莆田地区一次臭氧污染过程分析

利用2018年7月28日—8月5日莆田地区4个环境监测站臭氧逐小时浓度观测资料、莆田国家气象站逐小时资料、莆田地区风廓线雷达站逐小时资料对7月29日—8月4日的臭氧污染过程进行分析.结果表明,除7月30日臭氧最大浓度为193 μg·m^-3外,其余日期莆田市监测站的臭氧浓度小时最大值均超过200 μg·m^-3.本次污染过程在气象条件上臭氧浓度与温度呈正相关,与湿度呈负相关,臭氧浓度与两者的相关系数绝对值均大于0.77.边界层上的偏西风和西南风在此次过程中表现出有利于本地区臭氧污染的形成和维持.结合污染物排放资料和后向轨迹分析表明,污染主要成因以外来源输送为主,后向轨迹经过漳州、泉州排放区,本地区排放对污染的贡献较少.莆田市监测站的NO_x与O₃浓度呈正相关的特殊现象是海陆风和山谷风配合地形造成的O₃和NO_x共同堆积和扩散所导致的.     

东南沿海地区春季典型臭氧污染过程模拟研究

文章应用WRF-CHEM模式模拟分析了东南沿海地区2017年4月28日-5月1日的天气变化过程以及大气污染过程,并以东南沿海地区福建省泉州市为研究区域定量分析了春季外来输送对泉州市臭氧浓度贡献。模式准确地模拟了泉州大气臭氧的时间变化趋势以及我国东部以及东南沿海地区的臭氧空间分布状况,较好地再现了天气形势以及大气臭氧污染的演变过程。在春季研究时段内,来自华北及长江三角洲长距离输送的污染物与本地排放相互作用,在局地海陆风作用下造成东南沿海地区的臭氧污染。定量研究结果表明在东南沿海地区发生高臭氧污染时,外来输送对泉州市区臭氧污染贡献约占38%。     

安徽省臭氧污染时空变化及污染成因研究

目的 了解安徽省臭氧时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关系.方法 利用2017—2019年环境空气质量监测的臭氧数据和气象观测数据,并结合后向轨迹模型和潜在源区分析,分别评价安徽省臭氧污染区域分布和气象要素对臭氧浓度的影响,并分析区域传输对安徽省臭氧浓度的影响.结果 2017—2019年安徽省及各市臭氧浓度增长显著,2019年同比2017年增幅为12.2％,第二季度(4、5、6月)和第三季度(7、8、9月)是O3浓度相对较高的时期,且O3污染有"前移后滞"趋势.污染气团主要来自于安徽省内部地区,潜在源分布显示,皖中地区(合肥、安庆、马鞍山等城市)的贡献比例最大,外地源贡献主要来源于江苏省和山东省等.臭氧浓度与温度和太阳总辐射强度呈正相关,与降水量和相对湿度呈负相关,与风速关联性不大.结论 安徽省臭氧污染逐年增加的主要原因是本地排放的加剧,外源输送可能会产生一定影响,加之高温和强太阳辐射的影响,会加剧臭氧污染的程度,并导致重污染.     

沈阳市低空大气臭氧污染防治办法

以2013年沈阳市11个空气质量自动监测站的大气臭氧自动连续监测数据为基础,对臭氧浓度的区域分布、季节变化、日变化特征进行分析。结果表明:O_3浓度在午后15∶00左右出现峰值,O_3浓度最高的月份为4—9月,中心城区O_3浓度低于外围。在此基础上提出了沈阳市低空大气臭氧污染防治办法。     

远安县城区臭氧污染的特征及防治建议

利用远安县城区环境空气质量自动监测站2017-2018年的监测数据,对空气中臭氧(O_3)的污染特征进行了分析。分析结果表明:远安县城区空气中臭氧作为首要污染物的占比有逐年增加的趋势。臭氧浓度具有明显的日变化、月变化和季节变化规律,日变化呈单峰型且高峰段在13:00—18:00;月变化规律显示6月—10月浓度最高;季节变化规律显示夏季浓度最高,冬季浓度最低。     

京津冀和长三角地区一次重霾过程气象成因及传输特征

基于气象数据和空气质量数据,研究了2016年12月29日~2017年1月8日京津冀与长三角地区一次大范围重度污染过程的特征及成因.结果表明,均压场、低边界层高度、静小风是本次重污染过程的主要气象特征,重污染过程的结束得益于后期气压梯度变大,水平扩散条件转好.此外,基于WRF-CMAQ（气象研究与预报建模系统及区域多尺度空气质量模型）模式情景分析法评价了区域传输和局地累积对本次重污染过程的作用,分析显示重污染前期当中东部地区受南风控制时,京津冀地区受长三角地区传输影响较大（15%~20%）,长三角地区以本地贡献为主;累积阶段,长三角地区本地贡献显著下降,受到京津冀地区的贡献明显上升（20%~30%）,京津冀地区主要受本地排放影响.传输通量结果显示长三角向京津冀输送的净通量峰值发生在重污染前期（-21.52t/d）,京津冀向长三角输送的净通量峰值发生在累积阶段（17.29t/d）,区域传输作用在1001~1478m之间最为活跃.     

