退化羊草草地生态恢复过程中大型土壤动物群落生态特征

选取吉林省大安市姜家甸草场天然羊草草地、一年生人工碱茅草地和一年生人工碱茅草地为研究样地，于2002与2003年7月份两次对样地进行野外采样。共捕获大型土壤动物3130只，分别隶属2门5纲10目13类。通过对比研究表明：土壤动物群落间个体密度有一定的差异，鞘翅同在各生境中都有较高个体密度分布，显示其是该草原地带大型土壤动物的特征性类群，土壤动物类群和个体数垂直分布表聚程度群落间有较大不同，土壤动物群落生物多样性存在空间分异。认为水肥干预可以增加土壤动物群落的生物多样性。DG多样性指数更适合表达不同演替阶段土壤动物群落的差异，大型土壤动物群落生物多样性能够指示退化草地生态系统恢复与重建过程。     

红松人工林与天然次生林大型土壤动物功能类群

为了解不同森林恢复类型对生态系统物质循环和能量流动的影响,对红松人工林与天然次生林生态系统(硬阔叶林和蒙古栎林)大型土壤动物功能类群时空分布的差异进行分析.在以往研究的基础上将捕获的大型土壤动物划分为腐食性、植食性、捕食性和杂食性土壤动物4个功能类群,并对比红松人工林和天然次生林生态系统土壤动物功能类群.结果表明:(1)水平分布上,天然次生林与红松人工林中4种功能类群大型土壤动物均有分布,其中腐食性土壤动物密度和生物量占绝对优势,但类群组成略有不同;(2)垂直分布上,红松人工林各功能类群土壤动物个体密度及类群数在不同土层差异显著(P0.05),均表现出明显的表聚性;而天然次生林中除腐食性和捕食性土壤动物外,在垂直方向无显著差异(P0.05),0-10 cm层腐食性动物个体密度以及类群数最大;(3)时间变化上,红松人工林与天然次生林土壤动物功能类群表现出一致的变化规律,均以腐食性最高,各类群密度、类群数均为5月、10月高于其他各月,生物量以9月最高.红松人工林和天然次生林土壤动物功能类群时空规律比较研究可为森林经营提供科学依据.     

秦岭西部不同发育阶段日本落叶松林凋落物层大型土壤动物群落特征

以秦岭西部小陇山林区不同发育阶段的日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)林为研究对象,探讨不同发育阶段日本落叶松林凋落物层的大型土壤动物群落特征.结果表明,10 a日本落叶松林土壤动物密度和类群丰富度均显著高于20和32 a日本落叶松林,而32 a日本落叶松林土壤动物群落密度又显著高于20 a日本落叶松林.不同发育阶段日本落叶松林土壤动物群落的营养功能群组成也发生了明显变化,随栽植林龄的增加,捕食性类群的比例先增加后降低,而腐食性+杂食性类群的比例先降低后增加,植食性类群的比例呈增加趋势.不同发育阶段日本落叶松林的正蚓科、线蚓科、倍足纲、幺蚣科、步甲科、蚁甲科、双翅目幼虫和蚁科土壤动物类群密度存在明显变化,进而改变了大型土壤动物群落结构和营养功能群组成.凋落物层土壤动物对不同发育阶段日本落叶松林的环境变化十分敏感,可以用来指示林下土壤环境变化.     

半干旱区草地生境中大型土壤动物群落季节动态

选择科尔沁沙地封育草地为研究对象,通过调查大型土壤动物个体数和类群数的季节变化特征及其与气候因子间的关系,分析大型土壤动物群落结构的季节变化规律。结果表明,伴随着气候因子(降雨量和气温)的季节变化,土壤含水量表现为春季>秋季>夏季,而土壤温度表现为夏季>春季>秋季。土壤温湿度的季节性变化显著影响了大型土壤动物群落结构(P<0.05)。大型土壤动物类群数和个体数以及Shannon指数均表现为夏季显著高于秋季(P<0.05),春季居中;而均匀度指数则与此相反(P<0.05),表现为夏季<春季<秋季。随着季节更替,不同大型土壤动物类群对气候因子变化产生了不同的响应和适应性,不同季节表现出了不同的大型土壤动物类群及其个体数分布,而且在夏季表现出较高的大型土壤动物多样性。     

桤柏混交林与纯柏林土壤动物群落特征的比较

为了研究人工林演替对土壤动物群落的影响,2005年3月对川中丘陵区的桤Aluns cremastogyne)柏(Cupressusfunebris)混交林和由其演替形成的纯柏林的土壤动物群落进行了调查.结果表明,桤柏混交林演替为纯柏林后,大型土壤动物群落的类群数由18个下降到11个,类群数和个体数均显著下降(<0.01);中小型土壤动物群落的类群数由23个显著下降到18个(p<0.01),个体数无显著变化(p>0.05);两个演替阶段土壤动物群落的优势类群和常见类群的物种组成基本一致,部分稀有类群的消失导致土壤动物类群数下降;除密度一类群指数(DG)湿著下降(P<0.os)gb,多样性指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)和优势度指数(C)的变化不显著(p>0.05);两个演替阶段各样地问的土壤动物群落存在中等相似性;土壤动物类群数和个体数的垂直分布的表聚性均显著降低(p<0.05).以上结果表明,桤柏混交林演替为纯柏林后,土壤动物群落结构的复杂性随之下降.     

