二重源解析技术在西宁市PM_（10）来源解析中的应用研究

在西宁市（青海大学、振兴、朝阳、马坊、颐豪、开发区、多巴）采样点采集大气PM10环境样品,针对西宁市颗粒物主要排放源采集土壤尘、建筑水泥尘、燃煤尘等排放源PM10样品,应用二重源解析技术得到了西宁市PM10源解析结果,六类污染源的年总贡献值213.6μg/m3,其中燃煤尘、建筑水泥尘、土壤风沙尘和机动车尾气尘对PM10的年分担率达到了83.2%。     

文摘

文摘▲《镀锌钢在模拟工业大气中的腐蚀》──《Ｃｏｒｒｏｓ．Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔｓ》，１９９１，（２），１０～１２（英）：在气候箱内进行加速循环腐蚀试验（８小时：４０℃、１００％ＲＨ＋１６小时：环境温度和相对湿度，并添加０．０２～２ｍ３ＳＯ２组成一个试验周...     

瓦里关地区大气浑浊度的观测与分析

利用瓦里关地区19949年9月－2000年9月太阳直接辐的分光观测资料,分析了该地区大气浑浊度系数的特征,并对1999年4月4次大风和扬沙过程的载尘尘量进行了估算。结果表明：（1）瓦里关地区大气浑浊系数的年平均值为0．047,波长指数平均值为4．673;大气浑浊度系数的季节变化明显,但日变化不明显。（2）大气浑浊度系数与地面风向、风速有密切关系：1999年N风时大气浑浊度系数最大,NW风次之,而SE风时大气浑浊度系数最小。≥5．0m/s的风速对大气浑浊系数的变化影响最大。（3）该地区大气相当洁净,受人类活动的影响较小,其大气浑浊度状况与同期五道染地区同属一个量级。     

我国大气中尘,沙含量与分布情况的研究

一、概述 1.尘、沙的来源 空气中尘、沙多数来自工业化生产的产物,部份为自然界的地壳风化层和交通运输所引起的。大气尘的70％是由风化产生的。由工业污染产生的可达大气尘总量的25～30％。大气尘的发生源有自然发生源和人为(诱发)发生源。     

示波极谱法对酚类化合物的分析

用示波极谱法对酚类化合物进行分析，方法的线性范围在３．０×１０￣（－５）～８．０×１０￣（－３）ｍｇ／Ｌ之间，最低检出限为６．０×１０￣（－６）ｍｇ／Ｌ，浓度为０．２６×１０￣（－２）～０．５２ｍｇ／Ｌ时的相对标准偏差为１．８％～４．０％，浓度为０．３×１０￣（－２）～０．５１ｍｇ／Ｌ时的回收率为９５．０％～１０２．１％，其结果与４－氨基胺替比林分光光度法相一致。     

我国高科技风险投资业的问题与对策

我国高科技风险投资业存在的问题经过短短几年的发展，我国风险投资已经有相当规模，据科技部风险投资调研小组的调查，风险投资机构注册资本总额约３９．１亿元人民币，投资项目３９８项，集中于电子信息（３０％）、机电一体化（２０．２％）、生物医药（２５％）、新材料（１４％）、环保（８％）、新能源（２．８％）等高新技术产业。但从总体上来讲，我国风险投资为无论从规模、发展速度，还是从质量、水平上，与发达国家相比都有很大差距，具体表现在以下方面：——缺乏应有的法规和政策保障，风险投资的运行缺乏完善的制度平台。尽管…     

对GB16297—1996的理解

通过实际运用碳黑尘排放标准，提出了《大气污染物综合排放标准》（GB16297－1996）由于未限定生产规模（即未限定排气量），可能造成潜在的污染物排放总量增加。     

城市街区环境综合管理的经验

苏州市平江区从1980年建立环保机构开始．经过多年努力，全区环境污染状况基本上得到了控制，1989年、1992年分别通过了建设“烟气黑度、固定噪声源双控制区”和“城市区域环境噪声达标区”省级验收。1993年全区283个固定噪声源、91个社会生活噪声源、125台工业锅（窑）炉排尘浓度、1947台（眼）E级锅炉（茶水炉、饮食炉灶）烟气黑度达标率分别为96．5％、100％、97．1％和96．7％，8．93平方公里建成区785个200米×200米网络200秒平均连续等效（A）声级为53．8dB（A），辖区环境质量得到了明显改善。一、全面系统地开展城市环境综合整治1…     

皮埃蒙特大区

山脚下的土地皮埃蒙特意思是“山脚下的土地”，其历史启于１２世纪，原来标明是与三条河流多拉里帕里亚（Ｄｏｒａ　Ｒｉｐａｒｉａ）、波河（Ｐｏ）和桑格内（Ｓａｎｇｏｎｅ）相接的狭窄走向。如今，皮埃蒙特大区是意大利第二大地区，其覆盖面积大约２．４５万ｋｍ２，西部是阿尔卑斯山高山蜿蜒，最北部则是亚平宁山脉。从地理上说，该地区可被划分为三种景观：高山（４３％），丘陵（３０％）与波河平原（２７％）。该地区由许多水源浇灌，大多数注入意大利最大的河流波河。发展的良好因素皮埃蒙特拥有３８．８万个企业，占全国总数的８…     

西宁市区酸雨状况分析

用西宁市区１９９２～１９９４年１７８个酸雨观测降水样本，对降水的ｐＨ值和电导率做了统计，并结合气象条件进行了分析。经统计分析发现：西宁市区酸雨降水样本９个，酸性降水量达１０６．５ｍｍ，酸雨的频率为５．１％，占总降水量的８．６９％，降水的年平均ｐＨ值（ｐＨ）为６．４６属中性，酸雨多发生在暖季（５～９月）。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.