涂层/金属体系腐蚀试验方法研究发展现状

对涂层/金属体系进行腐蚀试验是考察其耐腐蚀性能的方法之一。本文对现有主要的涂层/金属体系腐蚀试验方法进行了归纳,并总结了加速腐蚀试验方案制定的一般原则,最后指出了各腐蚀试验方法的发展方向。     

电子装备防护涂层循环加速腐蚀试验方法

对防护涂层进行腐蚀试验是考察其耐腐蚀性能的方法之一。本文分析了电子装备防护涂层特性及影响耐腐蚀性能的主要环境影响因素,并分析在海洋大气环境下防护涂层的腐蚀失效过程,结合现有主要的循环加速腐蚀试验方法,总结了循环加速腐蚀试验方法制定的一般原则,最后指出了发展方向。     

超高强度钢高速火焰喷涂防护涂层在周期浸润试验条件下的腐蚀变化规律研究

研究了Aer Met-100钢高速火焰喷涂WC-10Co-4Cr涂层试样在周期浸润试验条件下的腐蚀变化规律。SEM和EIS的测试结果表明涂层试样在周期浸润试验前期呈现出明显的腐蚀失效现象,而在试验中、后期的腐蚀特征变化相对平稳。     

文摘

1990,(1),82～88(俄):对比了以B—MA—1232的分散性涂料为基的涂层系统和用有机溶剂制作的涂层,在温寒带、温和冷湿带和亚热湿带的大气稳定性。底材用08KЛ钢、CЧ灰生铁、Э14—12电工钢和AK—10C铝合金。在试验满三年后,检测了以08KЛ钢为基材的涂层下的腐蚀速度。作者推荐用B—MA     

钛合金螺栓连接复合材料海洋环境效应分析

为了研究钛合金螺接复合材料件的热带海洋环境腐蚀/老化效应,设计并制备钛合金螺栓连接复合材料模拟件,依托永兴岛大气试验站,开展钛合金螺栓连接复合材料模拟件海洋大气户外暴露试验,收集了2年的环境腐蚀/老化数据,主要包括宏微观形貌、成分变化及力学性能等。研究结果表明：①钛合金螺栓连接复合材料模拟件在户外暴露6个月后,螺栓和螺母表面涂层均发生明显腐蚀;暴露2年后,螺栓表面离子镀铝层脱落导致其严重变色,螺母表面MoS₂涂层发生明显腐蚀,复合材料层合板表面出现明显老化,局部出现纤维剥落;②在力学性能方面,经自然环境暴露2年后,连接件承载能力无明显变化,断裂方式均为螺栓钉头弯曲破坏,连接件韧性出现明显下降,断裂时最大位移较初始状态相比下降约16%。     

文摘

介绍用于电力设备的钢材、镀层和涂膜的大气暴露试验计划。规定了素材的选定及制作方法、测定项目、腐蚀测定方法、暴露台的设计及设置场所。包括2种不锈钢的7种钢材及金属涂层和有机涂膜共24片试验片暴露于冲绳县的6个场所。该试验于1990年10月开始,需实施5年。     

铝合金表面用导电屏蔽涂层耐介质腐蚀行为研究

通过研究不同尺寸及分布的银粉对涂层表面电阻的影响，确定了导电屏蔽涂料最佳配方，制备了一种高导电、耐腐蚀涂层。采用SEM、EDS、四探针电阻测试仪等分析涂层在空气、水、盐水、中性盐雾、酸性盐雾中表面形貌及性能变化，从而揭示涂层腐蚀行为。结果表明：经历500 h试验后，涂层在空气中几乎没有发生变化，但是在含水等电解质的环境中腐蚀迅速，并且腐蚀速率具有纯水<水汽<盐水<中性盐雾<酸性盐雾的特征。腐蚀的主要原因是由于基材Al与涂层形成了电偶腐蚀，腐蚀初期表现为起泡，随着腐蚀的加剧，涂层表面布满白色、黄色、褐色的疏松腐蚀产物且漆膜出现脱落，当腐蚀进一步加剧扩大，疏松产物转变为较为致密的产物附着于涂层表面，此外，涂层导电性能会随着腐蚀程度的变化出现不同等级的下降。     

碳钢和低合金钢模拟加速试验与大气腐蚀试验的相关性

通过对碳钢和低合金钢的中性盐雾,酸性盐雾试验,并与万宁和江津试验站的大气腐蚀试验结果对比和分析,论述了模拟加速试验与大气腐蚀试验的相关性,确定了模拟加速试验的加速性和重现性。     

