液氯储罐瞬时泄漏扩散质量浓度分布规律与中毒后果评价

液氯储罐一旦发生泄漏,容易在大气中快速扩散,其扩散速度受到泄漏量、外界风速等条件的影响。为了研究不同风速和泄漏量对氯气扩散规律的影响,分别在泄漏量为2 kg、5 kg,外界风速为2 m/s、5 m/s的条件下,采用Fluent软件模拟了氯气储罐瞬时泄漏后氯气质量浓度随时间的分布规律,并结合氯气的致死浓度,对氯气扩散区域最大质量浓度分布及其毒性致命损伤进行了分析。结果表明,氯气扩散初期,云团浓度较高,重气效应比较明显,随时间增加云团逐渐增大。泄漏量越大,氯气的扩散速度和致死区范围越大,毒性致命损伤时间越短;风速越大,致死区的影响距离越大,但致死区的影响时间大幅度缩短,能有效降低氯气的中毒危害。     

绿化带对氯气泄漏扩散影响的模拟研究

基于FLUENT软件的物质传输模块建立了氯气泄漏扩散模型.考虑绿化带对氯气泄漏扩散的影响,针对不同的绿化带高度、泄漏速度和风速对氯气泄漏扩散进行了数值模拟.结果表明,绿化带对氯气的泄漏扩散有阻碍作用;绿化带高度越高越容易减缓危险区域在水平方向的传输;泄漏速度增加,危险区域的浓度值增高;风速增加,危险区域的浓度值减小,而...     

基于数值模拟的扇形水幕阻挡稀释氯气扩散的影响因素研究

在重气储罐区内设置喷射水幕是安全隔离、控制重气泄漏后扩散和减缓事故后果严重程度的重要措施之一。为此,利用计算流体力学(CFD)模型建立了氯气泄漏扩散模型,对扇形水幕阻挡稀释氯气扩散过程进行了动态模拟及影响因素分析,分别模拟了外界风速、水幕的喷射角度、水幕距泄漏源距离、水幕流量和水幕液滴直径等参数对氯气泄漏后扩散的影响情况。结果表明,合理地设置水幕能够有效阻挡氯气的扩散、缩短危险距离和减少危害面积。在大气稳定的情况下,外界风速、水幕的喷射角度、水幕距泄漏源距离、水幕流量等参数、水幕液滴直径是影响扇形水幕阻挡氯气扩散的重要因素。其中水幕距泄漏源距离和水幕流量2个因素对阻挡稀释效果的影响比较明显,水幕距泄漏源的距离越小,水幕的动量越大,阻挡稀释效果越好,水幕流量适中时效果最好,流量过大或过小阻挡稀释效果都要差一些。因此,合理设置相关参数有利于提高水幕性能,更加有效地降低氯气泄漏事故的后果。     

FLUENT在公路隧道有毒气体事故泄漏扩散研究中的应用

针对公路隧道内氯气扩散问题,以计算流体力学(CFD)为理论基础,应用GAMBTT软件进行几何模型构建和网格划分.用FLUENT对所建模型中的风场和氯气泄漏扩散结果进行了模拟分析.通过不同位置氯气质量分数的比较,分析了稳定纵向通风条件下.隧道内障碍物和氯气重力效应对扩散的影响.从模拟结果可以看出,隧道内的障碍物(主要是汽车)对氯气扩散有明显阻拦作用.造成氯气在下部空间的扩散比上部空间要慢,而且距泄漏源相同距离处.下部空间的氯气质量分数远小于上部空间.同时讨论了泄漏源位置对氯气扩散范围的影响,结果表明即使在泄漏源较高的情况下,经过一段距离的扩散,氯气也会由于重力作用逐渐到达地面.最后,论证了FLUENT软件对处理隧道内毒气扩散问题的适用性,为研究工作的进一步开展提供了依据.     

高原山区城市重气泄漏扩散的风洞试验研究

进行重气泄漏扩散环境风洞试验,研究高原山区城市中重气泄漏扩散规律.结果表明,高原山区城市重气泄漏扩散存在1个危险风速,该风速下环境中重气浓度达到最大值,同时黏滞系数也达到最大值.通过多项式拟合可求出危险风速.当地年平均风速条件下,重气浓度随下风距离增加而减小,而在排放源下风向500 m外,随着距离的增加,重气浓度的变化趋缓;重气浓度在横风向上呈偏态分布;在垂直方向上随着高度的增加而减小,而高度超过20 m后重气浓度随高度的变化较小.     

