环太湖不同性质河流水体磷的时空分布特征

为了解不同性质河流对太湖水体富营养化的影响,于2009年2月(枯水期)、2009年5月(平水期)、2009年8月(丰水期)对环太湖三类9条河流中不同形态磷的沿程和时间变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性反应磷(SRP)质量浓度随枯、平、丰水期而呈降低趋势,可酶解磷(EHP)质量浓度随着枯、平、丰水期藻类生物量的升高而升高.受生活污水影响的河流水体中各形态磷的质量浓度都是最高的,但由于此类河流从上游到下游水体自净能力很好,其对太湖富营养化的影响最小.受工业废水影响河流在与太湖交界处各形态磷的质量浓度最大,对太湖富营养化的影响也最大.入湖河流的EHP质量浓度多数情况下远远高于SRP质量浓度,EHP对太湖蓝藻的暴发起关键性作用.     

巢湖水体氮磷营养盐时空分布特征

在不同汛期对巢湖水体进行了网格化样品采集,研究了巢湖水体中氮磷营养盐的含量与时空分布规律,确定了巢湖水体的主要污染因子.结果表明,巢湖入湖河流中TP、TN和NO-3-N指标均超过了Ⅴ类水标准,南淝河和十五里河中TP、TN、NH+4-N和NO-3-N表现出丰水期低于平水期、枯水期的季节性变化特征,在其他河流则呈现出丰水期高于枯水期、平水期的特征;巢湖湖体氮磷营养盐浓度的分布存在时空差异,西部湖区中氮磷营养盐含量远高于东部湖区;TP、TN和NH+4-N表现出在枯水期高于平水期和丰水期的变化特征,而NO-3-N在丰水期的含量较高;巢湖水体的主要污染因子为TN和NH+4-N,这些污染物从西往东质量浓度不断减少.     

长江朱沱断面磷浓度与通量变化及来源解析

磷(P)是长江流域备受关注的污染物.金沙江下游向家坝水库和溪洛渡水库分别于2012年和2013年蓄水成库,极大改变了库区及长江宜宾至江津段(金沙江、岷江和长江“三江口”与三峡水库之间)水沙条件和磷的赋存及输移规律.朱沱断面是宜宾至江津段代表断面,既可以反映金沙江梯级水库及岷沱江水环境变化等所产生的综合效应,又是三峡水库的入库断面.研究了2002～2019年长江朱沱断面径流量、悬浮泥沙(SS)浓度与输沙量、磷浓度与通量[分总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)、颗粒态磷(PP)]年际变化及水期特征,基于河流基流分割原理对磷的来源进行了解析.结果表明,18年来朱沱TP和PP浓度与通量丰水期高于平、枯水期;PP与SS正相关性的规律未变.从2002～2019年,TP、 PP和DP浓度与通量总体上呈先升高后下降趋势,且向家坝水库运行是SS、输沙量和TP、 PP浓度与通量下降的重要时间节点.相对于2002～2012年,2014～2019年SS与输沙量分别下降了94%和77%,TP与PP浓度分别下降了46%和70%,TP与PP通量分别下降了58%和74%,下降主要发生于丰水期,其次是平水期.两座水库形成后,...     

长寿湖沉积物中磷形态的季节变化特征

为进一步了解湖泊沉积物中磷形态的季节变化特征,采用沉积物磷形态SMT提取法,在2009年7月（丰水期）和11月（平水期）、2010年3月（枯水期）监测了长寿湖表层沉积物样品中不同形态磷的含量.结果表明,长寿湖沉积物中总磷（TP）含量基本表现为丰水期〉枯水期〉平水期,枯水期寿岛TP含量最高（2 960.29 mg/kg）...     

大型通江湖泊有色可溶性有机物对不同水文情景的响应

鄱阳湖和洞庭湖作为我国面积最大的两个通江湖泊,其湖体水质变化对长江干流水质以及湖区周围居民用水安全至关重要.通过三维荧光-平行因子分析得到4个荧光组分,研究两个湖泊的有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)光谱组成在丰、平和枯这3种水文情景下的变化规律,试图揭示鄱阳湖和洞庭湖CDOM来源及组成对不同丰枯情景的响应机制.结果表明:不同水文情景对鄱阳湖CDOM水质参数影响更为显著,CDOM吸收系数a(254)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度表现为丰水期平水期枯水期(t-test,P0.01),CDOM光谱吸收斜率S_(275-295)表现为枯水期平水期丰水期(t-test,P0.01),洞庭湖a(254)在不同水文情景下差异不显著,比紫外吸收系数SUVA_(254)最大值出现在平水期.平行因子分析法解析三维荧光光谱得到4个荧光组分,枯水期两湖CDOM类蛋白组分贡献率较大,平水期类蛋白组分及类腐殖酸组分贡献率大致相当,丰水期两个湖泊类腐殖酸贡献率占主要部分.在空间分布上,枯水期鄱阳湖4个组分的荧光强度在上游南部湖区偏小,北部偏大,丰水期反之,东洞庭湖4个组分的荧光强度在空间差异上表现为枯水期大于丰水期.鄱阳湖DOC浓度对水位的响应更明显(r~2=0.99,P0.01),东洞庭湖类色氨酸组分C2与水位呈显著性负相关关系(r~2=0.99,P0.05).鉴于此,应根据鄱阳湖、洞庭湖CDOM在不同水文情景下的响应特征,有针对性地对湖区水质进行管理.     

