生物炭对热带地区辣椒种植土壤N2O排放及其功能基因的影响

生物炭具有一定的增产和减少N₂O排放效果,但关于其相关氮循环微生物作用的动态变化过程了解较少.为探明热带地区生物炭的增产减排效应潜力及相关微生物动态作用机制,通过辣椒盆栽试验对比添加生物炭(B)、常规施肥(CON)和不施氮(CK)处理对辣椒产量、氧化亚氮(N₂O)的排放及相关功能基因丰度的影响.结果表明,CON处理产量高于CK处理;与CON处理相比,生物炭显著增加辣椒产量18.0%(P<0.05),添加生物炭在辣椒生长的大部分时期增加土壤NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N含量;在辣椒的生长周期内,相比CON处理,生物炭处理显著减少土壤N₂O累积排放量18.3%(P<0.05).N₂O排放通量与氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的amoA基因丰度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);与nosZ基因丰度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明N₂O排放可能主要来自反硝化过程;在辣椒生...     

黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生的不同过程及贡献

采用时空替代法,选择黄河口生态恢复前后未恢复区(R0)、2007年恢复区(R2007)和2002年恢复区(R2002)的芦苇湿地为研究对象,分析了生态恢复工程对湿地土壤N2O产生不同过程与贡献的影响.结果表明,尽管不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O总产生量差异明显,但总体均表现为N2O释放.恢复区湿地土壤的N2O产生量大于未恢复区.N2O的产生主要以硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用为主,而反硝化作用对N2O的产生有较大削弱作用,这与不同恢复阶段湿地土壤理化性质密切相关.非生物作用对N2O产生量贡献较大,这与黄河口为高活性铁区,Fe的还原作用关系密切.尽管黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O的产生是生物作用与非生物作用共同作用的结果,但由于非生物作用对N2O产生的影响较大,应受到特别关注.温度和水分对不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生过程的影响不尽一致,这与土壤微生物活性对温度和水分的响应差异有关.黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤的N2O总产生量介于(0.37±0.08)～(9.75±7.64)nmol·(kg·h)-1,略高于闽江口互花米草湿地的N2O总产生量,但明显低于富氧森林土壤、草原土壤和闽江口短叶茳芏湿地的N2O总产生量.研究发现,黄河口生态恢复工程的长期实施明显促进了N2O的产生,因而下一步生态恢复工程应统筹考虑景观恢复与温室气体削弱这两方面因素.     

N2O emission from nitrogen removal via nitrite in oxic-anoxic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor

Bionitrification is considered to be a potential source of nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions, which are produced as a by-product during the nitrogen removal process. To investigate the production of N2O during the process of nitrogen removal via nitrite, a granular sludge was studied using a labscale sequence batch reactor operated with real-time control. The total production of N2O generated during the nitrification and denitrification processes were 1.724 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L, respectively, demonstrating that N2O is produced during both processes, with the nitrification phase generating larger amount. In addition, due to the NEO-N mass/oxidized ammonia mass ratio, it can be concluded that nitrite accumulation has a positive influence on N2O emissions. Results obtained from PCRDGGE analysis demonstrate that a specific Nitrosomonas microorganism is related to N2O emission.     

植物影响陆地生态系统N2O产生和释放的研究进展

N2O是一种重要的温室气体。过去一直认为生物源N2O仅由土壤中的微生物过程所产生,但近些年来的研究表明,植物作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,也参与了N2O的产生、排放,对N2O的通量有着重要影响。本文以国内外相关研究为基础,综合报道了多年来植物排放N2O的研究进展。研究表明:植物本身可以产生N2O,某些植物排放量可达到与土壤排放相当的水平,影响N2O释放的因素有植物种类、生长发育阶段、养分供给、光照强度及N2O浓度等;植物影响土壤N2O的产生、传输、释放,植物通过影响土壤的理化性质从而影响到土壤微生物的活动进而影响N2O的产生、排放,同时对淹水土壤中N2O的释放起到了重要的通道作用;植物类型和不同环境因素对N2O产生、排放影响不同,尤其是豆科植物根瘤菌对N2O的影响应引起更大的关注。文章最后提出了当前研究的不足及需要进一步深入研究的问题。     