桤木混交对杉木人工林大型土壤动物群落的影响

调查了中亚热带会同地区13a生杉木纯林(纯林)和8杉木2桤木混交林(混交林)的大型土壤动物群落，并比较了两个林分在群落结构上的差别．结果表明：砹翅目是两个群落在数量上的优势类群，分别占全部大型土壤动物个体数的52．1％和82．4％．杉木跟桤木混交以后，保留了纯林的大部分属性，各类群在大型土壤动物群落中的地位基本保持不变，双翅目、蜘蛛目、膜翅目仍然是最主要的类群，但这种混交方式改变了一些土壤动物的群落结构参数，多度和丰富度出现上升的趋势，均匀度显著降低．在各类群中，主要以双翅目幼虫的多度和相对多度增加幅度较大，这种变化是降低整个群落均匀度的一个主要原因．图3表2参30     

南泥湾湿地土壤动物群落组成与土壤理化性质的关系

南泥湾湿地是黄土高原地区的重要组成部分,长期以来受人类活动的剧烈影响,而南泥湾湿地生态恢复对整个陕北黄土高原区意义重大。为了研究南泥湾湿地土壤理化性质与土壤动物群落组成的关系,分别于2015年3月、6月、9月、12月,前往南泥湾湿地6种不同干扰程度的湿地(未退化湿地、轻度退化湿地、中度退化湿地、重度退化湿地、已垦湿地-农田、已退耕还湿恢复中湿地)进行土壤动物调查和土壤样品采集,共获得土壤动物3 285只,土壤样品72份。分析了南泥湾湿地土壤动物与土壤有机质、全氮、pH等6个理化因子的关系,结果表明,(1)南泥湾湿地土壤动物蜱螨目、弹尾目、小杆目个体数最多,分布也最广,即中小型土壤动物构成了研究区土壤动物的主要部分。(2)南泥湾湿地土壤动物个体数和类群数在0~20 cm土层皆表现为垂直递减且表聚性特征明显。总体上,不同干扰强度下的湿地类型土壤动物类群数变化不明显,但总数差异较大。(3)南泥湾湿地中小型土壤动物个体总数与土壤有机质和全氮呈显著正相关性,而与含水量和pH呈显著负相关,各理化因子与土壤动物类群数的相关性不显著。(4)南泥湾湿地中小型土壤动物类群数与土壤含水量、pH呈显著负相关,即土壤含水量和pH对南泥湾湿地土壤动物分布而言,是重要的限制性影响因子。该研究通过综合分析南泥湾湿地土壤动物群落组成与土壤理化因子变化的关系,有助于更深入地了解南泥湾受损湿地生态系统土壤动物结构现状,为退化湿地恢复和重建以及南泥湾湿地合理开发和保护提供科学依据。     

上海城市绿地生境中春季大型土壤动物群落结构研究

2006年春季对上海市区不同绿地生境进行采样,其中包括学校:华东师范大学校区绿化乔木类型(A),草地类型(B);居住区:师大一村草地类型(C);路旁绿地:浦东生态林乔木类型(D);公园:上海植物园乔木类型(E),草地类型(F);工业区:宝钢乔木类型 (G),草地类型(H);废弃地:南汇老港垃圾填埋场乔木类型(I),共获得大型土壤动物1 930只,分别隶属于3门8纲18目.研究结果表明:大型土壤动物群落优势类群为:中腹足目、等足目、后孔寡毛目、膜翅目,常见类群为鞘翅目、近孔寡毛目、半翅目、蜘蛛目、石蜈蚣目,其余均为稀有类群.不同城市绿地生境中土壤动物群落组成和个体数各异.群落-密度指数IDG和群落复杂性指数C比Shannon-Wiener指数H'更能体现群落的复杂性与多样性, 且能修正不同类群个体数对多样性的影响.对大型土壤动物群落进行聚类和排序的结果显示,9种城市绿地生境可以分为6大类:浦东路旁绿地、植物园及工业区乔木类型,植物园及工业区的草地类型,居住区草地类型,校园乔木类型,校园草地类型,废弃地乔木类型.     

外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对昆明地区土壤动物群落的影响

2005年雨季前后的6月至9月,共布设144个样方,采样分析了外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adeno-phorum)对云南昆明地区针叶林、阔叶林和草地3种主要生态系统类型地表腐叶层土壤动物群落的影响。研究结果表明,紫茎泽兰入侵后土壤动物类群总数显著减少,其中针叶林减少41.3%,阔叶林减少29.0%,草地减少36.7%;土壤动物群落个体总数下降,其中针叶林减少63.5%,阔叶林减少20.4%,草地减少43.2%。紫茎泽兰入侵影响土壤动物群落多样性和均匀度。6月至8月,在没有紫茎泽兰入侵情况下,针叶林和草地生态系统土壤动物群落多样性、均匀度逐步升高;紫茎泽兰入侵后,由于土壤动物类群数量及部分类群个体数量减少,针叶林和草地土壤动物群落多样性、均匀度有所降低。     

