三峡库区消落带土壤中硫酸盐还原菌对汞甲基化作用的影响

为探究三峡水库这一特殊的周期性干湿交替环境中,硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)是否在汞的生物甲基化过程中起主导作用,本文以库区消落带原土为研究对象,以灭菌土+接种硫酸盐还原菌Desulfovibrio africanus(D.africanus,DSM-2603)为对照(试验A),在每公斤土壤分别添加0、1、5 mg汞浓度条件下,模拟研究原土(试验B)中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)含量的动态变化、总硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)数量变化,以及影响土壤中甲基汞含量的环境因子分析.结果表明,淹水状况有利于THg从土壤中释放,且Hg含量越高,释放越快;菌株D.africanus对汞具生态适应性,其菌数与MeHg含量显著正相关:在5 mg·kg~(-1)Hg条件下,D.africanus菌数可达3.65×10~4cfu·g~(-1),MeHg含量也高达7.60×10~4ng·kg~(-1).值得注意的是,试验B处理中,一方面消落区原土中SRB菌数较少,平均仅193 cfu·g~(-1);另一方面,土壤MeHg含量较低:在5mg·kg~(-1)Hg条件下,MeHg含量仅为5.54×10~3ng·kg~(-1),且总SRB菌数与MeHg含量无显著相关性.由此可以推测,在三峡水库消落区这种非严格厌氧土壤环境中,SRB并非优势菌群,其中还存在着其它对生物汞甲基化起主导作用的好氧或兼性厌氧微生物种群.     

三峡库区消落带甲基汞变化特征的模拟

为探寻三峡水库消落带在干湿交替条件下甲基汞的变化规律,以库区典型消落带土壤为研究对象,采用模拟试验,研究了干湿交替条件下消落带土壤和水体甲基汞含量和动态变化趋势及其影响因素.结果表明:淹水过程会促进土壤无机汞向有机汞转化,土壤甲基汞含量在淹水和落干过程均呈现先增加后减少的趋势;随着干湿交替周期的增加,土壤甲基汞含量增加,第二次淹水后土壤甲基汞平均含量比第一次淹水增加了22.13%,第二次落干后土壤甲基汞平均含量比第一次落干增加了58.17%.第二次淹水过程土壤甲基汞占总汞的比例明显高于第一次淹水,土壤中汞的甲基化主要与干湿交替循环有关.土壤淹水后会迅速向水体释放甲基汞,水体中甲基汞含量明显增加,两次淹水过程增幅分别为119.42%和334.72%,水体甲基汞和土壤甲基汞之间无显著相关.干湿交替环境土壤甲基汞含量主要受pH值、有机质含量、Eh和土壤含水量等因素的影响;水体中甲基汞含量的影响因素则主要有水体pH值、DO、DOM、水温等.     

三峡库区消落带甲基汞变化特征的模拟

为探寻三峡水库消落带在干湿交替条件下甲基汞的变化规律,以库区典型消落带土壤为研究对象,采用模拟试验,研究了干湿交替条件下消落带土壤和水体甲基汞含量和动态变化趋势及其影响因素.结果表明:淹水过程会促进土壤无机汞向有机汞转化,土壤甲基汞含量在淹水和落干过程均呈现先增加后减少的趋势;随着干湿交替周期的增加,土壤甲基汞含量增加,第二次淹水后土壤甲基汞平均含量比第一次淹水增加了22.13%,第二次落干后土壤甲基汞平均含量比第一次落干增加了58.17%.第二次淹水过程土壤甲基汞占总汞的比例明显高于第一次淹水,土壤中汞的甲基化主要与干湿交替循环有关.土壤淹水后会迅速向水体释放甲基汞,水体中甲基汞含量明显增加,两次淹水过程增幅分别为119.42%和334.72%,水体甲基汞和土壤甲基汞之间无显著相关.干湿交替环境土壤甲基汞含量主要受pH值、有机质含量、Eh和土壤含水量等因素的影响;水体中甲基汞含量的影响因素则主要有水体pH值、DO、DOM、水温等.     