基于同位素技术的短程硝化过程N2O产生途径

在常温条件下,采用批次试验结合同位素分析技术,研究不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下短程硝化过程N_2O的释放量及产生途径.结果表明,不同溶解氧条件下,N_2O的释放量与NO_2~--N浓度显著相关,当NO_2~--N浓度大于3 mg·L~(-1),短程硝化过程开始出现N_2O的释放,且随着NO_2~--N浓度的增加而增加.当溶解氧浓度分别为0. 5、1. 5和2. 5 mg·L~(-1)时,N_2O的释放量占进水总氮的比例分别为4. 35%、3. 27%和2. 63%,随着溶解氧的升高,N_2O的释放量占进水总氮的比例降低.短程硝化过程控制溶解氧在2. 5 mg·L~(-1),既可以提高比氨氧化速率,又可以减少N_2O的产生.同位素测定结果表明,当溶解氧为0. 5 mg·L~(-1)时,只有AOB反硝化过程生成N_2O.但当溶解氧升至1. 5 mg·L~(-1)时,有4. 52%的N_2O通过NH_2OH氧化过程生成,AOB反硝化过程生成的N_2O占95. 48%.继续升高溶解氧到2. 5 mg·L~(-1)时,NH_2OH氧化过程生成的N_2O比例增加至9. 11%,AOB反硝化过程生成的N_2O占90. 89%,溶解氧浓度的改变会影响短程硝化过程N_2O的产生途径,避免过高的NO_2~--N积累,可以减少N_2O的产生.     

放牧对草原土壤N2O产生及微生物的影响

利用AIM乙炔抑制法,首次测试了我国内蒙古放牧和非放牧羊草草原土壤N₂O产生的微生物过程;通过分析不同类型草原土壤N₂O产生的微生物过程和相关微生物菌群的季节变化,研究了放牧行为对于草原土壤N₂O微生物产生过程的影响.放牧行为改变了土壤结构,有利于土壤微生物反硝化作用的发生,在一定程度上降低了草原土壤N₂O的排放.揭示了内蒙古草原土壤N₂O产生是以异养硝化作用过程为主的微生物过程,解释了内蒙古典型草原土壤N₂O通量较低和其季节变化的微生物学机理.     

Model evaluation of different mechanisms driving freeze–thaw N2O emissions

N₂O emissions from soil contribute significantly to global warming. Pulse emissions of N₂O from soils during freeze-thawing were recently recognized as important atmospheric sources. In this modelling study we explore three different hypotheses for explaining freeze–thaw related N₂O emissions: (1) soil frost or snow cover may reduce gas diffusion and create anaerobic conditions that stimulate N₂O production via denitrification, (2) microbes that die of frost deliver easy decomposable organic carbon and nitrogen to the soil, which stimulates microbial growth and vigorous N₂O production during freeze–thaw, and (3) the enzyme nitrous oxide reductase, which is responsible for the reduction of N₂O to N₂ during denitrification, is more sensitive to low temperatures than other enzymes, so that N₂O becomes the dominating end-product of denitrification at low temperatures. These hypotheses were tested with a biogeochemical model that combines hydrology and physics calculations with a newly developed, parameter-poor biochemistry module. The model was first calibrated with field datasets on soil–atmosphere fluxes of N₂O, NO and CO₂ and soil NO₃ and NH₄ concentrations that were measured in a spruce forest in Southeast Germany in the years 1994–1997. Subsequently, additional model mechanisms were implemented that allow the model to describe the outlined mechanisms potentially driving freeze–thaw N₂O fluxes. After each implementation the model was recalibrated. We were able to mimic dimension and timing of high N₂O emissions when either one of the first two hypotheses were assumed, but found no confirmation for the third. The best model fit was achieved by combining hypothesis one and two, indicating that freeze–thaw N₂O emissions are not mono-causal.     

