基于层次分析法-熵权法的污染地块异味污染物优先度评价方法——以农药类污染地块为例

土壤中异味污染物的风险管控已成为我国农药化工等行业污染地块环境管理的迫切需求。为筛查土壤优先控制异味污染物,研究基于土壤中挥发性异味污染物的迁移、暴露过程和危害效应的系统量化与分析,建立了污染地块异味污染物优先度评价指标体系;采用层次分析法-熵权法确定指标综合评价权重,分析了异味污染物优先度的影响因素,并选取3个农药类案例地块进行验证性评价。结果表明,构成地块异味污染物优先度排序指标体系第二层次的4个准则中,影响程度从高到低为：危害性、迁移性、防护性与暴露性;第三层次15个要素主客观综合权重范围为0.033 6～0.149 6,其中嗅阈值权重最高。案例地块异味污染物基于层次分析法-熵权法的优先度评价等级与基于实测数据通过异味活度值和健康风险影响评价的等级具有一致性。本研究结果可为异味污染地块优先控制异味污染物的筛查提供参考。     

氯代芳香族化合物的生物降解性能

随着工农业生产的发展，进入环境的人工化合物越来越多，其中氯代芳香族化合物所占的比例也日趋增大。美国环保局（EPA）公布的129种优先控制污染物名单中，含卤有机化合物占一半以上（其中以含氯芳香族有机化合物为主）。我国公布的68种水环境优先控制污染物“黑名单”中，含氯芳香族有机化合物也占了很大的比重。由于它们广泛存在于制药、焦化、石油化工、农药等多种生产废水中，不仅毒性大，污染面也很广。研究氯代芳香族化合物的生物降解性能对其污染的控制具有十分重要的意义。本文拟就此方面的研究进展作一综述。1氯代芳香族化合物…     

浅议环境预警监测常态化建设

阐述了中国环境预警监测存在的主要问题:监测信息支持系统不够先进、科学;优先监测对象未经优化论证;预警监测能力滞后;应急监测在应急处置工作中处于被动局面。在此基础上,笔者提出了强化环境预警监测应当确立常态化管理意识;开发监测信息支持系统;加强应急监测能力建设;组织各种应急演练等对策建议,对基层环境监管具有借鉴作用。     

汉沽污水库生物净化效应——(五)、DDT对两种单细胞藻(Chamydomonas reinhardi Dang and Scendesmus Obliquus(Turp)Kütz)的生物效应

前言 目前我国虽然对有机氯农药已采取限制,并将取消生产,但有些地区仍然以有机氯农药作为毒饵使用,以及历年来长期使用有机氯农药,在土壤、水体中造成一定的残留,使环境受到污染。     

化学农药的污染问题及其解决途径(调研报告)

自从1942年滴滴涕问世以来,化学农药发展极为迅速,至今世界上农药年产量超过200万吨,重要的品种数在500个以上。目前我国原药的年产量为23万吨,生产品种在100个以上。我省化学农药的年产量占全国总量的10%,品种有31个,用药量名列全国前茅。化学农药的使用,使人们与农作物的病、虫和草害的斗争中收到了很大的经济效益。然而,化学农药与任何事物一样,也是一分为二的,农药在生产过程中产生的“三废”要污染环境,在土壤、作物、水中的残留要影响人们的健康。特别是六十年代以     

软农药

随着人们对环境日益增长的关注,软农药也应运而快速发展。所谓的软农药是指那些来源于生物和大自然的农药,是与人工合成的、“硬”的化学农药相对而言的。软农药(诸如除虫菊酯等)表现了其既能控制农业虫害,又可维护环境安全的特性。因此,根据美国纳尔沃克市的商业通讯联合公司的研究,预计至1998年,市售软农药将由目前的4.5亿美元增至8.13亿美元。     

人乳中有机氯农药残留量初步研究

目前,我国使用的有机氯农药占60%以上,由于其理化的稳定性和脂溶性,因此,造成了对环境的污染和在生物体内的蓄积,引起慢性中毒。为了探讨人乳中常用有机氯农药六六六、     

环境中芳香胺类化合物的色谱检测方法研究进展

芳香胺类化合物具有致癌和致突变的作用,是环境优先控制污染物之一。芳香胺类化合物的检测方法很多,其中,色谱法具有分析速度快、线性范围宽、响应灵敏和检出限低的特点,是目前检测环境中芳香胺类化合物的常用方法。对水、土壤和大气三类不同环境样品中芳香胺类化合物的色谱检测方法进行了现状分析,论述了色谱检测方法的研究进展,并对今后的研究趋势进行了展望。     

