不同产地麻疯树种仁的含油量及脱油种仁的佛波酯含量

选用国内4种不同产地的麻疯树种仁,对其含油量以及脱油后的佛波酯含量进行了研究.采用GB/T 5512-85粮食、油料检验粗脂肪测定法进行麻疯树种仁含油量的测定;脱油后种仁经二氯甲烷超声提取佛波酯,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对其含量进行检测.结果表明,小金河、攀枝花、仁里、片角乡麻疯树种仁的含油量分别为58.29%、60.84%、58.83%和56.12%,脱油后种仁中佛波酯含量分别为2.43 mg g-1、2.25 mg g-1h、2.03 mg g-1和1.21 mg g-1.不同产地的麻疯树种仁含油量均有差异,在深入开发麻疯树资源时,种仁含油量的高低可作为其选种依据之一.4种不同产地的麻疯树种仁脱油后的佛波酯含最均高于无毒麻疯树品种,要利用麻疯树的脱油种仁这一潜在饲料资源,对其进行进一步脱毒处理是必要的.图3表3参10     

利用响应面优化Klebsiella variicola对麻疯树籽饼粕佛波酯的固态发酵降解

为降解麻疯树籽饼粕中的毒性成分佛波酯,利用Klebsiella variicola进行固态发酵.采用单因素实验法研究了发酵温度、接种量、初始加水量、发酵时间对佛波酯降解率的影响.在此实验结果基础上,利用Design Expert8.0软件进行分析建立了发酵温度、接种量、初始加水量3个因素对佛波酯降解率影响的优化模型.该模型极显著(P0.001),拟合度良好.经实验证实,在发酵温度为37℃、接种量33%(V/m)、初始加水量为105%(V/m)条件下发酵48 h,佛波酯降解率可达到84.30%,另一种毒性物质curcin的降解率可达63.21%.研究表明,利用响应面优化K.variicola固态发酵麻疯树籽饼粕过程,既可提高佛波酯降解率,也可降解curcin,具有生产指导意义.     

麻疯树种仁油粕脱毒

为获得经冷榨脱油后麻疯树油粕最佳的脱毒方法,采用超声提取,运用四因素三水平正交实验,考察了脱毒温度、脱毒时间、脱毒次数以及脱油后种仁与乙醇料液比对脱毒效果的影响.结果显示,最佳的脱毒方法为料液比8:1,40℃,超声3次,每次20 min.该方法处理后麻疯树油粕中佛波酯含量为0.011 mg g-1.脱毒后的麻疯树油粕对小鼠的急性毒性实验显示,小鼠无死亡,体重增长正常,未出现中毒症状,初步表明脱毒方法有效.图2表3参9     

非寄主植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的驱避与触杀活性

为了评估非寄主植物次生物质对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的驱避与触杀活性,本文用乙醇浸提了11种在华南地区分布广泛的植物获得其乙醇提取物。分析了这11种植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的驱避作用,采用药膜法测定了其对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫的触杀作用。结果表明,10 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下,花椒（Zanthoxylum bungeanum）和小茴香（Foeniculum vulgare）提取物对褐飞虱若虫有显著地拒避作用,24 h的拒避率分别为53.3%和43.3%;塞楝（Khaya senegalensis）、胜红蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）、桉树（Eucalyptus exsetrta）和毛麻楝（Chukrasia tabularis）提取物对褐飞虱若虫有显著地引诱作用,24 h着落率分别为75.0%、73.3%、73.3%和71.7%。花椒和小茴香提取物对褐飞虱若虫的拒避作用随着质量浓度的上升而增加,在10~40 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下均对褐飞虱3~4龄若虫有显著地拒避活性,40 mg·mL-1时拒避作用最明显,24 h拒避率分别为66.7%和60.0%。塞楝、胜红蓟、桉树和毛麻楝提取物对褐飞虱若虫的引诱作用均随着质量浓度的上升先增加后降低。塞楝和毛麻楝乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的拒避与引诱活性因其质量浓度的不同而有差异,当质量浓度小时（10 mg·mL1）对褐飞虱若虫有显著地引诱作用;当质量浓度大时（40 mg·mL1）对褐飞虱若虫有显著地拒避作用,24 h后,拒避率分别为50.0%和40.0%。胜红蓟乙醇提取物在5和10 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下对褐飞虱若虫具有显著地引诱作用,24 h后,着落率分别为71.7%和73.3%;桉树乙醇提取物在10和20 mg·mL-1的质量浓度下对褐飞虱若虫具有显著地引诱作用,24 h后,着落率分别为73.3%和71.7%。辣椒（Capsicum annuum）、小茴香、花椒、胜红蓟和鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的触杀活性效果显著,在95.69μg·cm-2的剂量下,24 h校正死亡率达到85%以上,LD50值依次为15.46,25.66,33.61,33.57和37.85μg·cm-2。塞楝和蟛蜞菊（Wedelia chinensis）提取物对褐飞虱若虫也具有较好地触杀活性,在95.69μg·cm-2的剂量下,24 h校正死亡率达到50%以上。研究所选11种不同科属非寄主植物的乙醇提取物在一定质量浓度下,对褐飞虱均会产生不同程度的拒避作用。其中辣椒、小茴香、花椒、胜红蓟和鬼针草5种植物乙醇提取物对褐飞虱若虫的触杀效果明显。辣椒、小茴香、花椒属于经济作物,本研究表明,这3种作物还具有开发为生物农药的价值。胜红蓟和鬼针草在华南地区分布广泛,易采集,植物资源丰富,具有开发成植物源杀虫剂的巨大潜力。     

