改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水体中头孢噻肟

抗生素对环境的危害已经引起了人们的广泛重视.本实验以改性生物炭(MB)为载体制备了负载纳米零价铁的功能生物炭(Fe/MB).以头孢噻肟(CFX)为目标抗生素,研究了该材料对头孢噻肟的降解特性及影响因素,并探讨了去除机理.实验结果表明,50 min内头孢噻肟的去除率为92%(Fe/MB用量为0.4 g·L~(-1),溶液p H=5.0,头孢噻肟浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),振荡速率为200 r·min~(-1),柠檬酸浓度为1.47 mmol·L~(-1)).头孢噻肟的去除过程存在改性生物炭的吸附和纳米零价铁还原降解的协同作用,数据符合伪二级反应动力学方程(R20.99).采用紫外可见光谱结合质谱分析了降解产物的结构并提出头孢噻肟的降解途径.     

向日葵秸秆生物炭强化Fe(Ⅲ)/S2O82-体系降解苯甲酸

二价铁离子活化过硫酸盐(PS)产生自由基可降解有机污染物,但体系中Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)循环速率较慢,成为制约降解效率的关键因素之一.为提高反应体系效率,制备向日葵秸秆生物炭(SFBC),以苯甲酸(BA)为目标污染物,探究SFBC强化Fe(Ⅲ)/S_2O~(2-)_8体系降解BA的效果.SFBC表征结果说明其具有孔隙结构,由无定形炭组成,表面有丰富的官能团及持久性自由基(PFRs).考察了反应条件(pH、PS浓度和SFBC投加量)对降解的影响,结果表明,SFBC/Fe(Ⅲ)/S_2O~(2-)_8体系对BA降解效率明显高于Fe(Ⅲ)/S_2O~(2-)_8及SFBC体系,在SFBC=2.0 g·L~(-1)、BA=10.0mg·L~(-1)、PS=2.0mmol·L~(-1)、Fe(Ⅲ)=1.0mmol·L~(-1)和pH=3.0条件下, 90 min时BA降解率达100.00%;自由基猝灭实验及电子顺磁共振光谱(EPR)实验表明,SO~-_4·和·OH共同参与BA降解并以SO~-_4·为主导;循环实验及实际水体影响说明SFBC具有较好地循环稳定性及实际应用性.机制分析阐明PFRs和—OH给出电子还原Fe(Ⅲ)生成Fe(Ⅱ),进而由Fe(Ⅱ)活化PS高效降解BA.     

UV强化草酸络合Fe3+活化过硫酸盐氧化降解苯胺

采用UV-草酸络合Fe~(3+)[UV-Fe(C_2O_4)3-3]活化过硫酸钠(PS)氧化降解苯胺,研究了Fe(C_2O_4)3-3浓度,PS浓度,pH对PS活化效率及苯胺氧化降解效果的影响机制.结果表明,Fe(C_2O_4)3-3浓度和pH决定了UV-Fe(C_2O_4)3-3体系中Fe~(3+)向Fe2+的转化过程,并对活化PS氧化降解苯胺产生显著影响.随着Fe(C_2O_4)3-3浓度增加,PS的分解率不断提高,但当浓度高于0.75 mmol·L~(-1)时,草酸根离子(C2O_2-4)对硫酸根自由基(SO·-4)的竞争以及SO·-4之间的相互淬灭作用降低了苯胺的降解效果,降解速率大小顺序为5 mmol·L~(-1)0.25 mmol·L~(-1)0.5 mmol·L~(-1)1 mmol·L~(-1)0.75 mmol·L~(-1);中性和碱性条件不利于Fe(C_2O_4)3-3发生光化学反应生成Fe2+,但当初始pH为7和9时,由于PS活化分解过程降低反应体系pH,反应300min时PS的活化率可分别达到74%和67%,苯胺去除率分别高达91%和97%,均高于初始pH为酸性条件下的结果;苯胺降解率随初始PS浓度增加而增大,当PS浓度大于10 mmol·L~(-1)时,苯胺降解过程由二级反应变为准一级反应,但此时过量的PS因与SO·-4发生反应而显著降低PS用于氧化降解苯胺的利用率.     

