处置中首要必须解决的难题,其关键在于含铅锥玻璃的处珲处置.本研究探讨了真空碳热还原法从CRT锥玻璃中分离并回收有害重会属铅的同时同收钾和钠的规律.结果表明,铅、钾和钠的回收率随温度的升高、压力的降低、碳加入量的增加及保持时间的延长而增大;当温度为1 000℃、系统压力为10 Pa时,加入10%的碳粉并保持4 h,铅回收率接近100%,钠和钾的回收率分别为65.04%和50.55%.该方法为废弃阴极射线管玻璃的无害化和资源化提供了理论依据和实验数据.     

The Potential Environmental Impact of Waste from Cellulosic Ethanol Production

Abstract

The increasing production of ethanol has been established as an important contributor to future energy independence. Although ethanol demand is increasing, a growing economic trend in decreased profitability and resource conflicts have called into question the future of grain-based ethanol production. Growing emphasis is being placed on utilizing cellulosic feedstocks to produce ethanol, and the need for renewable resources has made the development of cellulosic ethanol a national priority. Cellulosic ethanol production plants are being built in many areas of the United States to evaluate various feed-stocks and processes. The waste streams from many varying processes that are being developed contain a variety of components. Differences in ethanol generation processes and feedstocks are producing waste streams unique to biofuel production, which could be potentially harmful to the environment if adequate care is not taken to manage those risks. Waste stream management and utilization of the cellulosic ethanol process are equally important components of the development of this industry.     

Development of hybrid processes for the removal of volatile organic compounds,plasticizer, and pharmaceutically active compound using sewage sludge,waste scrap tires,and wood chips as sorbents and microbial immobilization matrices

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study evaluated the reutilization of waste materials (scrap tires, sewage sludge, and wood chips) to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)...     

堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状

堆肥是垃圾处理的主要方法之一 ,厨房垃圾、园林垃圾、农村秸秆和日常生活中的废弃纤维产品均可作为堆肥原料 ,这些原料中含有一定量的纤维素和木质素 ,而纤维素和木质素在堆肥过程中较难生物降解。因此 ,国内外学者致力于研究能加速纤维素和木质素降解的高效微生物。研究发现 ,对纤维素和木质素有降解能力的微生物主要是高温放线菌和高温真菌 ,其中有独特降解机制的白腐菌在木质素降解中起着重要作用     

磷石膏再生利用途径的综合评价

依据层次分析法原理,用经济、环境和资源化3个影响因素建立磷石膏资源化途径优选的递阶层次结构模型。以山东某化工厂生产磷酸产生的磷石膏为研究案例,从磷石膏组成成分与含量分析的角度出发,结合磷石膏各资源化途径的独特要求,探讨磷石膏资源化特性与资源化途径的密切关系,拟合出磷石膏的各种资源化特性,作为结构模型中的资源化因子。然后分别对模型中的3个影响因素进行定性和半定量化处理,最终实现磷石膏资源化途径优选的决策评价,为政府部门和环境管理者提供决策参考。