夏季太湖草/藻型湖区N2O生成与迁移特征及其影响因素

多生态类型湖泊N_2O生成与排放的空间异质性给准确地估算湖泊N_2O通量及评估湖泊N_2O排放的重要性带来了很大的不确定性,有关多生态类型湖泊N_2O生成与排放特征及内在机制的研究相对较少.本研究对夏季太湖典型草/藻型湖区水-气界面N_2O通量、水体溶存浓度以及水-土界面N_2O通量进行了原位观测及室内分析,并针对影响N_2O生成与排放的主要环境因子进行了室内微环境实验.结果表明,夏季水-气界面N_2O通量、水体溶存N_2O浓度及水-土界面N_2O通量大致上呈现为挺水植物湖区藻型湖区沉水植物湖区,水-气界面通量分别为(115.807±7.583)、(79.768±1.842)和(3.685±0.295)μmol·(m2·h)-1;水体溶存N_2O浓度分别为:(0.051±0)、(0.029±0.001)和(0.018±0)μmol·L~(-1),水-土界面通量分别为:(178.275±3.666)、(160.685±0.642)和(75.665±1.016)μmol·(m2·h)-1;空间差异原因可归结为生长的植物以及水体中无机氮浓度的差异.水-土界面微环境实验结果表明,外加硝酸盐及有机碳源可以显著增加沉积物N_2O生成潜力,而上覆水中高浓度NH+4-N会抑制沉积物N_2O生成,随温度升高,沉积物N_2O生成速率显著增加,这表明夏季水-土界面N_2O的生成与排放主要受硝酸盐及有机碳的限制,同时也受温度的影响.     

基于TBL模型的闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO2扩散通量估算

扩散模型是估算水生生态系统水-大气界面二氧化碳(CO_2)交换通量的重要手段.选取多种参数化方法对闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2气体交换速率(k_x)及CO_2扩散通量进行估算,探讨闽江口围垦养虾塘k_x及CO_2扩散通量的变化特征及影响因素.结果表明:①养殖期水-大气界面CO_2气体交换速率及其扩散通量均呈现显著的时间变化特征,分别表现为10月 9月 11月 7月 8月和11月 7月 8月 9月 10月的变化趋势;②风速、pH、水体CO_2、DOC和叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度是影响CO_2扩散通量时间变化特征的重要因素;③不同参数化方法计算得出的闽江口养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2扩散通量存在显著差异(P 0. 01),表明模型方法估算养殖塘CO_2扩散通量具有一定不确定性,综合分析认为模型RC01和CW03是估算闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2扩散通量较为合适的方法.     

闽江河口表层水体氧化亚氮释放时空变化特征及其影响因素

以闽江口水体为研究对象,研究了闽江河口上段（城市河口段）、河口中段和河口下段（口外海滨段）不同季节水体N₂O的溶存浓度、水-气界面通量及其环境影响因子.结果表明,闽江口水体N₂O溶存浓度为0.99~55.92 nmol·L^-1,N₂O饱和度为8.0%~396%,水-气界面N₂O释放通量为-5.21~7.91 μg·m^-2·h^-1.从季节差异看,7月（夏季）、9月（秋季）和12月（冬季）水体中N₂O过饱和,表现为N₂O的排放“源”;4月（春季）水体中N₂O不饱和,表现为N₂O“汇”.水-气界面N₂O释放通量呈夏、秋和冬季高,春季低的季节变化规律.在空间变化上,水-气界面N₂O释放通量从 河口上段到下段降低,与氮含量变化趋势一致.N₂O间接性释放因子为0.004%~0.128%,低于IPCC推荐值（0.25%）.温度、盐度、pH、NO₃^-、DO、 悬浮颗粒物浓度是影响N₂O溶存浓度与释放通量的主要影响因素.因此,季节性变化和人类活动导致河口N₂O释放存在较大的时空差异性,从而增加了河口N₂O排放评估的不确定性.     

闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地及围垦后的养虾塘N_2O通量比较

以闽江河口鳝鱼滩的短叶茳芏湿地及其转化而成的养虾塘为研究对象,于2016年5~11月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法和悬浮箱-气相色谱法分别对白天短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘水-气界面N_2O通量进行观测,并同步测定短叶茳芏湿地间隙水化学指标和养虾塘水体理化指标.结果表明,观测期间短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘水-气界面N_2O通量变化范围分别为-113.11~206.57μg/(m~2·h)和-2.27~143.25μg/(m2·h),均值分别为(38.35±24.44)μg/(m2·h)和(46.44±15.93)μg/(m2·h),整体均表现为大气中N_2O的排放源,但两者N_2O通量无显著差异(P0.05).短叶茳芏湿地N_2O通量与土壤间隙水的盐度和营养盐呈显著正相关(P0.05),养虾塘水-气界面N_2O通量与水深、水体盐度和营养盐含量均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01).     

黄河下游垦利站溶解N2O浓度和通量的季节变化及其调控因子分析

于2012年3月至2014年3月每月在黄河下游垦利站采集表层河水,测定其溶解氧化亚氮(N_2O)浓度并估算了其水-气交换通量,并于2012年10月至2013年12月每月对表层河水和沉积物进行了受控培养实验以认识其产生过程.结果表明:黄河下游表层河水中溶解N_2O浓度范围为11.63~27.23 nmol·L~(-1),平均值为(16.29±4.23)nmol·L~(-1).N_2O浓度呈现出较为明显的季节变化,具体表现为冬季和春季高于夏季和秋季,但全年变化幅度不大.溶解N_2O浓度主要受到温度、黄河径流量和溶解无机氮等因素的影响.N_2O饱和度范围为101.1%~343.0%,平均值为190.8%±72.3%,黄河下游N_2O全年处于过饱和状态,是大气N_2O的净源.利用LM86、W92和RC01公式估算出其平均水-气交换通量分别为(10.2±12.3)、(17.3±18.8)、(25.8±26.6)μmol·m-2·d~(-1).初步估算了2012—2013年黄河向河口及其邻近海域输入N_2O的量约为5.8×105mol·a~(-1).培养实验表明:水体和沉积物整体表现为净产生N_2O,其中潜在反硝化速率均明显高于硝化速率,反硝化作用在黄河N_2O的产生过程中有重要作用.水体中的潜在反硝化速率(以N计)的变化范围为(0.18~332.20)nmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1),平均值为(52.74±95.63)nmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1),沉积物中潜在反硝化速率的变化范围为0.37~187.60 nmol·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),平均值为(29.61±56.91)nmol·kg~(-1)·h~(-1).     

河流氧化亚氮产生和排放研究综述

氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的重要温室气体.由于人类活动对土地的影响导致河流系统中氮的可利用性增加,河流生态系统的N2O排放量正日益增长.本文对国内外河流水体N2O溶存浓度和饱和度、水-气界面排放通量及沉积物-水界面交换通量等数据进行了收集,并总结和分析了河流生态系统中N2O的产生机制及主要影响因子.     

基于TBL模型的闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2扩散通量估算

扩散模型是估算水生生态系统水-大气界面二氧化碳(CO2)交换通量的重要手段。选取多种参数化方法对闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO2气体交换速率(kx)及CO2扩散通量进行估算,探讨闽江口围垦养虾塘kx及CO2扩散通量的变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:(1)养殖期水-大气界面CO2气体交换速率及其扩散通量均呈现显著的时间变化特征,分别表现为10月9月11月7月8月和11月7月8月9月10月的变化趋势;(2)风速、p H、水体CO2、DOC和叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度是影响CO2扩散通量时间变化特征的重要因素;(3)不同参数化方法计算得出的闽江口养虾塘水-大气界面CO2扩散通量存在显著差异(P0.01),表明模型方法估算养殖塘CO2扩散通量具有一定不确定性,综合分析认为模型RC01和CW03是估算闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO2扩散通量较为合适的方法。     