盐度对好氧颗粒污泥硝化过程中N2O产生量的影响

采用好氧SBR反应器,考察盐度在0、5、10 g·L-1条件下好氧颗粒污泥全程硝化过程中N2O产生量的变化情况以及对系统脱氮效果的影响.结果显示,随着污水中盐度增加,N2O产生量呈递增趋势.在3个盐度下(0、5、10 g·L-1),溶解态N2O产生量分别为1.21、8.99、24.81 mg·m-3,释放态N2O产生量分别为0.95、3.46、16.45 mg·m-3.在盐度为5 g·L-1和10g·L-1条件下,N2O释放速率分别为0 g·L-1时的3.6倍和17.4倍.在3种盐度条件下无论是溶解态N2O还是释放态N2O产生量在硝化过程的变化趋势均是先上升后下降,且溶解态N2O产生量大于释放态产量.另外当盐度浓度较低时(低于5 g·L-1),对NH+4-N去除效果影响较小,NH+4-N的去除率与盐度为0 g·L-1时基本相同,均在98%以上;但当盐度升至10 g·L-1后,NH+4-N的去除率降到了70%.因此,污水中盐度增加不仅影响NH+4-N的去除效率,而且增加N2O产生量.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

催化铁强化低碳废水生物反硝化过程的探讨

研究了低碳氮比条件下催化铁耦合生物反硝化的脱氮效率以及N2O产生.结果表明,相对常规低碳氮比反硝化,催化铁耦合组能大大提高硝酸根的转化率,但产生亚硝态氮积累,总氮去除率变化不大.耦合组N2O释放量高于常规生物对照组,源于亚铁氧化物与亚硝酸根的化学反应,但最高累积量小于8%,且可继续生物还原为N2.催化铁可以消除体系的溶解氧和降低氧化还原电位,对维持缺氧反硝化环境有利.     

Simulating N2O fluxes from a Brazilian cropped soil with contrasted tillage practices

Assessing the N₂O fluxes balance is a key challenge to estimate the effect of agriculture practices on greenhouse gas production. N₂O fluxes remained difficult to measure on a field scale due to high spatial and temporal variability and usually low concentrations. Our work aimed at (i) characterizing by laboratory measurements soil potential N₂O emissions from nitrification and denitrification and (ii) testing a modelling approach of N₂O emissions that circumvents the problem of discrete measurements for two Brazilian rainfed rice cropping systems, no-tillage (NT) vs. disk tillage (DT). This latter approach consisted in the combination of 2 models: a mechanistic water transfer model and a N₂O emission model, namely PASTIS and NOE. Simulations with the PASTIS + NOE approach showed for both NT and DT treatments that: (i) the soil emitted low amounts of N₂O, (ii) emissions by denitrification corresponded to short periods of high N₂O emissions (15 times as high as emission by nitrification), (iii) nitrification contributed to ca 35% of the total N₂O emissions at the crop cycle scale, (iv) field N₂O emission measurements corresponded to the low bound of simulated emissions from nitrification.     

亚热带河口潮滩湿地N2O排放对氮硫增强输入的响应

以亚热带区域闽江河口短叶茳芏中、高潮滩湿地为研究对象,于2014年7月至11月进行氮硫增强输入的实验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定潮滩湿地中N_2O排放通量,并同步测量相关的环境因子.结果显示,不同潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量对氮硫增强输入的响应存在差异,但总体上看均促进了N_2O的排放.与对照相比,NH_4~+-N输入使中、高潮滩排放通量分别提高了157.97%和236.36%;NO_3~--N输入使中潮滩提高了60.95%,而使高潮滩N_2O排放通量提高了246.77%;SO_4~(2-)-S输入分别使中、高潮滩N_2O通量提高50.68%和87.17%;而N-S复合输入则使中、高潮滩N_2O通量分别增加了84.20%和117.79%.不同的处理组对中、高潮滩的N_2O排放通量的促进作用分别表现为:NH_4~+-NN-SNO_3~--NSO_4~(2-)-S及NO_3~--NNH_4~+-NN-SSO_4~(2-)-S.氮硫增强输入改变了短叶茳芏潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量的变化规律,但除了NH_4~+-N处理对高潮滩N_2O排放通量的影响显著外,其他处理组的影响均未达到显著性水平.中、高潮滩湿地N_2O的排放通量与沉积物温度、含水率具有显著的相关关系,而与电导率相关性不显著.随着全球环境问题的日益严重,系统研究湿地生态系统N_2O排放的机制与规律,对于科学准确的估算全球温室气体排放量具有重要的意义.     