有毒重气在倾斜表面扩散的研究

为了研究有毒重气泄漏后在平面和斜面上的扩散情况,根据Kunsch和Webber提出的重气在倾斜表面上的扩散模型,在没有考虑有风的情况下,对氯气气云在倾斜表面上的等温扩散进行了计算,得出了氯气气云扩散时间、扩散范围与浓度的相互关系,评估了氯气扩散的危害程度.对计算结果与平面盒子模型结果比较发现,氯气在不同角度的斜面上和平面上的扩散速度和浓度变化有着显著的差异.得到的氯气在不同倾斜角度坡面的扩散状况查询图,对评估倾斜表面的重气扩散具有一定的意义,并且能够为管理和应急工作提供依据.     

氯气泄漏扩散半径估算与应急处置

氯气泄漏是常见的化学事故之一.通过对氯气的理化性质、危险特性和泄漏原因分析,估算氯气泄漏的扩散半径,同时以扩散半径作参考,提出氯气泄漏的应急处置措施,为氯气泄漏事故应急处理提供技术支持.     

液氯钢瓶泄漏扩散模型简化及定量分析

液氯泄漏是常见的化学事故之一。通过对氯气的理化性质、危险特性和泄漏简化模型分析,估算氯气泄漏的扩散半径。同时以扩散半径作参考,为氯气泄漏事故应急处理提供技术支持。     

液氯钢瓶泄漏扩散模型简化及定量分析

液氯泄漏是常见的化学事故之一。通过对氯气的理化性质、危险特性和泄漏简化模型分析．估算氯气泄漏的扩散半径。同时以扩散半径作参考,为氯气泄漏事故应急处理提供技术支持。     

泄漏场内典型房间泄漏孔对室内重气扩散的影响研究

模拟了泄漏场内典型房间的重气扩散过程。对比了不同泄漏孔位置及泄漏孔迎背风条件下房间内重气的扩散情况。数值模拟结果表明,当单一泄漏孔存在且泄漏孔迎风时,泄漏孔在高度方向上的尺寸对有毒有害重气在室内的扩散过程影响最为明显;当单一泄漏孔存在且泄漏孔背风时,房间内重气扩散缓慢,房间内相对安全;当前后墙都存在泄漏孔时,重气的扩散是最为迅速的,对于室内人员来说,这种情况也是最为危险的。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

我国与主要国家温石棉安全使用政策和法规对比研究

我国作为温石棉的生产和使用大国,在温石棉及其制品的危害及防控方面开展了较为系统的研究,但对于其他主要国家在温石棉安全使用政策和法规方面的研究则相对较少。本文简要介绍温石棉安全使用的理论基础,对美国、加拿大等主要国家在温石棉安全生产和使用方面的主要政策和法规进行研究,并对我国温石棉产业政策以及相关法规进行梳理,通过对比发现,我国与美国、加拿大等国家在温石棉及其制品的安全使用法规、标准建设等方面存在一定差距。最后,基于相关对比分析结果,对我国温石棉产业职业病防治、环境保护以及温石棉制品等方面的法规标准的建设提出建议。     

飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系研究

为了探究飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系,提高优秀飞行员选拔的有效性和飞行排班的科学性,对飞行员记忆进行测试,结合其近6年的飞行品质(QAR)数据,系统分析了记忆与安全绩效的关系及各因素对飞行员记忆的影响情况。结果表明:飞行员形象记忆、情景记忆、运动记忆、语义记忆与安全绩效呈正相关关系,情绪记忆与安全绩效呈“n”型关系;情景记忆主要受不良情绪波动的影响,语义记忆主要受对大脑缺乏开发应用情况以及压力的影响,情绪记忆主要受不良嗜好和年龄的影响,形象记忆主要受睡眠和疾病的影响,运动记忆主要受用脑过度和年龄因素影响。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

CO在烟煤中吸附与扩散的分子模拟研究*

为揭示CO在烟煤中的微观吸附和扩散机理,利用Wiser烟煤分子模型,通过巨正则蒙特卡洛（GCMC）和分子动力学方法,研究5种不同温度（293.15,303.15,313.15,323.15,333.15 K）下,压力为0.1～3.0 MPa时CO吸附量、吸附热的变化,采用能量分布分析CO在烟煤中的吸附行为,利用扩散系数和扩散活化能研究CO在烟煤中的扩散特性。研究结果表明:CO在烟煤分子中的模拟结果符合朗格缪尔（Langmuir）吸附规律,随着温度的升高,Langmuir参数a和b减小,CO在烟煤分子中饱和吸附量和吸附能力降低。温度越高,烟煤分子的等量吸附热越低,烟煤分子吸附CO分子的平均等量吸附热为21.20～23.11 kJ/mol,小于42 kJ/mol,属于物理吸附;随着压力的升高,CO分子由能量较高的优势吸附位点逐渐向相对较弱的吸附位点移动;在模拟的温度和压力条件下,CO在烟煤分子模型中的扩散系数随温度和压力的升高而增加,扩散活化能随压力的升高而减小。研究结果为揭示CO在烟煤分子中微观吸附与扩散规律,准确预测采空区封闭火区煤自燃情况具有重要意义。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.