河口区养殖塘水-气界面N2O扩散通量比较

以闽江河口区水产养虾塘为研究对象,于2017年6~11月,采用漂浮箱法和扩散模型法同步原位观测了养殖塘N₂O排放通量.结果表明,研究期间悬浮箱法和扩散模型法获得的养殖塘水－气界面N₂O通量变化范围分别为（0.38±0.05）~（20.63±5.63）μg/（m²·h）和（2.77±0.52）~（17.23±2.27）μg/（m²·h）,随时间推移均呈现“增加-降低-增加-降低”的双峰变化特征.两种方法观测的N₂O通量均与水温、水体硝酸盐氮（NO₃^--N）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度呈现显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,与水体溶解氧（DO）呈现出显著负相关关系（P<0.05）.悬浮箱法与不同扩散模型法测定的N₂O排放通量大小排序表现为：模型DM_RC01>悬浮箱法>模型DM_CL98>模型DM_W92a>模型DM_MY95>模型DM_CW03>模型DM_LM86.相比其他几种模型方法,模型RC01与悬浮箱法测得的养殖塘水－气界面N₂O通量相关性系数最高.本研究结果初步表明,今后进行东南沿海河口区养殖塘N₂O通量的大尺度观测研究时,可考虑选择RC01模型法来代替悬浮箱法进行测定,进而减小人力及物力的投入.     

快速城市化区河流温室气体排放的时空特征及驱动因素

河流是大气温室气体重要的排放源,近十多年来全球城市化导致河流生态系统各要素发生改变,对河流水体温室气体排放产生影响.为研究快速城市化区不同土地利用方式下河流温室气体排放的时空特征及其影响因素,采用薄边界层模型法,于2014年9月(秋季)和12月(冬季)及2015年3月(春季)和6月(夏季)的晴天对重庆市区内梁滩河干、支流水体pCO_2、CH_4、N_2O溶存浓度进行监测.结果表明,梁滩河干、支流水体pCO_2范围为(23. 38±34. 89)～(1395. 33±55. 45) Pa、CH_4溶存浓度范围(65. 09±28. 09)～(6 021. 36±94. 36) nmol·L~(-1)、N_2O溶存浓度范围为(29. 47±5. 16)～(510. 28±18. 34)nmol·L~(-1); CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量分别为-6. 1～786. 9、0. 31～27. 62和0. 06～1. 08 mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1);流域水体温室气体浓度空间格局与快速城市化带来的污染负荷空间梯度吻合,干流温室气体浓度与通量从上游向下游均呈先增加后降低,在城市化速度最快的中游出现峰值,其中城市河段CO_2和CH_4浓度约为非城市河段的2倍,同时支流水体自上游农业区向下游城市区呈显著增加;由于受到降雨、温度、外源输入的综合影响,河流CO_2排放通量呈秋季冬季夏季春季的季节模式,CH_4排放通量春季最高夏季最低,N_2O排放通量季节差异不显著.流域水体碳、氮含量均较高,水体CO_2的产生和排放不受生源要素限制,但受水温、pH、DO、叶绿素a等生物代谢因子影响; CH_4的产生和排放受水体碳、氮、磷含量和外源污水输入的共同驱动; N_2O的产生和排放主要受高N_2O浓度的城市污水排放影响.本研究认为流域快速城市化加快了河流水体温室气体排放,形成排放热源,因此城市河流温室气体排放对全球河流排放通量的贡献可能被忽视,在未来研究中应受到更多关注.     