厌氧条件下砂壤水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放特征

了解厌氧条件土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O和NO)、CO2和CH4排放特征,是认识反硝化过程机制的基础,并有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施.定量反硝化产物组成,可为氮转化过程模型研发制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究选取质地相同(砂壤土)的两个水稻土为研究对象,通过添加KNO3和葡萄糖的混合溶液,将培养土壤的初始NO-3和DOC含量分别调节到50 mg·kg-1和300 mg·kg-1,采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定方法,研究完全厌氧条件下土壤N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4的排放特征,并获得反硝化气态产物中各组分的比率.结果表明,在整个培养过程中,两个供试土壤的N2、N2O和NO累积排放量分别为6~8、20和15~18 mg·kg-1,这些气体排放量测定结果可回收土壤NO-3变化量的95%~98%,反硝化气态产物以N2O和NO为主,其中3种组分的比率分别为15%~19%(N2)、47%~49%(N2O)和34%~36%(NO);但反硝化气体产物组成的逐日动态均显现为从以NO为主逐渐过渡到以N2O为主,最后才发展到以N2为主.以上结果说明,反硝化气体产物组成是随反硝化进程而变化的,在以气体产物组成比率作为关键参数计算各种反硝化气体产生率或排放率的模型中,很有必要重视这一点.     

南京河流夏季水-气界面N2O排放通量

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对南京4条河流(内秦淮河、外秦淮河、金川河、团结河)和1座水库(金牛湖)的夏季水-气界面N2O气体通量进行24 h连续观测.结果表明,4条河流24 h内均为N2O的排放源,而金牛湖作为本底对照则表现为N2O的吸收汇.受水利条件变化的影响内秦淮河N2O在20:00达到排放峰值.金川河和团结河N2O排放通量均在夜间水中溶解氧饱和度极低的时候达到最低值.外秦淮白天的硝化作用和夜间的反硝化作用导致其N2O呈现出双峰的排放趋势.金牛湖N2O的排放量主要受风速影响,呈现出夜高昼低的排放趋势.在常规观测中,团结河、金川河、外秦淮河及金牛湖这4种水体能代表全天平均值的采样时间段均在08:00~12:00之间,但对于受外界影响较大的内秦淮其适宜的时间段则为14:00~16:00.     

污水生物处理实际工艺中氧化亚氮的释放：现状与挑战

介绍了污水生物处理过程中N2O的产生途径,重点分析了污水厂典型脱氮工艺的N2O释放差异及其原因,提出了城市污水脱氮处理过程N2O减排的具体措施,并估算出全国城镇污水处理厂2011年N2O释放总量约为1.26×109g(以N计),对今后关于城市污水脱氮处理过程N2O产生及减排的研究趋势进行了评估.     

氮肥和秸秆还田方式对麦玉轮作土壤N2O排放的影响

为探究氮肥和秸秆还田方式对N₂O排放的影响,本研究在关中地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式下,采用双因素裂区设计,主区为常规施氮（G）和减量施氮（70% G）;副区为秸秆不还田（N）、秸秆还田（S）和秸秆还田+生物炭（SB）,分析对N₂O排放和产量的影响及与相关影响因子间的关系.结果表明,小麦季和玉米季各处理在施肥后第5~16d内相继出现N₂O排放高峰,在降雨后也出现N₂O排放峰值.N₂O通量和土壤温度、NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著正相关.在同等施氮水平下,S处理增加了N₂O排放量,SB处理可降低N₂O排放量,S和SB处理均能显著增加作物产量,且SB增产幅度更大;70% G水平的N₂O年排放量较G水平减少了40%~48%,而产量并没有明显减少.综合考虑,在常规施氮基础上减氮30%配合秸秆+生物炭,在保证作物高产的同时,N₂O减排效果最好.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay, Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010-2012. Water-air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%-90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