紫外光照下盐酸环丙沙星的光解性能

本研究重点考察了盐酸环丙沙星初始浓度、硝酸铅、硝酸镉、氯化铅、氯化镉等重金属盐对盐酸环丙沙星光降解性能影响.结果表明,黑暗条件下环丙沙星无降解;紫外光照可以有效去除环丙沙星,且环丙沙星的光降解速率随其初始浓度的增大而降低;硝酸铅和硝酸镉(除0.006 mmol·L~(-1)体系外)可以促进环丙沙星的光降解,且随摩尔比的增大(即硝酸盐浓度的降低),环丙沙星的半衰期逐渐增大;随着摩尔比的增大(即氯化盐浓度的降低),氯化铅和氯化镉先促进后抑制环丙沙星的光降解.     

驯化污泥厌氧还原脱氯促进2,4,6-三氯酚矿化及胞外呼吸脱氯途径

厌氧条件下,以乳酸钠为电子供体,2,4,6-三氯酚为电子受体对活性污泥进行驯化,考察了驯化污泥厌氧脱氯的代谢特性.结果发现,污泥可对2,4,6-三氯酚进行高效脱氯,乳酸钠、2,4,6-三氯酚初始浓度为20 mmol·L-1、40~80μmol·L-1时,9~24 h内可实现2,4,6-三氯酚100%初始性降解.中间产物有2,4-二氯酚,但检出浓度较低(4.22μmol·L-1),4-氯酚和苯酚为主要产物.驯化污泥以脱邻位氯(2,4,6-三氯酚,2,4-二氯酚)降解菌为优势种群,对4-氯酚和苯酚的进一步转化有限.厌氧代谢残留物经好氧污泥处理后,4-氯酚(初始浓度33μmol·L-1)2 h实现100%去除.驯化污泥可快速将Fe(Ⅲ)还原为Fe(Ⅱ),并具有较强的腐殖质(AQDS)还原能力,说明驯化污泥中富集了异化铁还原菌.电子介体[Fe(Ⅲ)和AQDS]明显地加速了脱氯速率,在电子介体的介导作用下,污泥可同步进行胞外呼吸脱氯.     

零价铁-过二硫酸盐连续运行体系去除水中硝基苯

水中硝基苯(NB)的高毒性对人体健康具有极大的危害,因此,本文建立了零价铁-过二硫酸盐(Fe0-PS)连续运行体系以降解水中NB.研究结果表明,单独Fe0柱可还原降解NB,Fe0对不同浓度NB的还原效果均较好,随着流速的减慢及初始pH的降低,NB还原效果变好;但还原体系中总有机碳(TOC)基本没有去除,只是生成了中间产物苯胺(AN).Fe0-PS联合体系中,随着PS的投加,产生的Fe2+活化PS,发生了类Fenton反应,从而使还原产物AN得以氧化降解,TOC去除率可达54.8%;随着Fe0填充量的增加,氧化产物Fe2+随之增加,还原产物AN随之减少.可见,Fe0-PS连续运行体系,以Fe2+为媒介巧妙结合还原与氧化作用,能有效去除NB.     

改性活性炭纤维活化过硫酸盐深度处理焦化废水及降解吡啶

采用NaOH改性活性炭纤维(ACF)活化过硫酸盐(PMS)深度处理焦化废水及降解吡啶.考察了NaOH-ACF投加量、PMS浓度、初始pH值对焦化废水生化出水中化学需氧量(COD)、色度去除效果及吡啶降解效果的影响.结果表明,NaOH-ACF/PMS体系可以有效去除焦化废水中的有机物和色度,并完全降解吡啶.材料表征结果表明,NaOH-ACF具有丰富的表面官能团,吸附和催化性能良好.NaOH-ACF投加量为2.0g/L、PMS浓度为6.0mmol/L、初始pH值为7.0、温度为25℃,反应120min,焦化废水生化出水中COD和色度的去除率分别达85.7%和93.8%,吡啶初始浓度为10mg/L,降解率为100%.发光细菌毒性实验表明,在最佳反应条件下NaOH-ACF/PM体系深度处理焦化废水可以有效脱毒.自由基鉴定实验证实,NaOH-ACF/PMS体系中同时存在硫酸根自由基(SO₄^-·)和羟基自由基(·OH).气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析显示,焦化废水生化出水中的大分子、复杂有机物在体系中完全矿化或者转化为小分子物质,吡啶通过羟基化和去...     

