大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征及防治对策

介绍了大港油田大气颗粒物和多环芳烃的污染现状,并对大港油田地区大气特征构成及大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征作了初步分析,得出大港油田地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染类型为燃油型,并据此提出了防治多环芳烃污染的相应对策。     

多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复标准研究——辽宁省地方标准(DB 21/T 2274-2014)的建立及其依据

为指导正确评价多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复效果及环境风险,根据辽宁省农田土壤多环芳烃污染状况、多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复技术特点,参考国内外相关标准,应用生态风险模型,建立辽宁省地方标准(DB 21/T 2274-2014)——多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复标准,提出了生态修复完成后农田土壤中总多环芳烃浓度和苯并[a]芘环境当量总浓度限值。主要内容为:生态修复完成后农田土壤中总多环芳烃浓度低于2 mg/kg,生态修复完成后农田土壤中苯并[a]芘环境当量总浓度低于0.53 mg/kg。     

环境中多环芳烃的分析

文章对环境中的多环芳烃,尤其是大气、土壤、水体中的多环芳烃研究进展进行综述,包括了室内室外多环芳烃的浓度,以及几十年来的变迁,简述了多环芳烃的检测标准及其适用性、多环芳烃的分离与富集、迁移和转化方式,并对环境样品中多环芳烃的富集做了描述。     

多环芳烃污染与防治对策

多环芳烃是一类已被证实具有致癌作用的碳氢化合物，它不仅可以诱发皮肤癌，还可诱发肺癌。列出１６种多环芳烃的化学性质和致癌的强弱程度，并且从燃煤和油田开发角度出发分析了多环芳烃的污染情况，提出了具体防治对策。     

基于灰色关联分析的岷江上游流域震后水质综合评价

汶川大地震是我国建国以来强度最大、破坏最严重的一次地震,使本就脆弱的岷江上游生态环境和水环境受到极大影响,岷江是成都市和都江堰市的主要水源,本次地震又发生在这两大城市的上游,震区中岷江水质直接关系到这两个城市的用水安全。本文根据跟岷江映秀段的水质监测结果,利用灰色关联分析法对水质进行综合评价分析,研究震后岷江水质特征,为岷江的水环境保护及成都与都江堰的饮用水安全提供参考。     

镇江东部地区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析

分析了镇江东部扬中地区土壤中16种优先控制的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物的含量特征及污染水平。结果表明，该地区土壤的多环芳烃总量为2．4～49．9μg／Kg，其中荧蒽的含量最高，同我国其他地区相比，其污染水平比较低。5个采样点PAHs含量表明有两个点受工业企业影响，其他3个点具有类似的面源污染即地质成因来源。     

岷江流域地表水水质的模糊综合评价

岷江是长江上游的一个重要支流，其水质安全对维持成都平原正常的生产生活起着至关重要的作用。采用模糊综合评价的方法，对岷江流域14个地表水监测断面的水质状况进行了综合评价。结果表明：在14个监测断面中，处于清洁和未污染程度的断面占50％，主要位于岷江流域的上游和下游，其水质状况较好；处于重污染的断面占29％，主要位于岷江流域的中游，水质状况较差。因此，需要加强流域综合治理尤其是对岷江中游的治理，以确保岷江流域的水质安全。     

岷江乐山段有机污染状况及变化趋势分析

“三氧”是衡量水质有机污染的重要指标。本文针对岷江乐山段地面水质污染属有机污染的特点，以“三氧”为依据研究了其有机污染的变化趋势，并对其污染状况进行了分析，提出了防治污染的对策和建议。     

四川省南充市大气中多环芳烃的分布

用超声波萃取，抽滤，减压蒸发浓缩，硅胶柱净化，再逍缩至干，定客溶解的方法处理了南充市5个监测点冬，夏季乘集的大气颗粒物样品，然后用高效液相色谱法分析其中9种多环芳烃含量，大气中苯并[a]芘的年平均含量为31．5ng/m3，略低于成都市1988年测定的年平均值，南充市大气中多环芳烃的主要来源是居民生活用煤，其次是汽车尾气，改变燃料结构，集中供热，加强城市交通管理，是减少多环芳烃污染的途径。     

环境中的多环芳烃结构及其危害

作为一类环境污染有机化合物,多环芳烃具有数量庞大、结构独特、机理复杂的特点。文章从其芳香性分类开始,阐述多环芳烃的结构(环数、支链和杂环等)和毒性的构效关系。多环芳烃存在各种毒性和致癌活性,自然界很多微生物能够降解多环芳烃。多环芳烃的生物降解仍需要进一步深入研究。     