不同氮污染特征河流N2O浓度、释放通量与排放系数

以铁岭市22条河流为研究对象,分析了河流N_2O溶存浓度、释放通量及排放系数.根据氮素的主要赋存形态及氮素浓度,22条河流可分为铵态氮污染(铵态氮平均浓度5.86 mg·L~(-1))、硝态氮污染(硝态氮平均浓度3.05 mg·L~(-1))和氮限制(溶解性无机氮平均浓度1.04 mg·L~(-1))河流这3种.总体上,N_2O溶存浓度介于17.03~9 028.60 nmol·L~(-1),均值为546.75nmol·L~(-1),饱和度均值为6 256%;河流水-气界面N_2O释放通量介于17.21~15 655.3μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),均值为949.36μg·(m~2·h)~(-1).铵态氮污染河流断面N_2O浓度和释放通量显著高于硝态氮污染和氮限制断面(LSD,P0.05).根据IPCC方法计算了河流N_2O排放系数(EF_(5r)),结果表明3种类型河流EF_(5r)呈现极为明显的差异,EF_(5r)变异系数达到445%.硝态氮污染河流EF_(5r)均值为0.000 5,显著低于IPCC建议值(0.002 5);但铵态氮污染河流硝态氮浓度较低,导致EF_(5r)计算均值高达0.445 6,为IPCC建议值的180倍;氮限制河流EF_(5r)均值为0.005 0,为IPCC建议值的2倍.因此,在计算EF_(5r)时应充分评估河流的氮污染状况.本文根据河流氮污染特征,结合不同类型河流N_2O产生机制,对EF_(5r)进行了分类计算,探讨了EF_(5r)的修正计算方法.建议针对氨氮污染和氮限制河流采用[N_2O]/[NH_4~+]方法计算EF_(5r);如不考虑河流氮污染特征,建议采用[N_2O]/[DIN]方法计算EF_(5r).     

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay,Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010–2012. Water–air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%–90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay, Australia)

Surface water methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia). Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010-2012. Water-air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH₄ and N₂O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH₄ and N₂O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH₄ varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N₂O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH₄ fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH₄/(m²·day) while N₂O varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N₂O/(m²·day). Weighted emissions (t CO₂-e) were 63%-90% N₂O dominated implying that a reduction in N₂O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays' greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH₄ and N₂O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.     

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from four tundra ecotopes in Ny-Ålesund of the High Arctic

During the summers of 2008 and 2009, net methane（CH4） and nitrous oxide（N2O） fluxes were investigated from 4 tundra ecotopes： normal lowland tundra（LT）, bird sanctuary tundra（BT）, the tundra in an abandoned coal mine（CT） and the tundra in scientific bases（ST） in Ny-Alesund of the High Arctic. Tundra soils in CT（184.5 ± 40.0 μg CH4/（m2·hr）） and ST（367.6 ± 92.3 μg CH4/（m2·hr）） showed high CH4 emissions due to the effects of human activities, whereas high CH4 uptake or low emission occurred in the soils of LT and BT.The lowland tundra soils（mean,-4.4-4.3 μg N2O/（m2·hr）） were weak N2 O sources and even sinks. Bird activity increased N2 O emissions from BT with the mean flux of7.9 μg N2O/（m2·hr）. The mean N2 O fluxes from CT（45.4 ± 10.2 μg N2O/（m2·hr）） and ST（78.8 ± 18.5 μg N2O/（m2·hr）） were one order of magnitude higher than those from LT and BT, indicating that human activities significantly increased N2 O emissions from tundra soils. Soil total carbon and water regime were important factors affecting CH4 fluxes from tundra soils. The N2 O fluxes showed a significant positive correlation with ammonia nitrogen（NH4＋-N） contents（r = 0.66, p 〈 0.001） at all the observation sites, indicating that ammonia nitrogen（NH4＋-N） content acted as a strong predictor for N2 O emissions from tundra soils. The CH4 and N2O fluxes did not correspond to the temperature variations of soil at 0-15 cm depths.Overall our results implied that human activities might have greater effects on soil CH4 and N2O emissions than current climate warming in Ny-Alesund, High Arctic.     

