Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling

Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4 L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2 hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.     

秋夏季黄河三角洲湿地土壤汞和甲基汞的变化

汞在湿地中的行为对湿地水生生物健康具有重要影响.于2011年和2012年分别采集干(夏初)湿(秋季)季节黄河三角洲湿地土壤样品,分析不同季节汞与甲基汞的含量差异和垂直变化.秋季总汞平均含量为0.064 mg·kg-1;夏季为0.027 mg·kg-1,总汞含量平均减少57%,湿地由积水到干旱过程中导致汞的释放.秋季各点位0~10 cm深甲基汞平均含量为0.28μg·kg-1,夏季甲基汞平均含量为0.066μg·kg-1,各点位含量平均减少76%.在秋季受湿地淹水影响,利于甲基汞的形成,水分减少和湿地干旱导致土壤中的甲基汞减少.在垂直方向上,夏季与秋季相比总汞在0~10 cm深度都有减少,土壤中的汞发生释放,因此,湿地在秋季表现为汇,而在春夏季为大气汞的源.硫酸盐还原细菌的含量秋季远高于夏季,在夏季硫酸盐还原菌与甲基汞和甲基化率均显著相关,硫酸盐还原菌、淹水环境、有机物质都会影响甲基汞产生和分布.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the Σ6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (<2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, >10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs(phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration(sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges( 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs(R2= 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air in hospitals

The concentrations of phthalate esters(PAEs) in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration(24.19 μg/m3), which was 1.54 times that of newly decorated houses. The second highest concentration was found in the transfusion rooms, averaging 21.89 μg/m3; this was followed by the concentrations of PAEs in the nurse's workstations, the wards, and the doctor's offices, with mean concentrations of 20.66, 20.0, and 16.92 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest concentrations were found in the hallways(16.30 μg/m3). Of the six different kinds of PAEs found, major pollutants included diethyl phthalates, dibutyl phthalates, butylbenzyl phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates, comprising more than 80% of all PAEs present.Meanwhile, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.     

钙镁对垃圾渗滤液处理中微生物过氧化氢酶活性的影响

过氧化氢酶是影响微生物生命活动的关键酶,为揭示混合污染物对垃圾渗滤液中微生物过氧化氢酶活性的影响及其相互作用关系,选取垃圾渗滤液中常见的钙镁离子作为污染物,利用直接均分射线法设计3种浓度配比的钙镁离子混合物,钙离子占比分别为0.27、0.52、0.77;然后,根据抑制效应的变化分析钙镁离子对过氧化氢酶活性的抑制作用,并利用等效线图法分析钙镁离子对垃圾渗滤液中过氧化氢酶活性作用的相互关系. 结果表明:①钙镁离子及其混合物对过氧化氢酶活性的抑制效应具有相同的规律,在同一周期下抑制效应随着钙镁离子浓度的增加而增大,在同一浓度下抑制效应随着周期的增加而增大. ②当钙离子占比为0.27时,钙镁离子混合物对过氧化氢酶活性作用的相互关系主要表现为协同作用;当钙离子占比为0.52、0.77时,钙镁离子混合物对过氧化氢酶活性作用的相互关系主要表现为拮抗作用. 研究显示,随着钙离子占比的增加,钙镁离子混合物对过氧化氢酶活性作用的相互关系由以协同作用为主变为以拮抗作用为主.      

内分泌干扰物对机体脂质代谢的影响及其机制研究进展

近年来许多动物实验研究表明,内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)暴露除了会损伤生殖、免疫和神经系统等,还能够干扰脂质代谢,增加肥胖、非酒精性脂肪肝和高脂血症等疾病的发病风险.笔者总结了多种EDCs对不同动物模型(哺乳动物、硬骨鱼类、两栖动物)脂质代谢的影响,主要包括促进哺乳动物脂肪细胞分化、脂质蓄积和促进肥胖的表观遗传跨代继承,促进硬骨鱼类脂肪从头合成和脂质蓄积,破坏两栖动物的脂质平衡;并从4个方面综述了EDCs影响脂质代谢的作用机制,包括(1)影响转录因子的表达,从而影响脂质代谢相关酶和蛋白的表达水平;(2)影响调控昼夜节律的时钟基因的活性继而诱导脂质蓄积;(3)影响内源性大麻素和大麻素受体的表达从而改变瘦素或脂肪肝信号神经肽Y的表达;(4)影响表观遗传修饰继而影响脂质代谢相关酶、转录因子和脂肪细胞因子的表达.最后,提出今后研究需关注新型EDCs对脂质代谢的影响,同时应深入研究昼夜节律、内源性大麻素系统和表观遗传修饰等不同途径之间的交叉作用,以更好地了解EDCs通过以上机制影响脂质代谢的过程.     

外生菌根对欧洲赤松苗(Pinussylvestris)Cu、Zn积累和分配的影响

通过测定２种不同施锌和施铜水平下苗木和离体菌丝中铜锌含量研究了接种外生菌根（Ｓｕｉｌｌｕｓｂｏｖｉｎｕｓ）对欧洲赤松（Ｐｉ－ｎｕｓｓｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｉｓ）苗生长和微量元素积累和分配的影响． 结果表明菌丝的侵染增加了苗木生长同时也增加了植物体内重金属的含量．然而菌根植物中的重金属大部分分布在根部在铜处理中菌根植物地下部分的铜含量是无菌根植物的２．６倍在锌处理中锌是无菌根植物的１．３ 倍． 说明菌丝侵染使植物将过量的重金属滞留在根部从而增加了植物对过量重金属的抗性．通过进一步测定培养在过量重金属中的离体菌丝的重金属含量结果显示随着外界重金属浓度的增加菌丝分泌物内重金属含量比菌丝内重金属含量增加快说明滞留在根部的重金属可能并没有进入根系而是以某种形态滞留在菌丝分泌物和菌丝内．     

废物最少化审计中投入产出模型的建立及应用

根据“黑箱模型”原理,在工业废物最少化审计中建立并应用投入产出模型。本模型应用结果表明,它是工业废物最少化审计的有效工具,为分析工业生产物料流失原因,制订废物最少化方案提供科学依据,是推行清洁生产、实施工业废物最少化必要的技术方法之一。      

季铵盐改性聚偏氟乙烯膜抗污染性能及其对厌氧膜生物反应器微生物的潜在影响研究

将季铵盐(QAC)改性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜运用于厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR),评估了其抗污染性能,探讨了厌氧微生物在QAC/PVDF膜上短期暴露时的活性变化情况。结果表明,QAC/PVDF膜在AnMBR中清洗周期较长,说明QAC/PVDF膜可延缓AnMBR的膜污染形成;将厌氧微生物短期暴露于QAC/PVDF膜的环境中,QAC/PVDF膜对厌氧生物处理相关酶活性影响较小,不会引起厌氧微生物细胞破损或产甲烷性能下降。但随着直接接触的QAC浓度上升,厌氧微生物细胞破损比例上升,相关酶活性和产甲烷性能下降。