汉沽污水库生物净化效应——(四)斜生栅藻[Scendsmus obliguus(Turp)KuTZ]对666的富集和降解

DDT,666等有机氯杀虫剂,仍然是我国目前使用的主要农药,对环境造成一定的污染,以致影响人类健康,所以生物对666的净化,以及对生产666废水的处理,已成为防治污染的一项重要工作。 近年来Mekinney(1971)提出藻菌共生系统,已引人重视,并研究生物净化系统,提高到半控制效率更高的系统。所以藻类对有机农药的富集作用,降解途径,从本质来说是     

从生态学观点探讨农药对环境的污染及防治对策

自第二次世界大战以来,有机化学农药的生产和使用,无疑对增产粮食起了极其重大的作用。正因如此,农药使用量日益增加,目前全世界使用商品化农药品种约800个,每年用量已超过了180万吨(指有效成份)。由于长期大量而广泛使用的结果,已     

农药对藻类的生态毒理学研究Ⅰ:毒性效应

随着现代农业的发展,世界范围内使用的农药品种越来越多,用量不断增加。农药对非靶生物的影响以及农药残留导致环境污染,造成生态系统结构和功能的破坏,早已受到了国内外的广泛关注。有关农药对生态系统中消费者类群毒性效应的研究较多。近年来,农药对于生态系统初级生产者－ 藻类的毒性及其生态毒理学的研究倍受重视。大力开展这方面的研究对于深入了解农药在生态系统中的迁移、转化及整体生态效应以及农药的生态风险评价无疑具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文综述了近年来国内外有关农药对单种藻类和藻类群落的毒性效应,影响毒性的环境因子。     

Polychlorinated naphthalenes: an environmental update

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs; CNs) form a complex mixture of up to 75 congeners containing from one to eight chlorine atoms per naphthalene molecule. Chloronaphthalenes are widespread global environmental pollutants which accumulate in biota. All chloronaphthalenes are planar compounds and can contribute to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor-mediated mechanism of toxicity with a combination of various 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin like toxic responses. There are three known main sources of environmental pollution with PCNs: technical PCN formulations, technical polychlorinated biphenyl formulations, and thermal and other processes in the presence of chlorine. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the most recent data on environmental pollution, chemistry, analysis, sources, formation, persistence, toxicity and behavior of PCNs.     

Comparative toxic and genotoxic effects of chloroacetanilides,formamidines and their degradation products on Vibrio fischeri and Chironomus riparius

Toxic and genotoxic effects of alachlor, metolachlor, amitraz, chlordimeform, their respective environmentally stable degradation products 2,6-diethylaniline, 2-ethyl-4-methylaniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, and two other related compounds, 3,4-dichloroaniline and aniline were compared. Acute toxicity tests with Chironomus riparius (96 h) and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox) and genotoxicity tests with a dark mutant of V. fischeri (Mutato) were carried out. Our results demonstrate that toxicity and genotoxicity of the pesticides are retained upon degradation to their alkyl-aniline metabolites. In the case of the herbicides alachlor and metolachlor, the toxicity to V. fischeri was enhanced upon degradation. Narcosis alone explains toxicity of the compounds to the midge, but not so for the bacteria suggesting a disparity in the selectivity of the test systems. All compounds showed direct genotoxicity in the Vibrio test. but amitraz and its metabolite were genotoxic at concentrations 10(3)-10(5) lower than all the other compounds. The observations indicate that stable aniline degradation products of the pesticides may contribute considerably to environmental risks of pesticides application and that genotoxic effects may arise upon degradation of pesticides.     

农药对藻类的生态毒理学研究Ⅱ:毒性机理及其富集和降解

随着对农药污染认识的深入,农药对生态系统的初级生产者———藻类毒性以及毒性机制的研究不断增多。农药对藻类的毒性在于破坏藻类生物膜的结构和功能、影响藻类的光合作用、改变呼吸作用以及固氮作用,影响藻类的生理进程并改变其生化组分。开展农药对藻类毒性机理的研究,揭示农药结构—活性关系,对农药的研制和应用,评价农药的生态风险,减少农药对藻类的毒害是重要的。在自然环境中还发现藻能富集和降解农药。因此,对于这些藻来说,农药对藻类的毒害作用和藻类对农药的富集和降解作用可能同时存在。本文综述了农药对藻类的毒性机理以及藻类对农药的富集和降解作用。     

Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China: Causes and Mitigation Measures

Non-point source (NPS) pollution has been increasingly serious in China since the 1990s. The increases of agricultural NPS pollution in China is evaluated for the period 2000-2008 by surveying the literature on water and soil pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, and assessing the surplus nitrogen balance within provinces. The main causes for NPS pollution were excessive inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides, which were partly the result of the inadequate agricultural extension services and the rapid expansion of intensive livestock production with little of waste management. The annual application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides in China increased by 50.7 and 119.7%, respectively, during 1991-2008. The mitigation measures to reduce NPS pollution include: correct distortion in fertilizer prices; improve incentives for the recycling of organic manure; provide farmers with better information on the sound use of agro-chemicals; and tighten the regulations and national standards on organic waste disposal and pesticides use.     