过渡金属/亚硫酸盐体系去除水中TBBPA研究

文章以四溴双酚A(TBBPA)为代表性的溴代有机物,考察过渡金属/亚硫酸盐体系去除水中TBBPA的效能,并对TBBPA的降解机理进行研究。结果表明：在酸性（p H=4）条件下,Fe(Ⅲ)/亚硫酸盐体系、Fe(Ⅱ)/亚硫酸盐体系与Cr(Ⅵ)/亚硫酸盐体系对TBBPA的去除效果较好。对于Fe(Ⅲ)/亚硫酸盐体系与Fe(Ⅱ)/亚硫酸盐体系,Fe(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)与亚硫酸盐投量比值为1∶10时反应体系呈现出最优的去除效果,10μmol/L TBBPA反应5 min后的去除率可达到66.8%;对于Cr(Ⅵ)/亚硫酸盐体系,升高金属离子浓度可促进TBBPA的去除效果。Cu(Ⅱ)/亚硫酸盐体系与Co(Ⅱ)/亚硫酸盐体系在中性条件下对TBBPA具有一定的去除效果,而在酸性条件下无法去除TBBPA。实际水体中常见的腐殖酸与HCO3-均对过渡金属/亚硫酸盐体系去除TBBPA表现出抑制作用。结合密度泛函理论计算与LC-MS实际测得TBBPA降解的中间产物,推测了TBBPA可能的初始降解路径为TBBPA分子苯环上的碳原子脱溴或发生取代反应。     

不同活性炭活化过硫酸盐的效能及机理的规律研究

选取煤质活性炭(F400D)、木质活性炭(Norit)和椰壳活性炭(Youshi)作为过硫酸盐(PS)活化剂,通过动力学实验研究了不同活性炭对过硫酸盐的活化效能及机理,考察了氯化钠和碳酸钠对活性炭/过硫酸盐体系的影响.结果表明,3种活性炭/过硫酸盐体系均可实现橙黄G的高效去除,效能略有差异,依次为:F400D/PSNorit/PSYoushi/PS.活性炭对染料的去除包括吸附作用和活化过硫酸盐的氧化降解作用,吸附位点与活化位点在活性炭上具有不同的分布.活性炭/过硫酸盐体系对1~100 mmol·L~(-1)氯化钠有很强的耐受作用,适用于高盐废水中有机污染物的去除.1~10 mmol·L~(-1)的碳酸钠对体系有明显的抑制作用.     

Fe(Ⅲ)-(S,S)-乙二胺-N,N'-二琥珀酸体系中Cr(Ⅵ)的紫外光还原

将易生物降解的天然螯合剂乙二胺-N,N'-二琥珀酸(EDDS)与Fe(Ⅲ)结合形成Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS体系并用于处理水中Cr(Ⅵ).在紫外光照射下利用该体系对Cr(Ⅵ)进行光还原,考察了溶液p H值、Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS和Cr(Ⅵ)的初始浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的影响.结果表明,UV/Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS体系对Cr(Ⅵ)有光还原作用,且紫外光是反应进行的必要条件.在p H为3.0~8.0的范围内,反应顺利进行,且溶液的p H值越小,Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果越好,去除率越高.Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS浓度的增加对Cr(Ⅵ)还原有促进作用,Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS浓度在0.10~0.30 mmol·L-1之间时,随着Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS浓度的增大,Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率增大;当溶液中Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS浓度不变,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度在5~20 mg·L-1之间时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随其浓度的增加而降低.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.