加速腐蚀条件下民用飞机铆接件的腐蚀老化行为与机理研究

研究了某型飞机机身蒙皮铆接件在实验室加速腐蚀条件下的腐蚀失效行为与机理。宏观形貌、微观形貌和电化学阻抗谱的测试结果表明试验件在第6个加速试验周期后,表面涂层颜色变化明显;在第11个周期后,反面铆钉边缘存在涂层剥落和轻微鼓泡现象,试验件平面处和铆钉处涂层电化学阻抗模值均有所减小,但铆钉处的减小幅度相对更大。     

应用于高盐高辐照环境下的钢结构涂层防护行为研究

为研究在严酷环境下涂层对钢结构的防护性能,本文通过对应用于钢结构外表面、内表面以及钢支架的涂层进行了1年的现场暴露试验以及2000h的模拟加速腐蚀试验,积累了涂层在钢结构的老化数据,获取了涂层的腐蚀等级评级。结果表明：现场暴露1年后,载荷尚未产生明显的影响,所有涂层均未出现失光、变色、粉化、开裂、起泡等老化现象;经过2000h盐雾试验后,涂层表面形貌未发生明显变化,涂层未出现起泡、开裂和出锈等现象,表明涂层具有良好抗盐雾和水汽的渗透能力;经过2000h紫外老化试验后,涂层均未出现严重的老化现象,但都出现了不同程度的变色和粉化现象。     

模糊数学在矿山环境影响评价中的应用

环境质量是一个涉及多因素多层级的模糊概念,用经典数学进行环境质量评价,评判环境质量的等级只能用一个绝对判据来划分,无法处理模糊因素边界不清晰、中间过渡不分明的问题。本文应用模糊数学方法,在单环境因素模糊综合评价的基础上,进行了总体环境质量模糊综合评价的探讨,结合某区域环境实例,对其总体环境质量进行了模糊综合评价,并将评价结果与用经典数学评价结果进行了比较,比较表明,环境质量模糊评价方法较经典数学评价方法更客观更准确。     

模糊神经网络模型在拟建项目环境质量评价中的应用

由于评价因子与环境质量标准之间的模糊关系,导致传统的评价模型结果的不确定性。本文将模糊理论和神经网络模型相结合,利用模糊理论的隶属度反映各因子的质量相对状态,从而更精确地识别模糊性。通过模糊神经网络模型对环境质量标准样本的学习和测试,得出评价等级,并与模糊综合评价方法进行对比,实验结果表明,模糊神经网络模型用于环境质量评价是可行的,且比模糊综合评价方法更为客观、合理。     

FSILP: fuzzy-stochastic-interval linear programming for supporting municipal solid waste management

Although many studies on municipal solid waste management (MSW management) were conducted under uncertain conditions of fuzzy, stochastic, and interval coexistence, the solution to the conventional linear programming problems of integrating fuzzy method with the other two was inefficient. In this study, a fuzzy-stochastic-interval linear programming (FSILP) method is developed by integrating Nguyen's method with conventional linear programming for supporting municipal solid waste management. The Nguyen's method was used to convert the fuzzy and fuzzy-stochastic linear programming problems into the conventional linear programs, by measuring the attainment values of fuzzy numbers and/or fuzzy random variables, as well as superiority and inferiority between triangular fuzzy numbers/triangular fuzzy-stochastic variables. The developed method can effectively tackle uncertainties described in terms of probability density functions, fuzzy membership functions, and discrete intervals. Moreover, the method can also improve upon the conventional interval fuzzy programming and two-stage stochastic programming approaches, with advantageous capabilities that are easily achieved with fewer constraints and significantly reduces consumption time. The developed model was applied to a case study of municipal solid waste management system in a city. The results indicated that reasonable solutions had been generated. The solution can help quantify the relationship between the change of system cost and the uncertainties, which could support further analysis of tradeoffs between the waste management cost and the system failure risk.     