海洋环境污染监测方案设计研究

海洋环境污染监测方案是一项复杂的系统工程。中国经过２０多年海洋环境污好监测的实践活动，积累了丰富的经验。但是，由于未能对海洋环境污染监测方案进行深入细致的研讨，致使今天我国海洋环境污染监测尚停留在定性或半定量描述阶段。该文第一次把有关海洋环境污染监测相结合，通过运用逻辑构思方法和监测方法学，详细分析监测方案设计中的各个阶段，监测目标的提出，到方案的实施；从监测数据的加工，到监测信息的发布都进行了辩证的分析。本文既是中国海洋环境污染监测方案的设计指南，也是中国海洋环境污染监测工作的集大成。     

中国土壤环境污染态势及预防、控制和修复策略

在综述中国土壤环境污染态势及成因的基础上,提出了土壤环境污染的预防、控制和修复策略.指出了当前中国土壤环境污染态势严峻,表现出土壤污染范围在扩大,污染物种类在增多,出现了复合型、混合型的高风险污染区,呈现出从污灌型向与大气沉降型并重转变、城郊向农村延伸、局部向区域蔓延的趋势;体现出土壤污染与土壤酸化的叠加、多种传统污染物与新兴污染物相互混合的态势,危及粮食生产、食物质量、生态安全、人体健康以及区域可持续发展.认为以预防为主,预防、控制和修复相结合是中国在相当长时期内的土壤环境保护策略;土壤污染预防需要法律法规、评价标准、管理政策和公众参与,土壤污染控制需要发展物化控制、生物学控制及其协同控制技术,土壤污染修复需要研发工程修复技术、材料、产品与设备,建立技术规范、评价标准和管理体系,推动市场化和产业化发展.     

Preliminary evaluation of insecticide resistance in a strain of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) from an intensive chicken farm of Northern Italy

The house fly, Musca domestica L., a relevant sanitary pest, is mainly controlled by insecticides. However, an inappropriate use of chemicals may induce resistance, treatment efficacy decline and environmental damages. We evaluated toxicity of some organophosphates, pyrethroids, spinosad and neonicotinoids by topical applications on adults of a M. domestica strain (OcRo) collected from an intensive chicken farm in Northern Italy, in comparison to a susceptible strain (s-DBF). The OcRo strain exhibited higher levels of resistance (RR??) to four pesticides in comparison to s-DBF. Spinosad and imidacloprid had very low RR??, thus were still efficient in OcRo control. We also tested resistance to pesticides in OcRo after topical applications of synergistic compounds. Hydrolases were involved in phosphorganic detoxification and cytochrome P450 monoxygenases in that of pyrethroids. These results indicate that OcRo strain is now multiresistant to organophosphates and pyrethroids, and this should be considered for an environmentally safe pest management.     

The impact of pesticides toward parrotfeather when applied at the predicted environmental concentration

Pesticides pose a serious risk for aquatic macrophytes in the environment. They are also detrimental to the rooted macrophytes used in bioassays for assessment. Currently, no data is available for impact of pesticides toward parrotfeather when present at the predicted environmental concentration. The calculated expected environmental concentration was applied to the plants and the effect was compared. Eight of the 18 pesticides showed significantly different impact. All of the other tested pesticides induced a significant change in pigment content of parrotfeather. The RQ values for risk quotient had a value higher than 0.5, so need regulatory action for environment. This study may be the first to evaluate the predicted environmental concentrations reported by pesticide registration in Europe. Additional studies are required to test all pesticides within one group since the compounds tested may depict a wide toxicity level. Furthermore, the tests should include more than one macrophyte, e.g. one rooted and one non-rooted species, in order to provide a better understanding on pesticide toxicity.     

农药毒死蜱的生态风险及其微生物修复技术研究进展

毒死蜱是替代甲胺磷和对硫磷等高毒农药的高效有机磷杀虫剂,在世界范围得到广泛使用.但是,环境毒理学研究发现,毒死蜱对生态环境具有潜在的危险性,甚至被认为具有干扰内分泌的功能,许多国家对毒死蜱在农产品中的残留量有严格的规定.因此,深入研究毒死蜱的生态风险问题是当务之急.对国内外关于毒死蜱的残留活性、生态毒理、降解机制以及生物修复等方面的研究进行了综述,以期对毒死蜱的合理管理和使用提供科学依据.