二氧化氯应用于二次供水安全消毒的静态研究

采用二氧化氯（ClO2）作为二次供水的消毒剂进行静态实验研究,考察了ClO2投加量、氨氮与CODMn浓度及pH对ClO2衰减及消毒副产物氯酸盐（ClO3^-）和亚氯酸盐（ClO2）的生成影响,并建立了ClO3-和ClO2生成浓度的经验预测模型。结果表明：前4h内,随着消毒剂初始投加浓度提高,ClO2的衰减速率增加,4h后降解则较缓慢。ClO2加入水中,立即有ClO3^-与ClO2^-生成,4h后基本达到稳定,且随着药剂投加量的增加,ClO3^-和ClO2-的生成量逐渐增大。氨氮、CODMn及pH的升高,可加速ClO2的衰减,同时可促进ClO3^-和ClO2-的生成。其中,氨氮浓度从0．085mg／L升高到0．585mg／LClO3^-与ClO2-的生成浓度分别增加了6．49μg／L和8．32μg／L;CODMn从1．13mg／L升高到3．13mg／L,ClO3^-与ClO2-的生成浓度分别增加了13．75μg／L和9．23μg／L;pH从6．49升高到8．45,ClO3^-与ClO2-的生成浓度分别增加了13．28μg／L和10．01μg／L。     

国家环境保护水污染控制工程技术(浙江)中心 浙江省环境污染控制技术研究重点实验室 浙江省环保公共科技创新服务平台 浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院工程研究中心

正技术系列:1、生物强化脱氨氮技术:融合了微生物强化与生物载体固定化技术,提高了生物脱氨氮效率。2、磁场强化污水处理技术:将磁性絮凝剂与磁分离技术有机结合,处理效率高,占地面积小,适用于工业废水预处理及污水脱氮除磷。3、污水处理厂提标改造技术:适用于以工业废水为主的集中式污水处理厂的提标改造。4、废水深度处理与回用技术:适用于印染、造纸、城镇污水处理厂尾水的深度处理及回用。5、锅炉烟气脱硝技术:适用于水泥炉窑、垃圾焚烧炉、玻璃炉窑以及燃煤锅炉排放的NO_x气体减排。6、流域污染水体原位生态修复技术:适用于湖泊、港湾水体修复以及景观河道污染控制与治理。7、人工湿地生态处理技术:适用于污水处理厂尾水深度处理、农村及小城镇污水处理。     

膜电解氢自养膜生物反应器还原水中的ClO_4~-

考察了膜电解氢自养膜生物反应器在不同水力停留时间(HRT)和电流强度下对饮用水中ClO4-的去除效果。结果表明,在进水ClO4-浓度和电流强度分别为10 mg/L和300 mA的情况下,HRT从12 h降低到4 h,反应器出水ClO4-浓度随HRT的降低呈增大趋势,但运行稳定后去除率均维持在99%以上,出水pH较进水有所增大,但增加幅度随HRT的缩短而减小。当电流强度从100 mA增加到200 mA时,出水ClO4-浓度随电流强度的增大而减小,稳定运行后出水ClO4-浓度低于4μg/L,出水pH受电流强度变化的影响不大。整个运行过程未检测到中间产物ClO3-和ClO2-的存在。     

基于玄武岩纤维载体的生物膜法净化污染河道水体

为考察不同水体环境状况下,所构建的基于玄武岩纤维的污染河道水体净化技术的净化效能,通过模拟不同p H、温度及DO的污染河道水体环境,研究了水体中的COD、氨氮及TP指标变化规律,得到所构建的净化技术对COD、氨氮及TP的削减速率。研究结果表明,不同温度环境下COD、氨氮及TP的净化效率会随着时间增加而增强;不同DO环境下COD、氨氮及TP的净化效率随时间增加而增强;不同p H条件下COD净化效率随着时间增加而持续增强,氨氮净化效率随时间增加至某一极值后趋于平稳,而TP的净化效率会随着时间增加表现先升高后降低的趋势。此外,实验期间不同水体环境下COD、氨氮与TP皆在温度20~25℃,p H为7,DO为2~4 mg/L时分别获得93%、90%和36%的最大净化效率;根据实验结果得出的最适宜水体环境为温度20~25℃,p H为7,DO为2~4 mg/L;COD、氨氮及TP削减速率分别为0.63~0.84、3.6×10-3~4.0×10-2和7.1×10-4~2.9×10-3kg/(m3·d)。     