三峡库区典型次级支流表层沉积物中PAHs的分布特征及来源分析

本文表征了三峡库区典型次级支流(梁滩河)表层沉积物中18种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度,并对其分布特征和污染来源进行了探讨。18种PAHs的总浓度(∑18 PAHs)范围为198.5～4349 ng/g-dw(干重),平均浓度为1441ng/g,中值为1160 ng/g。与其他地区沉积物污染情况相比,梁滩河沉积物中PAHs浓度处于中等偏低的污染程度,支流污染程显著高于干流,流经城镇的右支污染程度显著高于流经农村或人口较少的左支和主干流。大部分采样点以高环(4～6环)PAHs污染为主。PAHs源解析结果表明,梁滩河表层沉积物中PAHs污染以燃烧源为主,主要源于化石燃料和生物质的不完全燃烧。沉积物中苯并[a]芘的毒性当量因子(TEF)值为39.38～384.37 ngTEQ/g,平均值110.94 ngTEQ/g。生态风险评价的结果表明,右支流的两个采样点R3和R4点沉积物中PAHs可能存在生物负效应影响,R4点的高风险可能与附近白市驿机场污染有关。     

西溪湿地底泥质量现状与生态风险初步评价

为了解西溪湿地底泥质量现状,2012年9月采集保护区内不同干扰类型的底泥样本,测试了底泥中重金属和POPs中PCBs、OCPs和PAHs的含量,并对湿地底泥污染进行了生态风险初步评价。结果表明,底泥中未检出PCBs和OCPs,但检测出14种EPA优控PAHs,总PAHs的浓度范围为115.9～217.8 ng·g^-1,低于潜在生态风险的效应区间低值ERL,其中列入中国＂水中优先控制污染黑名单＂的7种PAHs均有检出并且其总量占∑PAHs 1/2左右（平均为50.08%）;底泥中8种重金属含量平均值低于《土壤环境质量标准》（GB 15618—1995）的二级标准,但Hg、Zn、Pb、Ni含量在多个位点已超过一级标准;分别采用土壤背景值和国家一级标准为参比值对湿地底泥中重金属进行单因子污染风险指数评价,发现分别有7种和4种元素的污染指数大于1;综合分析不同干扰类型的底泥质量,发现底泥疏浚能有效降低有机质含量、全氮和PAHs含量,但对全磷、重金属含量则无明显效果,封闭水体的干塘措施能显著减少污泥量和有机物含量。研究结果表明,西溪湿地底泥中高环PAHs和重金属污染水平可能对西溪湿地生物具有潜在的生物毒性作用及不利的生态影响效应,其疏浚底泥农用则无生态风险。     

大气降尘中多环芳烃的分布特征及源解析

为探讨大气降尘中多环芳烃的污染水平和来源的解析,于2008年冬、春、夏、秋四个季节采集了北京昌平地区大气降尘样品,采用超声抽提方法,使用GC/MS测定了样品中PAHs的含量。结果表明,冬、春、夏、秋四个季节样品中多环芳烃总量分别为18.6μg/g、17.3μg/g、15.1μg/g和11.0μg/g,单体化合物均值分别为1.04μg/g、0.96μg/g、0.84μg/g和0.61μg/g。与其他城市监测结果比较可知:昌平地区大气降尘中PAHs含量相对较低。使用多种方法对降尘中的PAHs来源进行解析,结果表明:化石燃料燃烧在不同季节中的贡献相对稳定,燃煤在冬季为多环芳烃主要来源之一,在其他季节贡献相对较低。     

生活垃圾焚烧底渣中重金属和多环芳烃的浸出实验研究

随着生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的不断推广，焚烧底渣的产生量也不断增加。按照我国的固体废物分类方法，底渣属于一般固体废物，无需进一步处置而可直接进入环境。实验结果表明，底渣中的重金属和多环芳烃可以被浸出而迁移进入环境。重金属的浸出浓度受到水相pH值和底渣粒度的影响，初期的浸出浓度最大。在底渣浸出液中，可以检测到8种环数≤4的多环芳烃，其中菲的浸出浓度最大（超过10ng／mL）。实验结果显示，底渣中的多环芳烃对环境造成的二次污染比较严重。     

Forest fertilization with wood ash: effect on the distribution and storage of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Before wood ash can be safely used as a fertilizer in forests, possible negative effects such as input of organic contaminants or remobilization of contaminants already stored in the soil must be investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of wood ash application on concentrations, storage, and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a Swiss forest soil. In May 1998, we added 8 Mg wood ash ha(-1) to a forest soil. We determined 20 PAHs and 14 PCBs in the organic layer, in the bulk mineral soil, and in soil material taken from preferential flow paths and from the matrix before and after the wood ash application. In the control plots, the concentrations of PAHs in the organic layer indicated moderate pollution (sum of 20 PAHs: 0.8-1.6 mg kg(-1)), but sum of PCB concentrations was high (21-48 microLg kg(-1)). The wood ash had high concentrations of PAHs (sum of 20 PAHs: 16.8 mg kg(-1)), but low concentrations of PCBs (sum of 14 PCBs: 3.4 microg kg(-1)). The wood ash application increased the PAH concentrations in the organic horizons up to sixfold. In contrast, PCB concentrations did not change in the Oa horizon and decreased up to one third in the Oi and Oe horizons. The decrease was probably caused by the mobilization of stored PCBs because of the high pH of the wood ash. This probably results in a higher mobility of dissolved organic matter, acting as PCB carrier. In the mineral soil, the preferential flow paths of the A horizon contained more PAHs and PCBs (+20 +/- 15% and +43 +/- 60%, respectively) than the matrix. This was particularly true for higher molecular weight compounds (molecular weight > 200 g mol(-1)). Below 50 cm depth, concentrations of PAHs and PCBs were smaller in the preferential flow paths, suggesting that in deeper depths, processes acting as sinks dominated over inputs in the preferential flow paths.     