基于模糊综合评判法评价地下水环境质量的探讨——以新疆某市为例

模糊综合评判法是以模糊数学为基础,应用模糊关系合成的原理,将一些边界不清,不易定量的因素定量化,进行综合评价的一种方法。从其原理分析,在地下水环境质量评价方面可能取得更准确的结果。首先介绍了模糊综合评判法的计算步骤,然后以新疆某市2008年第4季度2个水质监测采样点的监测资料为依据,选择5种污染物为评价因子,运用模糊综合评判法进行运算,得出综合评价结果。评价结果表明,运用模糊综合评判法评价地下水质量是合理的,其评价结果能全面反映水质的综合状况。     

烟气脱硫技术的模糊评价

应用模糊数学原理，将素质决策与数量决策相结合，以三种典型烟气脱硫技术为例，对所涉及的定性和定量指标进行处理，经模糊线性加权变换，评估和优选出适合我国国情，具有较好的环境，社会，经济效益的烟气脱硫技术，比较表明，模糊决策方法在脱硫技术的评估和优选中优于单一的素质决策或数量决策方法，是一种有前途的科学的定量化决策方法。     

模糊数学在大气环境质量评价中的应用

本文应用模糊数学方法对近年宜宾市城区大气环境质量进行综合评价,并与常用的其它几个模式进行可比分析,其更能描述大气污染程度的特点。因此,模糊综合评判法对大气环境质量评价是较为理想的一种评价方法,它具有较强的实用性。     

基于模糊数学方法的土壤肥力综合评价及应用

模糊数学是一种研究和处理模糊现象的定量化分析方法,在各个领域具有广泛的应用价值.以GIS技术为基础,阐述了该方法在土壤肥力综合评价中的应用.以安庆市土壤样点数据为例,建立包括土壤的pH值、有机质、全氮等8项指标土壤肥力多指标评价模型,对安庆市范围的土壤肥力状况进行评价,分析土壤肥力空间分布.结果表明,模糊数学方法在土壤肥力综合指标评价中具有简便可行性.     

The comparison of a revised Leopold matrix and fuzzy methods in environmental impact assessment,a case study: The construction of Al‐A'amiriya residential complex,Baghdad, Iraq

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an efficient method to recognize and alleviate the unfavorable and inevitable impacts of human activity on the environment. The EIA is dependent on expert opinions, which can be influenced by personal experience and knowledge. To evaluate this influence, we carried out EIA of 6,000 residential apartment units of Al‐A'amiriya, Baghdad, Iraq, using a revised Leopold matrix and fuzzy methods. The matrix results reflected the direct opinions of experts. The fuzzy method was developed according to the principles of expert comments. In the matrix method, the environmental impacts of each activity were evaluated by scores between −5 (very bad) to 5 (very good). The inputs to the fuzzy method were intensity and weather stability. The fuzzy estimation of the environmental impact was composed of a group of three values; P1 as the intensity, P2 as the extent, and P3 as the persistence. We gathered the expert opinions and used the Analytical Hierarchical Process to determine the weighting coefficient of each fuzzy anticipation. The matrix method was dependent on the expert opinions. The mean values of the matrix and P‐values in each column and row scores depict the impacts of a project on the environmental aspects and each element of construction on the environment. The comparison of the results indicated an average difference of 30% between the Leopold matrix and fuzzy methods. In regard to the availability and sufficiency of data, the difference was around 10%.     

Fuzzy decision analysis for integrated environmental vulnerability assessment of the mid-Atlantic Region

A fuzzy decision analysis method for integrating ecological indicators was developed. This was a combination of a fuzzy ranking method and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The method was capable of ranking ecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting cumulative impacts across a large region. Using data on land cover, population, roads, streams, air pollution, and topography of the Mid-Atlantic region, we were able to point out areas that were in relatively poor condition and/or vulnerable to future deterioration. The method offered an easy and comprehensive way to combine the strengths of fuzzy set theory and the AHP for ecological assessment. Furthermore, the suggested method can serve as a building block for the evaluation of environmental policies.     

Fuzzy Decision Analysis for Integrated Environmental Vulnerability Assessment of the Mid-Atlantic Region1

A fuzzy decision analysis method for integrating ecological indicators was developed. This was a combination of a fuzzy ranking method and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The method was capable of ranking ecosystems in terms of environmental conditions and suggesting cumulative impacts across a large region. Using data on land cover, population, roads, streams, air pollution, and topography of the Mid-Atlantic region, we were able to point out areas that were in relatively poor condition and/or vulnerable to future deterioration. The method offered an easy and comprehensive way to combine the strengths of fuzzy set theory and the AHP for ecological assessment. Furthermore, the suggested method can serve as a building block for the evaluation of environmental policies.