电解法去除重污染河水中的磷

近年来,河流污染严重,严重影响了社会的发展,治理河水污染成为目前急需解决的问题。研究了石墨-铁板电极电解法对城市内河中重污染水体中磷去除的可行性;分析了静置时间、电解时长、初始磷浓度、电压、pH及极板间距对电解法除磷效果的影响,确定了电解法处理重污染水体的最佳运行参数,比较了电解法处理实际河水和模拟河水的TP去除效果。结果表明,重污染河流水体中的磷在较短时间内可以得到去除,在静置时间为3 h,电压为10 V,极板间距为1.5cm,pH保持在中性或弱酸性,电解时长在10~15 min时,TP去除率达到90%以上。同时,在最佳运行条件下,电解法处理实际河水效果较好。     

6种湿地植物吸收污水中氮和磷的动力学

为研究不同湿地植物对污染水体中氮、磷的去除效果,采用改进耗竭法研究水竹、金花菜、空心菜、雪里红、芋头和韭菜等6种湿地经济植物对溶解性总磷(TSP)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)及铵态氮(NH+4-N)的吸收动力学特征。目的是在对污染水体进行修复时,可以根据不同的污染程度选择相应的经济作物。结果表明:空心菜适应任何TSP、NO-3-N及NH+4-N浓度的污水,水竹则适应TSP、NO-3-N及NH+4-N浓度较低的污染水体;韭菜与金花菜对TSP、NH+4-N浓度较高的污染水体有较大吸收效率,而雪里红则适合浓度较低的水体;对于含NO-3-N水体,韭菜与雪里红具有较大吸收速率,适宜高NO-3-N水平的养分条件,金花菜具有较大亲和力,适宜于NO-3-N浓度低的污染水体;芋头的最大吸收速率最小而亲和力最大,不适宜作为湿地植物修复污染水体。6种湿地植物都具有喜铵性,对NH+4-N有更好的吸收效果。     

集水花坛对农村区域初期地表径流的净化效果

针对农村集中居住区地表硬化,高氮磷浓度的初期地表径流直排进而污染附近河道的问题,设计了"集水花坛-拦截沟"组合工艺,研究了4个不同水力停留时间(HRT)下处理初期地表径流的净化效果。结果表明:"集水花坛-拦截沟"组合工艺利用植物吸收、微生物降解及基质层吸附拦截的综合作用,有效降低了农村初期地表径流中的污染物浓度;在4种HRT条件下,该组合工艺均可快速去除径流水体中的悬浮物SS,去除率达96%以上;当HRT为3 d时,该组合工艺能够显著降低径流水体中的TN、TP及COD值,去除率分别达到90%、90%和75%以上,且出水TN和COD达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水标准,TP浓度达到V类水标准。以上结果可为农村初期地表径流的处理提供技术参考和数据支撑。     

稳定性复合高铁酸盐的制备及其在水质净化中的应用

在复合高铁酸盐溶液的制备过程中投加Ca(ClO) 2,可以提高其稳定性能.通过对Ca(ClO) 2的投加量、Ca(ClO) 2的投加顺序、反应温度及反应时间的考察,确定其对复合高铁酸盐溶液的最佳稳定条件为:在生成复合高铁酸盐溶液后投加0.08 mol/L的Ca(ClO) 2,并在20℃条件下反应10 min.Ca(ClO) 2对复合高铁酸盐溶液的稳定作用,是ClO-缓慢释放的一级动力学反应过程.将复合高铁酸盐溶液与聚合氯化铝(PAC)联合投加,可净化城市生活污水和铜绿微囊藻配制水.研究表明,与PAC单独投加相比,复合高铁酸盐溶液与PAC联合投加对水体中的氨氯、COD、细菌、浊度、藻细胞等的去除效果更好,且达到同样处理效果所需药剂量少.     