基于EHI的洞庭湖生态系统健康综合评价

根据2012年3月至2015年12月对洞庭湖入湖断面、湖体断面和出湖口断面的水环境和湖体断面浮游生物的调查数据,采用生态系统健康指数(EHI)法和综合营养状态指数(TLI)法对洞庭湖生态系统健康状态进行定量综合评价。结果表明,洞庭湖湖体TLI值在45.5~49.4之间,整体处于中营养状态,但接近轻度富营养水平,EHI值在41.8~59.8之间,生态系统健康状态为中等。在空间分布上东洞庭湖TLI略高于其它湖区;西洞庭湖区EHI最高,而东洞庭湖区最低。季节性差异上,丰水期(9月)TLI最低而EHI最高,表明洞庭湖丰水期水体营养状况与生态系统健康状态均处于最佳水平。洞庭湖EHI、系统能(Ex)和结构系统能(Ex_(st))等生态指标均与TLI没有显著相关性。与1995-1997年相比,Ex、Ex_(st)和浮游动植物比值(ZB/PB)等生态指标均有明显下降,表明洞庭湖近20年来生态系统健康状况明显恶化。     

三峡水库主要入库河流磷营养盐特征及其来源分析

以2004～2005年的三峡水库3条主要入库河流(长江、嘉陵江、乌江)中的水文、水质的调查参数为依据,研究了三峡水库入库河流中主要的水文变化特征、磷营养盐的季节性分布规律、形态组成及富营养化状态.结果表明,3条入库河流的流量、悬浮物呈现明显的季节性变化,丰水期的悬浮物含量明显高于枯水期.3条入库河流总磷的平均值在0.12～0.29 mg/L之间,均远远高于20世纪70年代的总磷含量,长江朱沱断面水体的磷含量高于嘉陵江北碚断面和乌江武隆断面的磷含量.总磷含量(TP)中以总颗粒态磷酸盐(TPP)为主,平均占75%以上;3个监测断面中流量、悬浮物与TP、TPP均呈显著正相关性,TPP和TP也呈显著正相关性.结果表明泥沙将颗粒态磷带入河流是主要的磷污染源,总磷的污染受面源污染影响较大.氮和磷都不是三峡水库入库河流中浮游植物的限制因子,3条入库河流中的N/P值较高(＞30),表明磷有可能被优先消耗到低值.     

太湖西岸宜兴城市水体悬浮质解析及其沉降特性研究

统计分析了2015—2016年太湖西岸宜兴城市水体中悬浮质(SS)的浓度、组成、时空分布特征,及其与营养盐的关系,并实测了4条典型河段SS静沉降效果分析沉降过程中SS浓度、磷浓度的变化规律。结果表明:SS浓度的变化范围为5.5~244.0 mg/L,平均值为(54.5±33.8)mg/L;SS组成以无机悬浮质(ISS)为主,平均占比为66.9%;空间上呈现出西氿>东氿>团氿的变化特点,航运河段显著高于其他河段;季节变化表现为秋季>春季、夏季>冬季,且冬季显著偏低。同时发现水体中SS和总磷(TP)呈显著正相关(P<0.01),和总氮(TN)无相关关系;SS浓度随沉降时间呈指数衰减关系,初始浓度越高,降低幅度越大;初始颗粒态磷(PP)占比高有利于TP浓度的降低,占比低则易转化为溶解态磷(DTP)。     

三峡水库水体溶解磷与颗粒磷的输移转化特征分析

根据河流上、下游断面间水、沙和磷的输运系数差异,建立了一种分析河流水体磷的输移转化特征的判定方法.基于2015年1月(枯水期)和7月(丰水期)三峡水库的径流量、输沙量和水体磷形态数据,应用该方法分析了三峡水库水体磷的输移转化特征.结果表明,两个水期三峡水库水体均以TDP为主要磷形态,TDP通量占总磷(TP)通量的51%～96%;枯水期,三峡水库TDP表现为移出作用,主要由三峡拦坝蓄水促进泥沙颗粒吸附TDP引起,丰水期则表现为添加作用,与外源性含高浓度TDP的水量输入有关.在两个水期,三峡全库区泥沙和TPP均呈明显的沉降滞留特征,且TPP相对于沙量呈添加作用,一定程度上说明TDP被泥沙颗粒吸附而转化为TPP作用相对更强.三峡水库清溪场至万州段为水、沙和磷的主要滞留区域,与该区段泥沙颗粒粒径细化、颗粒吸附磷能力增强有关.     

红枫湖水体中磷的时空分布研究

研究了红枫湖水体中磷的时空分布规律及特征,并对红枫湖水体中氮磷比值进行了分析。研究表明:(1)红枫湖水体底层、中层和表层各形态磷浓度枯水期最大,丰水期最小;(2)红枫湖表层水体磷主要形态为溶解态磷,底层主要为悬浮态磷,总磷和溶解态磷浓度垂直分布均呈底层中层表层规律;(3)湖区水体总磷水平分布极为不均,南湖高于北湖,水平分布趋势从高到低与水流方向基本一致;(4)红枫湖水体N/P比值在1 6.3~665之间,平均为100.7,磷为富营养化主要限制性因子。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.