青岛市PM_(2.5)重污染天气演变过程分析

运用WRF-CMAQ模式对2016年1月1日~1月7日青岛市的PM_(2.5)重污染天气进行了模拟研究,分析了青岛市PM_(2.5)重污染形成、持续和清除过程的主要影响因素.与观测对比表明,模式能够较好地模拟出青岛市主要气象要素和近地面PM_(2.5)浓度的变化特征.在重污染形成期,持续的西南气流将山东南部、安徽、江苏等地PM_(2.5)及其前体物传输至青岛地区;逆温层的出现及大气边界层高度的降低使得输送至青岛地区的PM_(2.5)在近地面积累,浓度升高.由山东西南部、安徽北部、河南东部等地传输至山东西北部和京津冀地区的PM_(2.5)及其前体物,在重污染持续期沿近地面传输至青岛,加之液相化学过程生成了大量的二次气溶胶,导致PM_(2.5)浓度一直维持在200μg/m~3以上.重污染清除期,风速加大,水平传输作用加强,高浓度的PM_(2.5)污染带向下风向转移.区域传输对此次青岛市PM_(2.5)重污染事件具有重要贡献,3个时期的贡献率分别为87.0%、68.5%和57.6%.     

基于综合立体观测网的京津冀地区污染过程分析

为揭示大气污染的演变规律,推动京津冀及周边地区空气质量的持续改善,针对大气重污染发生—演变—消散全过程的核心科学问题,在京津冀及其周边地区建立大气污染传输通道立体观测网,围绕2017年秋冬季和2018年春、秋、冬三季开展重污染时段和重污染过程的地基和车载走航观测,评估区域大气污染输送和城市间大气污染的相互传输量.结果表明:北京市污染呈明显的区域性特征,春季主要受区域不利扩散条件及沙尘传输影响,秋季主要受西南通道传输影响,冬季主要受西南、南部、东南通道混合层内传输与区域扩散条件不利的共同影响.秋冬季京津冀地区NO₂、SO₂污染物垂直柱浓度整体低于西南、东南和南部输送通道区域,当弱南风静稳天气条件主导时,北京市易受到污染物输送的影响,形成局域污染过程.研究显示,北京市重污染时段外来污染物各类尺度输送通道中,西南通道污染传输为主导,部分时段还受到东南和东部通道污染传输的影响.      

安阳市近地面臭氧污染特征及气象影响因素分析

基于国控环境空气质量监测站数据分析了安阳市2014～2017年不同功能分区(城市、郊区和工业)点位的臭氧(O_3)污染特征和变化规律,并研究了O_3污染的气象影响因素和潜在源分布.结果表明,2014～2017年安阳市各站点O_3年均浓度上升明显,O_3超标日的出现从2015年开始不断提前,最早在2017年4月出现;工业区点位O_3第90百分位数和平均值增长最快,年均分别增长16. 0μg·m~(-3)和13. 0μg·m~(-3),郊区点位O_3第5百分位数增长最快,年均增长13. 2μg·m~(-3);安阳市O_3月变化呈"M"型,且具有明显的空间差异;温度对O_3浓度起主导作用;气温大于23℃、相对湿度小于58%和西南偏南方向5m·s-1风速与高浓度O_3污染密切相关;不同季节O_3潜在来源差异明显,夏季主要分布在河北南部、湖北北部和沈阳北部.2017年5月首次出现O_3重污染日,工业点位O_3小时平均浓度高达405μg·m~(-3),重污染事件与西部干热气团转移导致持续高温有关.     

杭州市夏季臭氧污染特征及一次污染过程分析

文章利用2016-2021年杭州市环境空气质量国控监测站点及杭州光化学网站点监测数据,分析杭州夏季臭氧浓度变化特征,并结合气象资料分析一次臭氧典型污染过程。研究表明,杭州市夏季臭氧污染严重,6月超标天数要高于7月和8月,夏季臭氧浓度日变化呈现“单峰型”,8月平均臭氧日变化的峰值要略高于6月和7月。2021年6月5-9日杭州市出现的一次中度污染的臭氧污染过程,主要是在不利气象条件以及较高浓度前体物影响下的本地生成,而6月7日在本地生成之外,还受到东北方向城市区域的污染传输影响。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.