没食子酸丙酯对K562细胞的增殖抑制和诱导凋亡作用

观察没食子酸丙酯(Propyl gallate,PG)对人慢性髓系白血病K562细胞株的增殖抑制及诱导凋亡作用.采用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态及数目的变化,乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)释放检测细胞活性,流式细胞术PI染色法及DNA倍体分析检测细胞凋亡作用.结果表明,没食子酸丙酯能有效地抑制K562细胞增殖,药物处理24 h时细胞形态发生变化,细胞数目减少;细胞培养液中LDH活性分析显示,20~300μg/mL没食子酸丙酯处理24 h对细胞毒性作用不明显;但处理时间达48 h时,没食子酸丙酯对细胞毒性明显增加;亚二倍体峰(凋亡峰)的出现及DNA片段化分析表明,200μg/mL PG处理细胞24 h时,能引起K562细胞凋亡.结果表明,PG具有明显的体外抗肿瘤活性,其抗癌活性与其抑制细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡有关.图5参18     

氯氰菊酯对唐鱼肝和鳃组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响

在实验室条件下采用静水法生物测试,研究了氯氰菊酯对唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)的急性毒性及其对肝和鳃组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,氯氰菊酯对唐鱼24、48、72、96h半致死浓度分别为27.27、15.94、10.13、6.61μg·L-1;经1、3、5μg·L-1浓度处理6、12、24、48、72h,结果显示唐鱼SOD在低浓度氯氰菊酯的胁迫下呈现明显的浓度效应关系,将唐鱼SOD作为农药等污染物的污染指标具有重要的应用前景,为安全使用农药和防止水体污染提供有益的理论参考依据。     

酶联免疫吸附法测定麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白

建立了一种检测麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白(Curcin)的简便、快速的酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA).ELISA条件优化试验结果显示:最佳条件为costar酶标板在紫外线下照射45 min后进行包被;抗原最适稀释度为1:640倍(2.5μg/mL);curcin抗血清最适稀释度为1:12 800倍;2%封闭用山羊血清封闭120 min;二抗最适稀释度为1:5 000倍.在此试验条件下检测curcin含量,得到回归方程y=31.722x+106.88,相关系数R2=0.993 3.Curcin浓度在0.08～11μg/mL之间,曲线呈良好的线性关系.本方法的最低检测限为0.08μg/mL.高、中、低3个浓度的添加回收率分别为95.56%、102.27%、98.40%,平均回收率为98.74%.板内和板间的平均变异系数分别为4.78%和6.71%.Curcin抗血清与2种大戟科同类蛋白均无交叉反应.利用本方法成功检测了麻疯树种仁及脱毒饼粕中的curcin含量.     

