热岛与绿地率关系的研究

据1998年7月11日的29个点的温度观测资料与观测点不同半径内绿地率和建筑率分别建立了线性回归关系，结果发现，温度与绿地率存在负相关关系，温度与建筑率存在正相关关系，早上8:00和下午14:00线性相关关系不显著，晚上20:00显著，但绿地范围太小时也不显著，而建筑物在较小范围内就存在显著的线性相关关系。     

地膜覆盖和生物炭添加对菜地N2O排放的影响

为研究生物炭添加(B0:0 t·hm^-2、 B20:20 t·hm^-2、 B40:40 t·hm^-2)和地膜覆盖（FM:覆膜、 NM:不覆膜）对菜地N₂O排放的影响,以西南大学农场内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法进行为期1 a的田间原位观测.共设置6个处理,分别为NMB0（CK）和FMB0、 NMB20和FMB20、 NMB40和FMB40.结果表明,FM显著提高辣椒季土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量（P<0.05）,而对萝卜季土壤环境因子均无显著影响.与NM相比,辣椒季FM分别对B0、 B20和B40处理下的N₂O排放提高了52.87%、 52.97%和52.49%（P<0.05）,但萝卜季FM对N₂O排放无显著影响.生物炭对辣椒和萝卜季土壤环境因子均无显著影响.萝卜季生物炭添加减少了28.76%～67.88%的N₂O排放（P<0.01）,辣椒季生物炭添加对N₂O排放无显著影响...     

不同阴离子对水溶性磷酸盐稳定污染土壤中重金属的影响

在重金属污染土壤中加入磷酸盐是稳定重金属的有效方法.本研究的目的是探讨不同阴离子对水溶性磷酸盐稳定污染土壤铅、镉和锌的影响.在重金属复合污染土壤(全铅、镉和锌的含量分别为2337、21.4和391 mg·kg^-1)中按P:Pb=2:1 (mol:mol)加入磷酸二氢钙,之后按P:阴离子=3:1或3:2 (mol:mol)加入盐酸、氯化钠、硫酸、硫酸钠或氟化钠,并设置只加磷酸盐、不加其它试剂的对照,培养55 d,之后测定土壤性质.结果表明,与对照相比,HCl处理、2HCl处理、NaCl处理和2NaCl处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量下降比例依次为5.72%、9.29%、6.38%和8.80%(p<0.05),加入硫酸、硫酸钠的处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量与对照无显著差异(p>0.05),而加入氟化钠的处理升高4.70%(p<0.05).加入盐酸或氯化钠的处理土壤镉有效性显著高于对照(升高5.24%~12.8%)(p<0.05),其它处理对DTPA-Cd含量无显著影响(p>0.05).各处理对土壤DTPA-Zn含量和pH影响较小,但均引起土壤电导率明显升高.以上结果表明,氯离子可促进水溶性磷酸盐对土壤铅的稳定,但可促进镉有效性.氯磷酸铅的生成是加氯情况下磷酸盐稳定铅的重要机制.     

Effects of emissions from a coal-fired power plant on surface soil trace element concentrations

Increase in trace element (As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Hg) concentrations in surface soils caused by deposition of emissions from a power plant was evaluated through field studies and model calculations. The enrichment discrimination factor (EDF) was used as an indication of the effects. Model calculations estimated that the maximum deposition of the elements would be located at a site 3 km north of the plant. The increase in EDF, ΔE, at the ssite due to cumulative depositions over 25 years was evaluated to be As:0.06, Cd:0.20, Cr:0.02, Cu:0.13 and Hg:0.08, respectively. In contrast, observed EDFs of each element at 30 sites within a 10 km radius from the plant fluctuated within the range far beyond the ΔE, and there was no statistically significant correlation among the EDFs as a function of distance or direction from the plant, suggesting that the effects of emissions lie concealed in normal ambient fluctuation of the element concentrations.     