生态修复工程对城市内河水体细菌多样性的影响

微生物是城市内河生态系统的重要组成部分,其多样性与水环境密切相关。以16S rRNA基因作为原核细菌分子标记,应用PCR-DGGE、定量PCR、克隆和测序方法,分析经生态修复工程处理后不同污染程度的城市内河水体细菌多样性特征。结果表明:生态修复工程明显提高了污染程度较低水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(CODMn)的消减能力,影响着城市内河水体中细菌群落的组成和含量,且随时间和空间不同而不同;生态修复工程显著地提高了重度污染水体细菌的含量;冗余分析(RDA)表明,水体中细菌群落组成与CODMn、TP和溶解氧(DO)等指标密切相关。     

水蕹菜对苏州重污染水体净化功能的研究

采用浮床无土栽培技术，在苏州重污染河道上种植水蕹菜以控制重污染水体水质。不仅进行了静态试验，而且在重污染河道苗家河上作了示范应用，效果显著。静态试验结果表明，在气温35℃、水温30℃以上的条件下，水蕹菜对苏州重污染水体中的CODMn、TN、NH4^＋-N、TP等的去除率分别为37．0％、92.9％、93．9％、94．3％；苗家河示范工程水域中水质有明最改善，透明度达90～130cm。由此证明水蕹菜是对苏州熏污染河道净化处理的优良生物材料之一。     

Perchlorate: Problems,Detection, and Solutions

The perchlorate anion (ClO 4 m ) is produced when the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid dissolve in water. Ammonium perchlorate, used in solid rocket engine fuels, has a limited shelf life and must periodically be replaced. Before 1997, perchlorate could not be readily detected in groundwater at concentrations below 100 µg/L, until the California Department of Health Services developed an acceptable analytical method that lowered the detection limit to 4 µg/L. Subsequently, groundwater containing perchlorate were soon encountered in several western states, and contamination became apparent in Colorado River water. Most perchlorate salts have high water solubilities; concentrated solutions have densities greater than water. Once dissolved, perchlorate is extremely mobile, requiring decades to degrade. Health effects from ingesting low dosage perchlorate-contaminated water are not well known: it interferes with the body's iodine intake, causing an inhibition of human thyroid production. Contaminated surface and groundwater treatment may require bio- and/or phytoremediation technologies. Perchlorate in groundwater is relatively unretarded; it probably travels by advection. Therefore, it may be used as a tracer for hydrocarbon and metal contaminants that are significantly more retarded. Possible forensic techniques include chlorine isotopes for defining multiple or commingled perchlorate plumes.     

Aluminum-based drinking-water treatment residuals: a novel sorbent for perchlorate removal

Perchlorate contamination of aquifers and drinking-water supplies has led to stringent regulations in several states to reduce perchlorate concentrations in water at acceptable levels for human consumption. Several perchlorate treatment technologies exist, but there is significant cost associated with their use, and the majority of them are unable to degrade perchlorate to innocuous chloride. We propose the use of a novel sorbent for perchlorate, i.e. an aluminum-based drinking-water treatment residual (Al-WTR), which is a by-product of the drinking-water treatment process. Perchlorate sorption isotherms (23+/-1 degrees C) showed that the greatest amount (65%) of perchlorate removed by the Al-WTR was observed with the lowest initial perchlorate load (10 mg L(-1)) after only 2 h of contact time. Increasing the contact time to 24 h, perchlorate removal increased from 65 to 76%. A significant correlation was observed between the amounts of perchlorate removed with evolved chloride in solution, suggesting degradation of perchlorate to chloride.     