重组人金属硫蛋白-Ⅲα短肽毒性效应的初步研究

研究重组人金属硫蛋白Ⅲα短肽(rh-MT-Ⅲα)致HaCaT细胞、L929细胞和秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans,C.ele-gans)毒性效应,为rh-MT-Ⅲα的安全应用提供实验基础.细胞暴露于不同浓度的rh-MT-Ⅲα溶液(0～400μg·mL-1),24h后检测细胞存活率和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,观察细胞形态并检测细胞凋亡情况.结果表明,各剂量组2种细胞的存活率,与对照组相比均无显著性差异,细胞形态也未观察到显著变化.在400μg·mL-1浓度下,LDH释放率明显增加,细胞凋亡率上升.线虫实验中,将线虫培养并同步化至L1期后进行染毒,剂量为5、50和500 μg·mL-1,暴露48 h后检测其运动行为(头部摆动和身体弯曲频率)、发育(体长)及摄食行为(咽泵频率),各指标均未有明显改变.研究表明,在一定的剂量水平下,rh-MT-Ⅲα对HaCaT细胞、L929细胞和秀丽隐杆线虫无明显毒性效应.     

铜胁迫对两种地衣植物生理生化特征的影响

以中国树花（Ramalina sinensis Jatta.）和亚花松萝（Usnea subfloridana Stint.）为材料,研究了铜胁迫对这两种地衣植物生理生化特性的影响。结果表明：在Cu2＋的作用下,中国树花和亚花松萝体内叶绿素质量分数和过氧化物酶（POD）活性发生一系列的变化,且表现出明显的剂量效应关系和时间效应关系。随着处理浓度的加大和处理时间的延长,中国树花体内叶绿素质量分数呈现先降后升再降。在处理的48 h,当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.1 mg.mL-1时中国树花体内叶绿素a质量分数下降为0 mg.mL-1时的16.34%,叶绿素总质量分数下降为42.54%,而当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.5 mg.mL-1时叶绿素a质量分数下降为22.95%,叶绿素总质量分数下降为60.39%,亚花松萝体内叶绿素质量分数呈现先升后降的趋势,当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.1 mg.mL-1时,处理48 h后的亚花松萝体内叶绿素质量分数比36 h下降18.82%;当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.5 mg.mL-1时,处理48 h后的亚花松萝体内叶绿素质量分数比36 h下降23.52%。随着处理浓度的加大和处理时间的延长,中国树花过氧化物酶活性呈现上升的趋势,当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.1 mg.mL-1时,处理24、36、48 h后过氧化物酶的活性分别增加为88.1%、64.83%和65.49%;当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.5 mg.mL-1时,分别增加为69.83%、82.05%和82.57%。而亚花松萝过氧化物酶活性呈现先下降后上升等波动性变化,Cu2＋质量浓度为0.1 mg.mL-1时,处理24、36、48 h后过氧化物酶的活性先下降62.56%,后增加7.93%,又下降42.28%;当Cu2＋质量浓度为0.5 mg.mL-1时,比对照组分别下降72.92%、33.49%和62.56%。对比两种地衣植物发现,中国树花体内生理指标的变化较亚花松萝的明显,说明中国树花对铜胁迫反应较敏感,有利于监测重金属铜污染。     

外来入侵植物美洲商陆提取物的化感活性

研究了外来入侵植物美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana)提取物对黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)、大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)、北美车前(Plantago virginica)和马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)4种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,1 000～4 000、4 000和2 000～4 000μg·mL-1美洲商陆醇提取物分别对大白菜、北美车前和马唐种子萌发率具有显著抑制作用,1 000～4 000μg.mL-1水提取物对马唐种子萌发率也具有显著抑制作用,最大抑制率分别为32.22%、46.56%、32.69%和28.57%。250～500μg·mL-1醇提取物和250～4 000μg·mL-1水提取物对黄花草木樨幼苗根长,250～1 000μg·mL-1醇提取物和250～4 000μg·mL-1水提取物对黄花草木樨幼苗苗高,以及500μg·mL-1水提取物对黄花草木樨幼苗干质量均具有显著促进作用,最大促进率分别为21.32%、37.89%、12.94%、32.07%和18.81%。1 000～4 000μg·mL-1醇提取物和4 000μg·mL-1水提取物对大白菜幼苗根长,2 000～4 000μg·mL-1醇提取物和水提取物对大白菜幼苗苗高,4 000μg·mL-1水提取物对大白菜幼苗干质量具有显著抑制作用,最大抑制率分别为37.00%、20.95%、25.63%、22.30%和13.67%。250～1 000μg·mL-1水提取物对北美车前幼苗根长,250～4 000μg·mL-1水提取物对北美车前苗高具有显著促进作用,而1 000～4 000μg·mL-1醇提取物对北美车前幼苗根长,4 000μg·mL-1醇提取物对北美车前苗高和干质量具有显著抑制作用,最大抑制率分别为58.06%、29.72%和18.36%。500～4 000、1 000～4 000和2 000～4 000μg·mL-1醇提取物分别对马唐幼苗根长、苗高及干质量,4 000μg·mL-1水提取物对马唐幼苗根长具有显著抑制作用,最大抑制率分别为70.31%、44.65%、42.43%和35.50%。由此可见,美洲商陆对大白菜、北美车前和马唐种子萌发和幼苗生长具有较强的化感抑制作用,对入侵植物黄花草木樨具有化感促进作用,这些都直接或间接地增强了美洲商陆的入侵性。     