Thermal internal boundary layer and its effects on air pollutants during summer in a coastal city in North China

The thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL) is associated with coastal pollution dispersion,which can result in high concentrations of air pollutants near the surface of the Earth. In this study, boundary layer height data which were obtained using a ceilometer were used to assess the effect of the TIBL on atmospheric pollutants in Qinhuangdao, a coastal city in North China.A TIBL formed on 33% of summer days. When a TIBL formed, the sunshine duration was 2.4 hr longer, the wind speed was higher, the wind direction reflected a typical sea breeze, and the boundary layer height was lower from 9:00 LT to 20:00 LT compared to days without a TIBL. If no TIBL formed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) decreased with increasing boundary layer height. However, when a TIBL was observed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) increased with increasing boundary layer height. Because the air from the sea is clean, PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations reached minimums in the daytime at 16:00 LT. After16:00 LT, the PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations increased rapidly on days when a TIBL formed,which indicated that the TIBL leads to the rapid accumulation of atmospheric pollutants in the evening. Therefore, the maximum concentrations of particulate matters were larger when a TIBL formed compared to when no TIBL was present during the night. These results indicate that it is suitable for outdoor activities in the daytime on days with a TIBL in coastal cities.     

降雨变化对荒漠草原植物群落多样性与土壤C:N:P生态化学计量特征的影响

研究降雨格局变化对植物群落多样性、土壤C：N：P生态化学计量特征的影响,以及关键土壤因子与植物群落多样性间的关系,对于荒漠草原植物群落多样性的保护具有重要意义.本文以黄土高原西部荒漠草原为研究对象,通过3 a野外降雨控制试验（减少40%降雨、减少20%降雨、自然降雨、增加20%降雨和增加40%降雨）,探讨干湿年份下降雨变化对植物群落多样性及其土壤C：N：P生态化学计量特征的影响,以及降雨变化下土壤C：N：P生态化学计量特征及关键土壤因子与植物群落多样性的关系.结果表明,在正常年份与偏干年份（2013年与2015年）,Patrick丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别以减雨20%处理显著低于对照和增雨40%处理,在偏湿年份（2014年）,Patrick丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数对降雨处理无显著差异.在正常年份与偏干年份,随降雨量的增加土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、碳氮比（C：N）、碳磷比（C：P）和氮磷比（N：P）呈降低趋势,其中,C：N显著降低;在偏湿年份,随降雨量增加土壤SOC、TN、C：P和N：P呈上升趋势.在正常年份,降雨处理对土壤含水量影响不显著,导致土壤含水量对植物群落影响有限,SOC、TN、N：P、C：N和微生物量氮（MBN）对植物群落多样性的影响更为突出;在偏湿年份,年降雨量丰富,降雨量增加导致土壤养分上升,水分不是限制植物生长的最重要因素,土壤含水量、土壤养分与生态化学计量特征共同调节和控制着植物群落多样性;在偏干年份,降雨处理对土壤含水影响显著,且降雨量增加导致土壤养分流失较多,因此,土壤含水量成为影响植物群落多样性的最主要因素.由此可知,在不同干湿年份,植物群落多样性与土壤C：N：P生态化学计量特征对降雨变化的响应不同;土壤C：N：P对植物群落多样性的影响也不同,本文的研究结果旨在为未来降雨变化下荒漠草原的保护与管理提供一定的理论依据.     

Enhanced fat degradation following the addition of a Pseudomonas species to a bioaugmentation product used in grease traps

The presence of fats, oils and greases (FOGs) in wastewater can lead to many problems including blockages. Investigation of a bioaugmentation product, consisting of Bacillus spp., to degrade butter (1%, W/V) and olive oil (1%, V/V) was performed in aerobic batch cultures for 13-day incubation. Gravimetric analysis of the remaining substrates showed slowly degradation of the oil after a 2-day lag, but no degradation of the butter. Addition of a Pseudomonas putida strain CP1 to the Bacillus spp. population promoted rapidly degradation of both fats after 7?days of incubation. High fat accumulation revealed the potential use of the new bacterial mixture for production of added-value compounds. Lipase production only by the Bacillus spp. along with the analysis of the remaining lipids with thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography, suggested that the Bacillus spp. mainly only hydrolyzed the fat. The breakdown products were metabolized by the Pseudomonas putida CP1 performing preferential utilization of unsaturated fatty acids. Investigation of population dynamics using selective plating and a labeled Pseudomonas putida CP1::Tn7-gfp showed domination of the latter. The new mixture performed a successful cooperation with good potential for FOG treatment and an aggregative response desirable to fat degradation in grease traps.     