水分条件对稻田土壤汞甲基化影响的模拟研究

通过培养实验,研究了70%田间持水量、干湿交替及淹水等3种水分管理方式对外源Hg在稻田土壤中甲基化的动态过程.外源添加浓度为5 mg·kg~(-1)Hg~(2+),培养时间为42 d.结果表明,70%田间持水量下,土壤甲基汞(Me Hg)含量基本保持稳定,平均为11.55μg·kg~(-1);淹水条件下,土壤Me Hg含量呈上升趋势,平均为30.70μg·kg~(-1),约为70%田间持水量的2.7倍;干湿交替条件下,土壤Me Hg呈现"涨-消"的波动趋势,平均含量为20.41μg·kg~(-1),约为70%田间持水量的1.7倍.培养结束后土壤Me Hg含量和占总Hg比例依次为:淹水(37.42μg·kg~(-1),0.76%)干湿交替(16.08μg·kg~(-1),0.33%)70%田间持水量(11.75μg·kg~(-1),0.25%),表明淹水条件有利于稻田土壤中汞的甲基化.Elovich方程可以拟合淹水条件下稻田土壤Me Hg含量变化的动力学过程,表明土壤中Me Hg含量在试验前期(7 d)快速升高,随后呈现缓慢增长的趋势.培养期间,各水分处理下稻田土壤中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)数量均表现为上下波动式的周期性变化特征,均值分别为(533±31)cfu·g~(-1)(70%田间持水量)、(615±39)cfu·g~(-1)(淹水)和(509±43)cfu·g~(-1)(干湿交替).相关分析表明,土壤Me Hg含量与硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)数量、氧化还原电位(E_h)、土壤含水量之间的相关性达到了显著性水平(p0.05),与其他因素之间无显著相关性.可以推测,在稻田土壤淹水形成的厌氧环境中,SRB可能是生物汞甲基化的优势菌群.     

纳米TiO2对底泥中汞释放及活化的影响

为了研究纳米TiO2对底泥汞的释放及活化的影响,采用模拟淹水实验,分析纳米TiO2对底泥和上覆水中总汞和甲基汞浓度的影响,并结合底泥中各形态汞的变化情况探讨纳米TiO2对汞的迁移转化的影响.结果表明,纳米TiO2可促进底泥中汞的释放,导致更多的汞释放到水中,与对照相比,4g·kg-1纳米TiO2导致上覆水中总汞浓度最高时上升91.32%,最终土壤汞的释放量增加约10%,主要原因是纳米TiO2可促进氧化态汞的溶解,这可能会提高水体汞污染的风险.此外,在本实验条件下,短期内纳米TiO2可能降低了底泥甲基汞的形成和释放,但长期淹水后没有明显的影响.总体来看,纳米TiO2对底泥汞释放和转化的影响随浓度升高而增大.因此,随着底泥或土壤中纳米TiO2含量的升高,其对汞的地球化学循环过程的影响可能加剧.     

长寿湖水库垂直剖面不同形态汞的季节变化特征及其影响因素

分别于2013年9月至2014年7月,在三峡库区长寿湖水库设置5个采样点,分季节、分层次对水样和沉积物间隙水进行了采集和分析,考察了水库水体和沉积物间隙水不同形态汞浓度及垂向分布特征,并研究了沉积物中汞向上覆水的扩散通量.结果表明,长寿湖水库水体总汞浓度平均值为(14.77±12.24)ng·L-1,总甲基汞浓度平均值为(0.41±0.47)ng·L-1.夏秋季采样点溶解态甲基汞浓度在表层下4~8 m出现峰值,随之其值降低近湖底部再次跃增.颗粒态甲基汞浓度峰值出现在表层下8~20 m而非在沉积物-水体界面处,主要与上层水体颗粒物吸附甲基汞的沉降有关.长寿湖水库垂直剖面间隙水甲基汞峰值出现在表层下16 cm和28 cm,可能硫酸盐还原细菌活动扩展到更深的区域,从而导致了沉积物深处甲基化率的提高.间隙水溶解态甲基汞在秋季和夏季向上覆水体扩散通量分别为28.2 ng·(m2·d)-1和30.0 ng·(m2·d)-1,远高于冬季3.8ng·(m2·d)-1,这与夏秋两季水温较高有关.夏季、春季水体DMe Hg浓度与DO相关关系(r=-0.482**,P0.05;r=-0.339*,P0.01),秋季和冬季不具有相关性.     

三峡水库消落带土壤与优势植物淹水后对土-水系统汞形态的影响

三峡库区消落带落干期植被生长茂盛,蓄水后消落带被淹没,土壤-植物系统在长时间淹水情况下,随着体系内物理化学性质的改变,汞形态也会发生变化,从而对库区水生生态系统中汞含量以及形态带来一定的影响.为此,本研究选取三峡库区4种优势植物室内栽培,再进行室内模拟淹水试验,研究淹水后土壤、水体中甲基汞(Me Hg)以及其他形态汞的变化.结果表明,淹水过程中植物的存在有利于土壤Me Hg的生成,同时对上覆水不同形态汞浓度影响显著.狗牙根作为消落带优势种,由于其体内总汞及甲基汞含量较高,淹水后对土壤以及上覆水系统中甲基汞以及其他汞形态的影响最为明显.淹水第90 d,狗牙根+土+江水(B1)处理土壤Me Hg的含量最高,为(1 135.86±113.84)ng·kg~(-1),是不加植物的对照处理土+江水(CK2)中土壤Me Hg含量的2倍左右;上覆水总甲基汞(TMe Hg)、溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)、总汞(THg)、溶解态汞(DHg)和活性汞(RHg)均呈峰值偏左的抛物线状变化,在第30 d时达到峰值,其中B1处理上覆水TMe Hg、THg和DHg最高,分别为(2.88±0.06)、(40.29±2.42)和(35.51±3.77)ng·L~(-1),三者中溶解态汞是其主要存在形式.因此可以推测三峡库区消落带植物淹水后将增加水库汞污染负荷.     