The impact of urbanization on tropical mangroves (Fortaleza,Brazil): Evidence from PAH distribution in sediments

This investigation represents the first environmental diagnosis of the distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from a tropical mangrove in Fortaleza, northeastern Brazil. Sediment cores from six sampling stations in the Cocó and Ceará Rivers were retrieved in June-July 2006 to determine 17 priority PAHs. The total PAH concentrations (Σ_PAHs) ranged from 3.04 to 2234.76 μg kg^?1(Cocó River) and from 3.34 to 1859.21 μg kg^?1 (Ceará River). These levels are higher than those of other cities with more industrial development. PAH concentrations did not reach probable effect levels (PELs). However, from 4.5 to 87.5% of individual PAH concentrations can occasionally cause adverse biological effects for aquatic organisms. The PAH molecular ratios indicate that the PAHs in the sediment core were derived mainly from petroleum, wood, and charcoal combustion (pyrogenic source), and that atmospheric deposition and urban runoff may serve as important pathways for PAH input to the sediment. Clearly, the Σ_PAHs in sediments collected in the Cocó and Ceará Rivers indicate that ongoing pollution is more severe than past pollution.     

A critical appraisal of PAH indices as indicators of PAH source and composition in Elelenwo Creek,southern Nigeria

The survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their relation to potential pollution sources were investigated in suspended particulate matter (SPM), surface waters, and sediments from Elelenwo Creek, southern Nigeria. Total PAH concentrations varied from 2,021.35 to 3,926.84 μg/kg dry weights in SPM and from 4,238.00 to 5,490.84 μg/kg dry weights in sediments. Furthermore, concentration levels of PAHs varied from 720.46 to 857.65 μg/l in the surface waters, which indicates that the aquatic ecosystem is polluted by PAHs. The 2, 3-ring PAHs were not dominant in SPM (34.73%), surface water (40.09%), and sediments (22.43%). While anthracene was more abundant, of the 2, 3-ring PAHs in SPM, the most abundant in the surface waters and sediments were fluorene and acenaphthylene. Four origin indices or concentration ratios of PAH isomer pairs were used to evaluate the suitability of these compounds as tracers to distinguish between the contamination arising from different sources. A critical appraisal of the PAH indices, therefore, suggested that biomass combustion is the major PAH source in the environmental matrices. Relative PAH patterns in the environmental matrices were also evaluated using principal component analysis, and were found to correlate with the PAH patterns of the different potential contamination sources.     

Physiological responses of Avicennia marina seedlings to the phytotoxic effects of the water-soluble fraction of light Arabian crude oil

Stomatal behavior, growth performance and the accumulation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated in seedlings of the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., treated with a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Abu-Dhabi light Arabian crude oil through foliar spraying or soil application.Irregular stomatal behavior and weak stomatal control over transpiration were observed during the first 24 hours, where stomatal resistances of plants sprayed with 150 and 300 g PAHs plant^–1 were significantly lower than that of the control plants. After six weeks, all treated plants showed no significant difference in their relative growth rate (RGR) or in the net assimilation rate (NAR) compared with the control plants.Tri-aromatic hydrocarbons were the most accumulated in tissues of the treated plants. Penta- and hexa-aromatics, on the other hand, were undetectable in the WSF and consequently in the treated plants. A linear relationship was observed between the dose applied to plants and the amounts of tissue accumulated PAHs (r ²=0.515 for soil application and r ²=0.984 for foliar spray). In plants sprayed with 300 g PAHs plant^–1, the total PAHs accumulated were more than that accumulated in plants treated through soil application.These findings suggest that: aqueous extraction of crude oil tends to signify the percentage of the low molecular weight PAHs, e.g. naphthalene, to the total PAHs; disturbed stomatal behavior in the first day of the treatment may be due to the venting of the volatile low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, and xylenes) through the stomata; and uptake of water-soluble hydrocarbons by plants is equally possible through both of the root system and the foliage. The ecological implications of these finding are discussed in relation to oil pollution of mangrove stands under field conditions.     

电子束辐照处理挥发性有机化合物研究进展

大气中挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的污染对人体健康和生态环境会造成严重的危害,电子束辐照处理有机气体是较有前途的治理低浓度VOC技术。本文在介绍电子束辐照VOC机理的基础上,综述了国外关于电子束辐照处理VOC中典型的氯代烃、苯系物以及多环芳烃类污染物的研究进展,阐述了影响VOC去除率的各种因素,介绍了为降低能耗、提高分解效率而采用的加入催化剂、添加剂等方法,并讨论了利用电子束处理VOC的进一步研究方向及应用前景。