Soil quality response to long-term nutrient and crop management on a semi-arid Inceptisol

The soil quality concept provides a tool to help quantify the combined biological, chemical and physical response of soil to crop management practices. Our objective was to quantify effects of 10 fertilizer and farm yard manure (FYM) treatments applied for 31 years to a rotation that included maize (Zea mays), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on an Inceptisol at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi, India. A soil quality index (SQI) based on six soil functions (i.e. the soil's ability to: accommodate water entry, facilitate water movement and storage, resist surface degradation, resist biochemical degradation, supply plant nutrients and sustain crop productivity) was derived for each treatment using bulk density, water retention, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), plant-available nutrients, soil organic matter (SOM), microbial biomass, soil enzymes and crop yield. SQI ratings ranged from 0.552 (unfertilized control) to 0.838 for the combined NPK fertilizer plus manure treatment. Comparisons among treatments indicated that SQI increases associated with the combined (NPK + manure) treatment were distributed as follows: N (7.1% increase), P (7.8%), K (14.4%), Zn (4.8%) and manure (15%). The control (−11.4%) and N alone (−5.1%) resulted in degradation compared to a reference soil (no fertilizer/manure, no crop), and NP alone or sub-optimal rates of NPK were on the verge of degradation. Hand weeding and sulphur application had no measurable effect on SQI. High K fixing capacity was a limiting factor for these soils, even when FYM was applied. The lower SQI rating associated with N or NP-only treatments suggests that two of the most common fertilizer management practices in India may not be sustainable. The SQI was calculated without the weighting factors too, which revealed that the weighting factors did not affect the relative ranks of individual treatments.     

垃圾填埋场空气真菌群落结构和时空分布特征

为了解垃圾填埋场空气真菌的群落结构和浓度、粒径的时空分布,在北京市某垃圾卫生填埋场填埋区、渗滤液处理区、生活区分别选定监测点,利用安德森六级微生物采样器,对填埋场空气真菌进行了系统的定点取样和分析.结果表明,除无孢菌外,共出现了15属空气真菌.优势菌属依次为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、无孢菌群(Non-sporing).填埋区和渗滤液处理区空气真菌浓度约为1 750 CFU.m-3,明显高于生活区(p0.05).2006年4月~2007年1月空气真菌浓度变化曲线呈双峰型,2个高峰分别出现在5月和9~10月,浓度可达5 000 CFU.m-3以上.填埋区4~7月空气真菌09:00~11:00的浓度低于15:00~16:00,在8月~次年1月趋势相反.空气真菌粒子在Ⅲ~Ⅴ级约占总数的75%.填埋区和渗滤液处理区的空气真菌中值直径均为2.9μm,生活区为2.8μm,3个功能区空气真菌的中值直径没有差异(p0.05).     

一种浮游植物快速浓缩及固定方法的可靠性分析

为验证一种浮游植物快速浓缩固定方法——滤膜浓缩法的可靠性,采用“鲁戈氏液固定沉降法”和“滤膜浓缩法”同时鉴定了不同浮游植物浓度梯度水样,并进行了对比分析,结果表明：鲁戈氏液固定沉降法与滤膜浓缩法整体上均鉴定出7门,32属,但不同梯度上滤膜浓缩法鉴定出的浮游植物种类较多.两种方法门水平上除裸藻门（P<0.05）外丰度均无明显差异（P>0.05）,属水平上相对丰度99%以内的浮游植物均无明显差异（P>0.05）,即无论是门还是属水平上,滤膜浓缩法对浮游植物丰度的鉴定是可行的.采用两种方法得到的不同梯度下藻密度拟合方程斜率差异较小（P>0.05）且相关性显著（R²=0.958,P<0.01）,但滤膜浓缩法鉴定出的浮游植物细胞密度更大.整体来看,滤膜浓缩法得到的藻类鉴定结果与鲁戈氏液固定沉降法基本一致.     

污水稳定塘菌-藻生态系统去除与灭活植物病毒TMV研究

了解污水稳定塘生态系统去除与灭活植物病毒的效率与机理具有重要的理论和实际意义.对模型植物病毒———烟草花叶病毒(tobaccomosaicvirus,TMV)的实验结果显示:稳定塘系统中的悬浮固体(SS)可在短时间内吸附TMV且达到一个饱和值.纯培养的枯草芽孢杆菌及小球藻对TMV的存活无明显不良影响,而光合细菌和稳定塘中的混合细菌群却对TMV具有灭活作用.当它们同藻类形成菌藻共生体系时,对TMV的灭活速率分别从对照的每天0 0404log10(枯斑数·mL-1)升高到0 0783log10(枯斑数·mL-1)和0 075log10(枯斑数·mL-1) 因此,在污水稳定塘生态系统中,由于病毒对悬浮固体的吸附以及菌藻共生体系中微生物的作用可有效地去除与灭活植物病毒,其中悬浮固体吸附病毒并非真正意义上的灭活,稳定塘中存在的细菌特别是光合细菌对植物病毒的灭活才是最主要的因素.     