三峡库区消落带3种植物淹水后汞的动态变化及其对水体的影响

被淹没的植物是水库甲基汞异常升高的来源之一.为探寻淹水条件下三峡水库消落带植物中汞的动态变化特征及其对水体的影响,通过室内模拟试验,研究淹水条件下稗草、狗牙根、玉米秸秆中汞含量变化及其向水体释汞情况.结果表明,3种植物总汞含量范围为9.21~12.07 ng·g-1,甲基汞占总汞的质量分数约为1%~2%.淹水后,植物总汞含量逐渐降低,其降幅为35.81%~55.96%;而上覆水溶解态汞(DHg)浓度迅速上升,增幅为103.23%~232.15%,说明植物腐烂分解会向水体释放汞.淹水环境为植物体组织内甲基化提供了充裕条件,导致植物残体甲基汞含量升高,为初始含量的3.04~6.63倍,而上覆水溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)浓度也显著升高,为初始浓度的14.84~16.05倍.淹水期间,上覆水中DMe Hg与溶解氧(DO)浓度表现为极显著负相关,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度存在显著正相关.而在整个淹水过程中,上覆水DHg浓度变化量为植物总汞释放量的41.74%~47.01%,且各植物残体总汞含量与上覆水DHg浓度存在极显著负相关.     

红枫湖沉积物中汞的环境地球化学循环

基于冷原子荧光测定方法对红枫湖沉积物及孔隙水中总汞、甲基汞浓度的时空分布特征及控制因素进行了分析.红枫湖沉积物总汞含量为(0.392±0.070)μg/g,高于世界其它背景区汞浓度,也高于处于同一流域的乌江渡水库和东风水库,表明红枫湖受到了一定程度的汞污染.2个采样点总汞无明显的季节变化,但其剖面分布都有在上层富集的趋势.沉积物甲基汞浓度在春季最高,其余季节则没有明显差异,甲基汞峰值出现在表层0～8cm以内,与红枫湖沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌活动区域一致.沉积物甲基汞浓度的季节变化和剖面最大峰值分布,主要受氧化还原带的季节性迁移所控制.红枫湖孔隙水中总汞的浓度及在固/液之间的分配系数主要和随季节变化的温度或氧化还原条件有关,与沉积物固相中总汞浓度和分布相关性不大,而孔隙水中甲基汞浓度则和沉积物甲基汞浓度存在着极显著的相关性(r=0.70, p<0.001).沉积物和孔隙水甲基汞浓度除受到固/液分配系数影响外,主要还受到甲基汞产生过程控制.     

贵州草海底栖动物汞分布及其对沉积物汞的响应特征

以国家自然保护区贵州草海湿地为研究对象,系统采集草海湖中深水区和湖边浅水区生长的底栖动物,测定其总汞和甲基汞,探讨底栖动物汞和甲基汞分布特征及其对沉积物汞的响应特征,并评估了其面临的汞污染风险.结果表明,底栖动物总汞含量范围为0.51~46.55 ng·g~(-1)(均值7.82 ng·g~(-1)),甲基汞含量范围为0.04~27.71 ng·g~(-1)(均值4.31 ng·g~(-1)),低于其他自然保护区报道的底栖动物的汞含量.对比发现,夏季底栖动物总汞和甲基汞含量均高于其他季节;湖边点底栖动物总汞和甲基汞含量均高于湖中点同种类底栖动物汞含量,这与沉积物中甲基汞含量的空间分布特征一致,却与沉积物总汞含量空间分布特征相反,且中华圆田螺甲基汞含量与沉积物甲基汞含量呈显著相关(r=0.52,P0.05),表明湖边浅水区沉积物汞的甲基化程度、生物可利用性都明显高于湖中深水区.湖中湖边沉积物有机质的含量差异以及湖边沉积物存在干湿交替可能导致了这种明显的差异.底栖动物对水体或沉积物总汞和甲基汞的富集系数均较高,这些高富集系数足以引起对草海湿地水生食物链中汞污染风险的重视.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.