Perchlorate: Problems,Detection, and Solutions

The perchlorate anion (ClO₄^–) is produced when the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid dissolve in water. Ammonium perchlorate, used in solid rocket engine fuels, has a limited shelf life and must periodically be replaced. Before 1997, perchlorate could not be readily detected in groundwater at concentrations below 100 μg/L, until the California Department of Health Services developed an acceptable analytical method that lowered the detection limit to 4 μg/L. Subsequently, groundwater containing perchlorate were soon encountered in several western states, and contamination became apparent in Colorado River water. Most perchlorate salts have high water solubilities; concentrated solutions have densities greater than water. Once dissolved, perchlorate is extremely mobile, requiring decades to degrade. Health effects from ingesting low dosage perchlorate-contaminated water are not well known: it interferes with the body's iodine intake, causing an inhibition of human thyroid production. Contaminated surface and groundwater treatment may require bio- and/or phytoremediation technologies. Perchlorate in groundwater is relatively unretarded; it probably travels by advection. Therefore, it may be used as a tracer for hydrocarbon and metal contaminants that are significantly more retarded. Possible forensic techniques include chlorine isotopes for defining multiple or commingled perchlorate plumes.     

Perchlorate in fish from a contaminated site in east-central Texas

Perchlorate, a known thyroid endocrine disruptor, contaminates surface waters near military instillations where solid fuel rocket motors are manufactured or assembled. To assess potential perchlorate exposure to fish and the human population which may feed on them, fish were collected around the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant in McLennan County, TX, and analyzed for the presence of the perchlorate anion. The sampling sites included Lake Waco and Belton Lake, and several streams and rivers within their watersheds. The general tendency was that perchlorate was only found in a few species sampled, and perchlorate was not detected in every individual within these species. When detected in the fish, perchlorate tissue concentrations were greater than that in the water. This may be due to highly variable perchlorate concentrations in the water coupled with individual-level variation in elimination from the body, or to routes of exposure other than water.     

中国高氯酸盐污染现状及去除技术研究进展

高氯酸盐是广泛存在于水体环境中的具有高稳定性、高扩散性和持久性的内分泌干扰物,其毒理机制、环境污染、迁移转化和处理技术已成为目前环保领域的研究热点.简要介绍了高氯酸盐的特性、来源及对人体的危害,对比了国内外不同地区高氯酸盐的污染状况,综述了中国已开展的高氯酸盐处理技术,为高氯酸盐环境污染问题的研究提供参考.     

Kinetics for a membrane reactor reducing perchlorate.

The major objectives of this work were to operate and construct an autohydrogenotrophic reactor and estimate perchlorate degradation kinetics. The results show that autohydrogenotrophic bacteria were cultured in the reactor and capable of removing 3.6 mg/d of perchlorate in the presence of excess hydrogen (99% removal). The reactor was successful in treating the average influent perchlorate concentration of 532 microg/L to the level of 3 microg/L. A first-order relationship was obtained between the concentration of active biomass in the reactor and the hydraulic retention time for the given amount of substrate. During the kinetic loading study, perchlorate removal ranged from 100 to 50%. The kinetic rate of perchlorate degradation observed in this study was 1.62 hr(-1). The significant degradation of perchlorate in these samples indicates the ubiquity of perchlorate-reducing organisms. Additionally, nitrate was simultaneously removed during water treatment (greater than 90% removal). Because of the excess levels of hydrogen, simultaneous removal of nitrate was not believed to significantly affect perchlorate removal. The area of concern was the lack of complete control over biological treatment. The growth of sulfate-reducing organisms in the reactor negatively affected perchlorate removal efficiency. There were no significant effects observed on the dissolved organic carbon and total suspended solids concentration of the effluent, suggesting that the treatment did not produce a large amount of biomass washout.     