Effect of the addition of organic carbon sources on nitrous oxide emission in anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) sequencing batch reactors

The effect of additional organic carbon sources on the production of nitrous oxide (N₂O) in anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) real wastewater treatment system was investigated. In this paper, three laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) (SBR-1, SBR-2 and SBR-3) were operating under an anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen, 0.15–0.45 mg·L⁻¹) configuration. The SBRs were ‘long-term cultured’ respectively with a single municipal wastewater sample, sodium acetate, and a waste-activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid as the additional carbon sources of real wastewater. Off-gas analysis showed that N₂O was emitted into the atmosphere during the aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) period in the three SBRs, and the order of N₂O emission rate was SBR-2>SBR-1>SBR-3. It was observed that the higher poly-β-hydroxyvalerate fraction of polyhydroxyalkanoates, the lower glycogen transformation and less nitrite accumulation was in SBR-3, while the opposite behavior was observed in SBR-2. Further research indicated that the interaction of the factors above potentially affected the N₂O emission in the anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) system.     

Importance of indirect nitrous oxide emissions at the field, farm and catchment scale

Direct and indirect nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and leaching losses from an intensively managed grazed pasture in the Ythan catchment, Aberdeenshire, UK, were measured and compared over a 17-month period. Simultaneous measurements of farm-wide leaching losses of N₂O were also made and catchment-wide fluxes were estimated from existing N leaching data. The relative importance of direct and indirect N₂O fluxes at the field, farm and catchment scale was then assessed. At the field scale we found that direct N₂O emissions were low (1.2 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 0.6% of N input) with indirect N₂O emissions via drainage waters comprising a significant proportion (25%) of total N₂O emissions. At the whole-farm scale, the N₂O-N emission factor (0.003) for leached NO₃-N (EF_5-g) was in line with the IPCC's recent downward revision. At the catchment scale, a direct N₂O flux of 1.9 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and an indirect flux of 0.06 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ were estimated. This study lends further support to the recent downward revision of the IPCC emission factor for N₂O arising from leached N in surface and ground waters (EF_5-g) and highlights the need for multiple point sampling to ensure that the importance of indirect N₂O losses via drainage waters is not misrepresented at the farm and catchment scales.     

黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生的不同过程及贡献

采用时空替代法,选择黄河口生态恢复前后未恢复区(R0)、2007年恢复区(R2007)和2002年恢复区(R2002)的芦苇湿地为研究对象,分析了生态恢复工程对湿地土壤N2O产生不同过程与贡献的影响.结果表明,尽管不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O总产生量差异明显,但总体均表现为N2O释放.恢复区湿地土壤的N2O产生量大于未恢复区.N2O的产生主要以硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用为主,而反硝化作用对N2O的产生有较大削弱作用,这与不同恢复阶段湿地土壤理化性质密切相关.非生物作用对N2O产生量贡献较大,这与黄河口为高活性铁区,Fe的还原作用关系密切.尽管黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O的产生是生物作用与非生物作用共同作用的结果,但由于非生物作用对N2O产生的影响较大,应受到特别关注.温度和水分对不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生过程的影响不尽一致,这与土壤微生物活性对温度和水分的响应差异有关.黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤的N2O总产生量介于(0.37±0.08)～(9.75±7.64)nmol·(kg·h)-1,略高于闽江口互花米草湿地的N2O总产生量,但明显低于富氧森林土壤、草原土壤和闽江口短叶茳芏湿地的N2O总产生量.研究发现,黄河口生态恢复工程的长期实施明显促进了N2O的产生,因而下一步生态恢复工程应统筹考虑景观恢复与温室气体削弱这两方面因素.     

High fluxes but different patterns of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from soil in a cattle overwintering area