First-trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein as a marker for fetal chromosomal disorders

We evaluated first-trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MS-AFP) as a marker for fetal chromosomal disorders. The multicentre study was performed under the auspices of the Dutch Working Party on Prenatal Diagnosis. MS-AFP was measured in 2404 normal pregnancies and 72 chromosomally abnormal pregnancies. The median multiple of the normal median (MOM) in 32 Down's syndrome pregnancies was 0·83 with a 95 per cent confidence interval ranging from 0·60 to 1·04. The difference between the distributions of first-trimester MS-AFP in normal and Down's syndrome pregnancies was statistically significant (t-test: t = 2·34, P<0·05). Thirty-one per cent of the Down's syndrome pregnancies were found below the tenth percentile. We found no difference between normal pregnancies and pregnancies with other chromosomal disorders (eight cases with trisomy 18, MOM = 1·26; seven cases with sex chromosome abnormalities, MOM = 1·07; 22 cases with a chromosomal mosaic pattern in chorionic villi, MOM = 1·08). We conclude that first-trimester MS-AFP can discriminate between normal and Down's syndrome pregnancies, but is not an effective marker. First-trimester MS-AFP has no value as a marker for other fetal chromosomal disorders.     

Biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse by a mixed culture of micro organisms: Effect of aeration conditions and pH control

Upon aeration, the mixed microbial SCD ProBio OriginalTM culture may be used as the first stage in a two- or multi-stage system for the biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse.     

基于3D框架的长三角城市群工业污染物排放研究

为了厘清主要经济地理要素与城市群工业污染物排放量的关系,引入新经济地理学3D——density(密度)、distance(距离)、division(分工/分割)框架,并采用该框架系统分析主要经济地理要素与长三角城市群污染物排放量之间的关系. 结果表明:①地均GDP对长三角城市群工业污染物排放量均存在显著影响,与工业SO₂、废水和烟粉尘排放量的弹性系数分别为0.027、2.080和1.014. ②综合交通距离对工业废水和烟粉尘排放量存在显著影响,弹性系数分别为-1.638和-0.625,而心理距离对污染物排放量未产生显著影响. ③分工/分割要素对城市群工业污染物排放量的影响各不相同. 外商直接投资对工业SO₂、废水、烟粉尘排放量存在显著影响,制造业专业化指数仅对工业SO₂和烟粉尘排放量有显著影响,而进出口总额占GDP比重与工业废水和烟粉尘排放量存在显著影响. ④长三角城市群工业污染物排放量与地均GDP、外商直接投资呈正相关,与综合交通距离、制造业专业化指数和进出口总额占GDP比重呈负相关,缓解长三角城市群工业污染物排放困境,不仅要适度控制经济发展速度和提高外资进入的环境标准,还应进一步优化长三角城市群在国内外市场上的分工和协作地位.      

典型电子废物处置场地表层土壤中的德克隆阻燃剂研究

以我国广东省汕头市贵屿镇典型电子废物处置场地为研究区域,对其表层土中的德克隆(DP)阻燃剂的污染水平及分布模式进行了研究.结果表明,DP在全部23个表层土样品中均被检出,浓度范围为0.308~209ng/g,东南部地区的污染水平显著高于西北部地区,各区域的污染水平也存在一定差异.DP浓度最高点(209ng/g)和次高点(46.2ng/g)均位于主要从事电子废物手工拆解及物理破碎的片区.表层土样品中anti-DP质量分数(fanti)的变化范围为0.444~0.754 (平均值:0.652±0.064),同DP工业品中的fanti值(0.65)不存在显著性差异,表明在表层土中不存在明显的异构体选择性降解.不同的电子废物处置方式对各片区表层土中DP的分布模式影响不明显.     

