新型树脂吸附法在环境抗生素监测中的应用

抗生素造成的环境污染日趋严重、普遍,在我国形势尤为严峻.其污染的对策、现状正逐步成为国际、国内的研究热点,并已经引起包括我国在内的各国政府的高度重视.树脂吸附法因其耐酸碱等特性在环境抗生素的富集、分离和监测中具有独特的优势,本文对此进行了较详尽的论述.     

天津市臭氧污染现状与污染特征分析

通过臭氧监测实验,系统研究了天津市城区的臭氧污染现状、污染特征和时空分布规律,并从空间上确定了城市城区易发生光化学污染的敏感区域、高发区域.     

应用地理信息系统进行垃圾填埋场选址的初步研究

在ArcGIS 8.3软件空间分析模块(spatial analysis)支持下,以江苏省长江以南市辖区为研究对象,进行了空间叠加和空间复合查询分析,以确定垃圾填埋场候选区域分布,并同已有的垃圾填埋场监测点进行比较,结果表明,利用地理信息系统技术进行垃圾填埋场辅助分析是可行的.     

上海建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测流程及管理特点概述

上海建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测流程主要包含资料预审、现场检查、方案制订、合同签订、正式受理、实施监测、出具报告和监督抽查等步骤.管理上具备优质、规范化服务建设单位;实现业务流程实验室信息管理系统(LIMS);建立严密的内部管理体系;协助环保行政主管部门把好竣工验收关和强化对区、县站的技术指导和考核等特点.     

火电厂烟气脱硝容量的合理性探讨

根据美国20世纪90年代初的电力生产及火电NOx的排放情况,并结合我国的实际情况及控制火电NOx排放的趋势,提出2010年和2020年我国火电NOx排放总量控制目标,预测满足火电NOx控制目标的合理的火电厂烟气脱硝容量.     

餐饮行业污水中磷的测定方法改进

测定污水中磷时,特别是餐饮行业污水,消解后浊度大,文章对利用活性炭脱色进行了实验研究.     

商住楼扰民噪声监测技术探讨

通过对贵阳市某商住楼内S超市的扰民噪声投诉处理,提出了在处理商住楼内商场、超市类项目扰民噪声投诉中经常面时的几个主要问题及处理建议,探讨了商住楼扰民噪声的监测技术.     

地表水中BOD 5监测时的快速估算

阐述了BOD5与溶解氧之间的相关性,提出可以通过溶解氧和水温估算BOD5值,但是,首先要建立水样稀释前溶解氧与BOD5的相关关系.举例说明了对地表水中BOD5值的估算和稀释倍数确定的应用.     

平顶山市大气PM10、PM2.5 污染调查

于2003年12月-2004年11月对平顶山市城区大气PM10、PM2.5污染进行了调查.结果表明,2004年大气PM10、PM2.5质量浓度分别为0.031 mg/m3～0.862 mg/m3、0.019 mg/m3～0.438 mg/m3;年均值分别为0.174 mg/m3、0.114 mg/m3,超标0.74倍、6.60倍.PM10、PM2.5污染的季节变化趋势是以冬季、春季高,秋季次之,夏季最低,细颗粒(PM2.5)约占PM10 65%;As、Pb、Cd、S、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca等元素是颗粒物中主要污染元素,易在PM2.5中富集.平顶山市大气颗粒物污染的主要来源有煤炭燃烧、汽车尾气、城市基础建设和有色金属冶炼行业.     

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An inquiry into the concept of SEA effectiveness: Towards criteria for Chinese practice

The importance of improving the effectiveness of Plan EIA and SEA-type evaluations in China cannot be overstated: at a time when the country's economy is being boosted by a stimulus package worth over RMB 400 trillion – largely for infrastructure – the pressure on China's already strained environment and resource base is bound to increase. The aim is to propose the criteria for plan EIA's effectiveness to raise the awareness of the need to strengthen the performance of the assessment and maximize its potential benefits. The authors first review critically the discourse on the effectiveness of the impact assessment, identifying three dimensions: substantive, procedural and incremental. The resulting conceptual framework allows them to interpret the weaknesses of the Chinese discourse on the effectiveness and of the practice of the Plan EIA to date. The result is the identification of a clear gap, both in terms of the breadth of the concept, and in terms of the quality of the existing criteria, which tend to be very generic to the point of inapplicability. The analysis also reveals a need for transitioning from formal models of the Plan EIA to more strategic approaches, in a gradual manner that is consistent with context-specificities. The proposal of a set of preliminary criteria for effectiveness is therefore structured on three levels. This framework is meant to input into the ongoing debate on how to improve the practice of PEIA and the SEA-type evaluations in China, and provide ideas for a government strategy aimed at maximizing the positive impact of PEIAs on planning, as well as on the context of application.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

马鞍山市酸雨污染分析及控制对策研究

从马鞍山市降水常规监测数据资料入手 ,比较详细地分析了该市酸雨时空分布特征、原因以及降水酸度和酸雨频率年度变化情况 ,并结合马鞍山市有关环境资料对该市酸雨发展趋势作了较深的分析 ,也对酸雨污染控制对策作了一定的研究探讨。研究结果表明 ,该市存在酸雨污染问题 ,上半年比下半年污染重 ,主要集中在一中点 ,二氧化硫是影响降水酸度的主要因素 ,酸雨类型以硫酸型为主。随着经济发展 ,酸雨污染有扩大趋势 ,必须采取果断措施进行治理。     

Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Results for the Evaluation of the Depollution Effectiveness of Photocatalytic Coverings in Street Canyons

Towards the aim of improving the air quality in the urban environment via the application of innovative TiO₂ based photocatalytic coverings, a field campaign took place within the frame of the EU PICADA project () to asses the expected depollution efficiency of such materials under realistic conditions. Furthermore, extensive numerical modeling was performed via the application of the RANS CFD code for microscale applications MIMO, in an effort to asses the sensitivity of the developing flow field and the corresponding dispersion mechanism and hence of the depollution efficiency of the PICADA products on a wide range of factors, with most notably the length of the street canyon, the thermal exchange between the heated street canyon walls and the air and the approaching wind direction. For the needs of the PICADA project a new, simple module had to be implemented into MIMO to be able to model the removal of NO_x from a street canyon whose walls have been treated with a photocatalytic product. The model simulations results presented in this paper, show that MIMO is indeed capable of predicting the effectiveness of the photocatalytic products in question. At the same time, they reveal a strong dependence of the developing flow and concentration fields inside the field site street canyon configuration on most of the aforementioned factors with most notably the direction of the approaching wind.

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

德阳市农用地土壤中镉的分布特征及异常来源分析

通过龙门山区域的德阳市6个县市农用地土壤中镉的采样监测,分析了该区域镉的分布特征及区域分异原因,并对其环境生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,德阳市农用地土壤中镉含量总体水平为0.11~4.68 mg/kg,呈现西北到东南逐渐降低的分布特征;西北部绵竹和什邡市农用地土壤中镉出现超标的范围较广,2个城市约62.5%的监测点土壤中镉出现超标,且绵竹市农用地土壤中镉超标程度和生态风险程度最重,绵竹地区约25%的监测点土壤中镉出现了轻中度超标;监测区域土壤中镉出现较重生态风险点共有4个,均出现在绵竹;但较高含量的镉在该区域并非大范围连片存在;区域农用地土壤中镉异常的来源主要为龙门山中段的地质背景和部分以矿石为原料企业的综合影响。     

河北省近岸海域氮磷变化及其影响因素分析

根据2011-2018年河北省近岸海域海水、入海河流、降水中氮和磷的监测数据,分析了海水中氮和磷的变化趋势及其影响因素.结果 表明:2011-2018年,河北省近岸海域海水中无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)的平均浓度均低于第二类海水水质标准,海域富营养化状况以贫营养和轻度富营养为主,超标(第二类海水水质标准限值)点位...     

A quantitative methodology for indexing environmental sensitivity and pollution potential

A methodology for rating the suitability of sites forthe location of industrial facilities is formulated and appliedto the case of a coal-fired power plant location. The methodologycomprises two major interlinked components: the environmentalplant location indexing component, which involves theidentification, scaling and weighting of environmentalsensitivity factors; and the impact analysis component, whichinvolves the superimposition of the pollution generation impactsof an industrial facility on spatially gridded zones of variousenvironmental sensitivities. For each rectangular areal unitdefined by a square grid, the Unit Pollution Potential Index isdetermined by the severity and distribution of key environmentalsensitivity factors and the coverage of superimposed pollutanteffects as determined by contaminant fate and transport models.For any alternative site of a planned facility, the summation ofthe unit indices over the area of influence of the facilityprovides the quantitative Pollution Index, which can be used as abasis for comparison of alternative sites for planned facilities.For this paper, this methodology is applied to the hypotheticalcase of the siting of a coal-fired power plant in thenortheastern region of the United States, in which threealternative sites are considered. The three sites: A, B and Cyielded indices of 47.83, 47.91 and 47.6, respectively, indicatingthat site C is the most suitable for siting the power plant.     

Modeling the Hydroclimatic Disturbance of Soil Landscapes in the Southern Canadian Plains: The Problems of Scale and Place

The sensitivity of soil landscapes to climatic variability andhydroclimatic events can be expressed as a landscape change safety factor, the ratio of potential disturbance to resistance to change. The use of a geographic information system (GIS) enables the spatially-explicit modeling of landscape sensitivity, but also raises the risk of violating the characteristic scales of disturbance and resistance, because the GIS technically simplifies the extrapolation of models, and associated concepts, to landscapes and scales notrepresented by the digital data base. Embedding landscape sensitivity into hierarchy theory, the formal analysis of the hierarchical structure of complex systems, provides a conceptual framework for the transfer of models and variablesamong landscape scales. In the subhumid southern Canadian plains, major hydroclimatic events (strong winds, intense rain,rapid snow melt) cause much of the physical disturbance of soillandscapes and terrestrial ecosystems. Prolonged dry or wet weather influences the resistance of soil and vegetation to these events. The potential disturbance of soil landscapes therefore can be derived from the probabilities of extreme events and seasonal conditions, as recorded in instrumental and proxy climate records. This time series analysis can belinked to the modeling of landscape sensitivity by establishingthe probabilities of hydroclimatic events and climatic conditions which may exceed or lower the resistance of individual soil landscapes.