Cattle overwintering areas common in central Europe may represent significant point sources of the important greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). A 2-year field study was carried out in order to estimate the emissions of N₂O and CO₂ from soil in a cattle overwintering area located in the southwest of the Czech Republic. The measurements were performed at three sampling locations along a gradient of animal impact (severe, moderate, slight) to test the hypothesis that emissions of CO₂ and N₂O are positively related to the degree of impact. In addition to CO₂ and N₂O fluxes determined by using non-vented manual closed chambers, soil mineral nitrogen (NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻), pH and temperature were determined to assess their regulatory role and impact on gas fluxes. The overwintering area was about 4 ha and it had been used for overwintering of about 90 cows since 1995. Deposition of animal excreta resulted in a significant accumulation of nitrogen in the soil during winter, but most of the N₂O was emitted during a few short periods in spring and/or in late autumn. Maximum N₂O fluxes of up to 2.5 mg N₂O-N m⁻² h⁻¹ were recorded at the most impacted location near the animal house, where the highest concentrations of soil mineral nitrogen also occurred. The emissions of CO₂ showed a completely different pattern to those of N₂O, being correlated with soil temperature; the highest emissions thus occurred in June–July, while very low fluxes were found in winter. Emission values ranged from about 0 to 700 mg C-CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹. Furthermore, the effect of animal impact on CO₂ emissions was opposite to that on N₂O fluxes, as the highest CO₂ fluxes were mostly recorded at the least impacted location, where respiration of plants most likely increased overall CO₂ production. The results show that cattle overwintering areas are important sources of greenhouse gases, including N₂O and CO₂. Fluxes of these two gases are, however, differently distributed over the year, which also suggests that they are controlled by different environmental and soil factors.     

闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地及其围垦的养虾塘CH4排放通量的比较

以闽江河口鳝鱼滩的短叶茳芏湿地及由其围垦而成的养虾塘为研究对象,2016年5月—2017年3月,分别采用静态箱-气相色谱法和悬浮箱/静态箱-气相色谱法对短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘白天CH_4排放通量进行观测,并同步测定短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘水体/沉积物理化指标.观测期间短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘均表现为大气中CH_4的排放源,释放量变化范围分别为1.09~38.38 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.01~65.38 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均值分别为(11.67±1.99)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和(18.69±4.84)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),重复测量方差分析统计结果表明:虽然在整个观测时间尺度上,养虾塘CH_4排放通量与短叶茳芏湿地无显著性差异(p0.05),但是在养殖期养虾塘CH_4排放通量显著高于同期短叶茳芏湿地(p0.05),增加了68.0%.短叶茳芏湿地CH_4排放通量与沉积物温度、间隙水总磷含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01),养虾塘水-气界面CH_4排放通量与养殖水水深呈显著负相关关系(p0.01).亚热带河口感潮沼泽湿地围垦成为陆基养虾塘后增加了CH_4排放通量.     

基于漂浮箱法和扩散模型法测定淡水养殖鱼塘甲烷排放通量的比较

本研究以我国东南部地区淡水养殖鱼塘为研究对象,于2017年9月到2018年8月采用漂浮箱法和扩散模型法同步原位观测其CH_4排放通量,旨在明确运用两种不同方法观测CH_4的排放特征、排放强度及其驱动因子,综合比较两种方法观测结果的差异性,其中扩散模型法能够进一步量化扩散传输对CH_4排放通量的贡献.结果表明,两种方法观测的CH_4排放通量有相似的季节变化特征,即夏秋季排放高,冬春季排放低.通过漂浮箱法观测淡水养殖鱼塘CH_4排放通量的变化范围为0. 14～3. 13 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),其年平均排放通量为(0. 86±0. 30) mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),而由扩散模型法估算出鱼塘CH_4排放通量变化范围为0. 04～1. 41 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),其年平均排放通量为(0. 45±0. 08) mg·(m~2·h)~(-1).基于两种方法观测的CH_4排放通量具有相同的环境驱动因子,CH_4排放通量与水温、底泥可溶性有机碳(DOC)和水体化学需氧量(COD)呈现显著的正相关关系,与水体溶解氧(DO)呈现出极显著的负相关关系.综合比较两种方法观测结果,发现由扩散模型法估算出的淡水养殖鱼塘CH_4排放通量约为漂浮箱法测定结果的45%左右(P 0. 01),扩散模型法可能低估淡水养殖系统CH_4排放通量.综上所述,漂浮箱法更适合用于观测我国东南部内陆地区淡水养殖生态系统CH_4排放.