废水生物除磷机理的研究——循序间歇式生物脱氮除磷处理系统中微生物的组成

考察了在不同运行阶段,间歇式生物脱氮除磷处理系统内活性污泥混合蔽中细菌总数及主要细菌组成的变化特性。试验结果表明:①在稳定运行期,试验装置内活性污泥混合液中细菌总数大大多于启动期(约大26倍);②在启动运行期,活性污泥混合液中的优势菌为气单胞菌属;其次是假单胞菌属;没有发现不动杆菌属。在稳定运行期间,优势菌是假单胞菌属,其次是气单胞菌属和棒杆菌属。     

Individual differences and repeatability in vocal production: stress-induced calling exposes a songbird's personality

Recent research in songbirds has demonstrated that male singing behavior varies systematically with personality traits such as exploration and risk taking. Here we examine whether the production of bird calls, in addition to bird songs, is repeatable and related to exploratory behavior, using the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) as a model. We assessed the exploratory behavior of individual birds in a novel environment task. We then recorded the vocalizations and accompanying motor behavior of both male and female chickadees, over the course of several days, in two different contexts: a control condition with no playback and a stressful condition where chick-a-dee mobbing calls were played to individual birds. We found that several vocalizations and behaviors were repeatable within both a control and a stressful context, and across contexts. While there was no relationship between vocal output and exploratory behavior in the control context, production of alarm and chick-a-dee calls in the stressful condition was positively associated with exploratory behavior. These findings are important because they show that bird calls, in addition to bird song, are an aspect of personality, in that calls are consistent both within and across contexts, and covary with other personality measures (exploration).     

海洋菌株y3的分离鉴定及其异养硝化-好氧反硝化特性

从胶州湾海底沉积物中筛选出1株高效的海洋异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌y3,经形态学观察、生理生化实验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定该菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).对其在实际含氮海水中的脱氮实验结果表明,菌株y3的最佳碳源为柠檬酸三钠,最适p H为7.0,最适C/N为13;菌株均能以NH4Cl、Na NO_2和KNO_3为唯一氮源进行反应,20 h后其去除率分别为98.69%、78.38%和72.95%,在硝化过程中几乎没有亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的积累.以不同比例混合两种氮源反应20 h,当NO~-_3-N∶NO~-_2-N分别为2∶1、1∶1和1∶2时,脱氮率分别为99.56%、99.75%和99.41%;当NH~+_4-N∶NO~-_3-N分别为2∶1、1∶1、1∶2时,脱氮率均为100%;当NH~+_4-N∶NO~-_2-N分别为2∶1、1∶1、1∶2时,脱氮率分别为90.43%、92.79%和99.96%,多高于单一氮源的情况.该菌株具有较好的高盐废水脱氮处理效能.     

稻田使用溴氰菊酯农药对水生生物的安全评价

研究了在稻田－鱼塘生态系统中,模拟稻田使用溴氰菊酯后遇大雨,田水中残留农药流入鱼塘,对塘内水生生物的危害影响。结果表明:供试的鱼、贝类未发现死亡现象;残留、毒性测定结果与危害性实测结果相符。排水口附近供试虾类大量死亡。排水口较远处,虾类的危害影响较轻。虾类对溴氰菊酯有明显的回避性,自然水域中虾类的危害程度比关在网箱内的要小。鱼塘中浮游动物受害十分严重,但２周后即可恢复正常。使用溴氰菊酯农药对稻田养鱼无危害影响。      

Reductive transformation of p-nitrotoluene by a new iron-fly ash packing

A new iron-fly ash packing was studied for reductive transformation of p-nitrotoluene. The packing was made of iron, fly ash and kaolin with the mass ratio of 36:7:2. A reactor was designed to investigate the long-term performance of the packing. The results showed that the reduction of p-nitrotoluene increased with decreasing pH, because the reduction potential of reaction increased with the concentration of H⁺. The pH was one of the key factors impacting the reductive transformation of p-nitrotoluene. Comparing iron-activated carbon packing with the new iron-fly ash packing, the reduction efficiencies were respectively 76.61% and 75.36% after 20 days. The reduction efficiency for both was around 50% at 40 days. It was evident that these two kinds of packing had no significant difference in their capability for p-nitrotoluene reductive transformation. Compared with iron-activated carbon, the new iron-fly ash packing had obvious advantages in terms of manufacturing costs and environmental pollution degradation. This study showed that the new iron-fly ash packing had good performance in reductive transformation of nitrotoluene compounds.