Characterization of the pro-inflammatory potencies of purified Jatropha phorbol esters by a gene expression-based in vitro bioassay

The oil extracted from Jatropha seeds is an emerging biodiesel feedstock that also contains several pro-inflammatory phorbol esters. These phorbol esters can elicit adverse inflammatory responses through activation of the protein kinase C, as previously described for the prototypical phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. We extracted and purified the six phorbol esters identified in Jatropha oil and assessed their pro-inflammatory activities using a recently developed gene expression-based bioassay. Borrowing from an approach used for the assessment of dioxin toxicity, we expressed their pro-inflammatory potencies in relation to the potency of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (in terms of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate toxic equivalency factors). The pro-inflammatory potencies of Jatropha phorbol esters were orders of magnitudes below the potency of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Interestingly, the cytotoxicity of phorbol esters did not appear to be directly related to their pro-inflammatory potencies. Calculations based on phorbol ester potencies and concentrations led to overestimation of the pro-inflammatory activity of Jatropha oil, as measured by the same gene expression-based bioassay. The preliminary results presented here suggest that further work on the described approach may lead to the development of valuable tools and metrics to quantify and predict the pro-inflammatory activities of complex phorbol ester mixtures.     

西南部分地区麻疯树种子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

从西南6个地区采集了麻疯树种子并分析比较了其生物学性状和种子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成.所有样品的百粒重范围为41.80~71.39g,出仁率60.02%~81.43%,种仁含油率51.76%~57.93%,种子含油率31.07%~47.17%,不饱和脂肪酸含量74.89%~79.68%.其中永胜产麻疯树的种子品质最好,其出仁率为81.43%,种仁含油率57.93%,种子含油率47.17%,不饱和脂肪酸含量79.68%.攀枝花和宁南产麻疯树的种子品质次之.双柏和罗甸麻疯树的种子油酸值为0.81,在所有样品(0.81~9.46)中最低.对麻疯树种子及种子油性质的相关数据进行方差分析,结果表明,产地不同,麻疯树种子的生物学性质、种子油理化性质和脂肪酸组成都有一些差异.图2表3参18     

济南市土壤中酞酸酯的分析与分布

本文对济南市土壤中酞酸酯污染的重点地区进行了比较详细的研究，初步掌握了酞酸酯在土壤中分布状况及分布规律。     

Sequestration of phorbol esters by aposematic larvae of Hyles euphorbiae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)?

Summary. The larvae of the hawkmoth species Hyles euphorbiae have a conspicuous aposematic colouration and show gregarious behaviour. It has thus been suggested that they sequester phorbol esters from their food plants which include different species of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) for chemical protection against predators. To test this hypothesis in more detail, we fed larvae an artificial diet with three doses of 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), then examined the faeces and the larval tissues, such as integument, haemolymph and gut of the caterpillars for the presence of TPA. In order to determine the ability of the larvae to detoxify phorbol esters, other larvae were directly injected with a TPA solution and analysed in the same manner. Our study indicates that the larvae of Hyles euphorbiae do not sequester phorbol esters. Upon oral application TPA was not found in the larval integument or the haemolymph. Instead, it was mostly metabolised (about 70–90%). Nevertheless, about 10-30% were retained and recovered in the faeces. The larvae were also able to metabolise and thus detoxify the phorbol ester when TPA was injected directly into the body. These hawkmoth caterpillars are relatively large and have a gut full of plant material, which they regurgitate into the direction of the predator when attacked in nature. Since phorbol esters are very potent toxins and irritants, we postulate that the gut content (and especially the plant slurry disgorged as regurgitant from the anterior gut) alone could be aversive for a potential predator, even if some metabolism has taken place. Thus, although H. euphorbiae caterpillars do not actively sequester phorbol esters, their aposematic colouration appears to be based on chemical defence through phorbol esters retained in the gut.     