程序升温条件下铁及其氧化物在CO存在时对N2O的还原机理

应用热综合分析仪（TG－FTIR）研究了在还原性气氛下Fe及其氧化物对N2O的催化还原 作用。研究发现铁氧化物对氮氧化物的催化还原能力相当弱，而Fe可以高效地降低N2O分解的初始温度和提高N2O向N2的转化率。在Fe和CO的作用下，N2O的初始分解温度为920K和1000K。在1123K时，N2O的转化率达到95％和805。TG／DSC曲线表明了在Fe与N2O反应过程中CO的作用表现为通过与N2O在反应表面的竞争吸附使铁氧化物还原为金属铁，X射线衍射证明Fe与N2O反应后的氧化物为Fe2O3；扫描电镜对反应后Fe表面物理形态的研究发展，在CO作用下，Fe的表面呈松散结构，可以保证Fe对氮氧化物反应的连续进行。     

高盐高碱环境下硝化反硝化过程及N2O产生特征

采用稳定运行在高盐高碱环境厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A_n/O/A)模式下的序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),考察在不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下,硝化反硝化过程及N_2O产生特征.结果表明,在C/N为5、2和对照组(C/N=0)时,总氮去除率分别为(98. 17±0. 42)%、(65. 78±2. 47)%和(44. 08±0. 27)%; N_2O的产生量分别为(32. 07±2. 03)、(21. 81±0. 85)和(17. 32±0. 95) mg·L~(-1); N_2O转化率(N_2O产生量在去除总氮中的比例)分别为(29. 75±0. 93)%、(30. 04±2. 17)%和(41. 69±0. 80)%.高盐高碱条件下,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)受到很强的抑制作用,硝化过程基本停留在亚硝酸盐阶段.由于高盐高碱环境对N_2O还原酶活性的抑制,使得异养反硝化过程产生了大量N_2O,随着碳氮比的增大,有更多的碳源用于反硝化过程,因而总氮去除率和N_2O产生量均随之增加.随着碳氮比的增大,N_2O转化率随之降低,这可能是由于异养反硝化过程氮素还原酶对电子的竞争所形成的,碳氮比越高,电子竞争越弱.高通量测序表明:在SBBR中,氨氧化细菌(AOB)被富集,而几乎不存在NOB;优势异养反硝化菌属主要是Thauera、Azoarcus和Gemmobacter.     

测土配方施肥对湖北省N2O减排的贡献

为弄清测土配方施肥项目实施后对氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放产生的影响及其带来的经济效益.本研究通过比较传统施肥和测土配方推荐施肥的农田氮(N)投入量,依据《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》方法,分别估算了农田N_2O的直接排放和间接排放.结果表明,测土配方施肥项目从2004年开始实施至2013年的10年时间里,共减少氮肥的施用量74.39×104t(折纯N),作物产量增加1898.05×104t;10年里共减少N_2O排放总量为2.24×104t,其中由氮肥施用量减少带来的N_2O减排量为1.57×104t,作物产量提高带来的N_2O减排量为0.67×104t;湖北省不同区域的N_2O减排量与该地区项目实施面积密切相关,项目实施10年来襄阳市N_2O减排总量最大,为0.31×104t,其次是荆州市,减排量为0.26×104t,神龙架林区N_2O减排总量最小,仅为0.0034×104t;不同作物对N_2O减排的贡献以玉米减排总量最大,为0.54×104t,占减排总量的24.17%,其次为水稻,减排量为0.49×104t,芝麻减排总量最小,仅0.018×104t.按照湖北省碳交易市场最新交易价格25元·t-1C来计算,湖北省实施测土配方施肥项目10年来仅N_2O减排所带来效益可达1.74亿元.测土配方施肥项目不仅在湖北省粮食增产上有重要贡献,对减少N_2O排放也有重要贡献,并带来一定的经济效益.