Influence of soil type and extraction conditions on perchlorate analysis by ion chromatography

Perchlorate is a stable anion that has been introduced into the environment through activities related to its production and use as a solid rocket propellant. Perchlorate is thought to transport through soils without being adsorbed; thus, for determination of perchlorate in soil, samples are typically extracted with water prior to analysis. The completeness of extraction depends on perchlorate existing as a free ion within the soil matrix. In this study, perchlorate extraction efficiency was evaluated with five soil types under two different oxygen states. For each soil, 30% (w/w) slurries were prepared and equilibrated under either oxic or anoxic conditions prior to spiking with a stock solution of sodium perchlorate, and the slurries were then maintained for 1-week or 1-month. At the end of the exposure, slurries were centrifuged and separated into aqueous and soil phases. After phase separation, the soil was washed first with deionized water and then with 50mM NaOH, producing second and third aqueous phases, respectively. Perchlorate concentrations in the three aqueous phases were determined using ion chromatography. The results obtained from this study suggest that matrix interference and signal suppression due to high conductivity have greater effects upon observed perchlorate concentrations by ion chromatography than does perchlorate interaction with soil. Thus, a single water extraction is sufficient for quantitative determination of perchlorate in soil.     

离子色谱在饮用水消毒副产物及高氯酸盐分析中的应用

介绍了离子色谱在饮用水中消毒副产物及高氯酸盐分析中的应用。重点介绍了离子色谱测定饮用水中溴酸盐和高氯酸盐的方法。简单介绍了卤代乙酸和氯酸盐的离子色谱测定法及离子色谱-质谱联用技术在饮用水消毒副产物及高氯酸盐分析中的应用。     

Seasonal variation and factors influencing perchlorate in water,snow, soil and corns in Northeastern China

Seasonal variation and influencing factors of perchlorate in snow, surface soil, rain, surface water, groundwater and corn were studied. Seven hundreds and seventy samples were collected in different periods in Harbin and its vicinity, China. Perchlorate concentrations were analyzed by ion chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry. Results indicate that fireworks and firecrackers display from the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival (February 2, 2011–February 17, 2011) can result in the occurrence of perchlorate in surface soil and snow. Perchlorate distribution is affected by wind direction in winter. Melting snow which contained perchlorate can dissolve perchlorate in surface soil, and then perchlorate can percolate into groundwater so that perchlorate concentrations in groundwater increased in spring. Perchlorate concentrations in groundwater and surface water decrease after rainy season in summer. Groundwater samples collected in the floodplain areas of the Songhua River and the Ashi River contained higher perchlorate concentrations than that far away with the rivers. The corns have the ability to accumulate perchlorate.     

Uptake and elimination of perchlorate in eastern mosquitofish

The purpose of this study was to investigate the uptake and elimination of perchlorate in eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Fish were exposed to 0.1-1000 mg/l sodium perchlorate for 12h, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 30 days, and perchlorate was determined in whole body extracts. Perchlorate was not detected in mosquitofish exposed to the low concentrations of perchlorate (0, 0.1, and 1mg/l sodium perchlorate), regardless of the exposure time, whereas it was detected when fish were exposed to 10, 100, and 1000 mg/l. The tissue concentrations were approximately 10 times less than that in the water. There was no difference in the uptake of perchlorate depending upon the exposure time, however, a difference in perchlorate uptake depending upon the concentration of the exposure dose (P<0.001) was observed. Uptake (K(u)) and elimination (K(e)) rate constants were 0.09 l/mg day and 0.70 day(-1), respectively. The half-life (T1/2) of perchlorate was 0.99 day. Thus, it appears that perchlorate is rapidly taken up and eliminated in eastern mosquitofish. These results are critical and may be used to develop models of fate, effects, and transport of perchlorate in natural systems, as well as to assess ecological risk in affected ecosystems.