17α-Ethinylestradiol in Lakes of Hanoi and its effect on seed germination

Abstract

The lakes of Hanoi are important water resources for urban agriculture. The concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol in the water of three major lakes were found to range from 0.1 to 9.1?ng/L, peaking during the rainy season. Effects at levels from 1?ng/L to 1?µg/L on the germination of mung bean (Vigna radiata) and bok choy (Brassica rapa) were studied. Soaking the seeds in solutions containing 17α-ethinylestradiol at 10?ng/L and higher increased the germination rate of mung bean but not of bok choy. For the latter, irrigation after sowing with solutions containing 17α-ethinylestradiol at 10?ng/L and higher accelerated germination.

Abbreviations: MNRE: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment; PE₆₀: Population equivalent; USGS: U.S. Geological Survey; SPE: Solid phase extraction; EDTA: Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; DOM: Dissolved organic matter; EEQ: Estradiol equivalent     

茶刺蛾危害后茶树挥发性有机化合物释放变化

为筛选引诱天敌昆虫的化学信息素,以应用其防控茶刺蛾(Iragoides fasciata Moore),研究了茶树[Camelliasinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]被茶刺蛾危害后释放出的挥发性有机物的变化.应用同时萃取蒸馏法收集被茶刺蛾危害和未危害的茶叶的挥发性有机化合物,气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析结果发现,未受害枝叶挥发性有机化合物共有63种组分,主要由酯类、醇类、烃类、酮类、杂环化合物、醛类、有机酸和醚类组成,烃类物质的相对含量占19.05%,而受害枝叶释放出的挥发物中烃类物质的相对含量增加到26.79%,反式-橙花叔醇、雪松醇、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯甲酸二异丁酯相对含量显著增加,此外,产生了32种新的组分,包括10种酯类、5种醇类、5种烯烃类、4种杂环类、3种芳香烃类、3种烷烃类、1种醛和1种酮.     

Sequestration of phorbolesters by the aposematically coloured bug Pachycoris klugii (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) feeding on Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae)

Summary. The phorbol ester DHPB has been detected in 5th instars and adults of Pachycoris klugii which feed on Jatropha curcas, a producer of phorbol esters with mollusc-, insect-, and vertebrate toxicity. DHPB from Pachycoris activates protein kinase C (PKC) which appears to be the main molecular target for phorbol esters. Phorbol esters of J. curcas exhibit a wide range of acute toxic effects in vertebrates and insects. It is therefore likely that the sequestration of DHPB, which would explain the aposematic colouration of the bugs, confers chemical protection to P. klugii against vertebrate predators. Received 26 April 2000; accepted 31 May 2000     

Amygdalin in bitter and sweet seeds of apricots

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) poisoning due to amygdalin (AMY) in apricot seeds is one of the public health issues in Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the AMY content of 13 different apricot seeds including bitter and sweet ones, and which are either sulfurized or roasted. The AMY content was determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography. Release of HCN was predicted and total amount of seeds which can cause poisoning was calculated. The mean AMY content of bitter seeds was 26 ± 14 mg g^?1 and that of sweet seeds was 0.16 ± 0.09 mg g^?1. The consumption of small amounts of bitter seeds may cause cyanide poisoning.     

城市污水中有色物质的分离鉴定

本研究采用二氯甲烷分步萃取,硅胶柱净化和预分离、高效液相色谱结合薄层色谱的定性方法,从不同时期采集的城市污水处理厂二级出水中分离鉴定出七种染料,并对鉴定出的染料进行了定量分析。