南泥湾湿地退化与管理对土壤动物多样性的影响

为查明南泥湾湿地生态系统退化对土壤动物群落的影响,于2016年3、6、9和11月分别对南泥湾不同退化阶段湿地的土壤动物群落进行调查。共捕获土壤动物3 285头,隶属4门10纲26目。优势类群为蜱螨目(Acarina)、小杆目(Rhabditida)和弹尾纲(Collembola)。随着退化程度加重,土壤动物群落密度和类群数下降,重度退化和已垦湿地土壤动物密度和多样性指数均极显著低于其他退化阶段(P0. 01)。各样地相似性系数差异分析表明,退化、开垦和退耕均对南泥湾湿地土壤动物群落组成类群和优势类群个体数有较大影响。土壤动物群落密度和多样性的季节动态在不同退化阶段间存在差异,退化会影响土壤动物群落季节变化稳定性。土壤动物优势类群时空分布受退化程度的影响,且不同优势类群受影响程度存在差异。相关分析结果表明土壤动物密度与土壤有机质和全氮含量呈正相关,与pH呈负相关。研究结果表明南泥湾湿地退化会影响土壤动物群落组成和多样性的空间分布和季节动态,而人为开垦活动会降低土壤动物密度和多样性,退耕还湿措施可以使湿地土壤动物密度表现出明显季节变化规律。     

Determining soil quality in urban agricultural regions by soil enzyme-based index

Urban agricultural soils are highly variable, and careful selection of sensitive indicators is needed for the assessment of soil quality. This study is proposed to develop an index based on soil enzyme activities for assessing the quality of urban agricultural soils. Top soils were collected from urban agricultural areas of Korea, and soil chemical properties, texture, microbial fatty acids, and enzyme activities were determined. The soils belonged to five textural classes with the highest frequency of sandy loam. There was no clear correlation between the soil chemical properties and soil microbial properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis were applied to microbial groups for identification of microbial community variation in soils. Two soil groups, namely group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2), based on microbial community abundance were examined by PCA, and those were more prominent in factor analysis. The G1 soils showed higher microbial community abundance than G2 soils. The canonical discriminant analysis was applied to the enzyme activities of sandy loam soil to develop an index, and the index validation was confirmed using the unused soils and published data. The high-quality soils in published literature assigned the high valued index. Microbial fatty acids and soil enzyme activities can be suitable indicators for soil quality evaluation of urban agricultural soils.

     

Response of bacterial communities to short-term pyrene exposure in red soil

Pyrene, a representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound produced mainly from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, is hazardous to ecosystem health. However, long-term exposure studies did not detect any significant effects of pyrene on soil microorganism. In this study, short-term microcosm experiments were conducted to identify the immediate effect of pyrene on soil bacterial communities. A freshly-collected pristine red soil was spiked with pyrene at 0, 10, 100, 200, and 500 mg·kg^-1 and incubated for one day and seven days. The bacterial communities in the incubated soils were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) methods. The results revealed high bacterial diversity in both unspiked and pyrene-spiked soils. Only at the highest pyrene-spiking rate of 500 mg·kg^-1, two minor bacteria groups of the identified 14 most abundant bacteria groups were completely suppressed. Short-term exposure to pyrene resulted in dominance of Proteobacteria in soil, followed by Acidobacteria, Firmutes, and Bacteroidetes. Our findings showed that bacterial community structure did respond to the presence of pyrene but recovered rapidly from the perturbation. The intensity of impact and the rate of recovery showed some pyrene dosage-dependent trends. Our results revealed that different levels of pyrene may affect the bacterial community structure by suppressing or selecting certain groups of bacteria. It was also found that the bacterial community was most susceptible to pyrene within one day of the chemical addition.     

矿区砷污染对土壤线虫群落结构特征的影响

对湖南省石门县雄黄矿区不同As污染程度土壤线虫群落结构特征进行了研究.共获得线虫27属,食真菌线虫滑刃属(Aphelenchoides)在3种土壤中均为优势属.食细菌和食真菌线虫分别为低As和中As土壤的优势营养类群,而植物寄生线虫为高As土壤的优势营养类群.低As和中As土壤的自由生活线虫成熟度指数(IM)和瓦斯乐斯卡指数(IW)显著高于高As土壤,但植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(IPP)和IPP/IM比值则表现出相反的趋势.可见,高As土壤的食物网受到As污染的干扰较大,群落环境质量较差.因此,土壤线虫群落结构对土壤质量或生态系统的变化具有很好的生物指示作用.     

庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落特征

分别于2013年5月、8月和11月对庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落分布进行调查,收集芦苇群落、狗尾草群落、圆柏群落、针叶松群落、柳树群落以及裸地土壤样本,采用淘洗-过筛-浅盘法提取土壤线虫,并应用线虫多样性指数和功能类群指数研究该区域土壤线虫群落的特征与差异。研究期间鉴定出44个属,共5895条土壤线虫。研究显示,线虫的生态指数与土壤理化指标呈显著相关,其中土壤pH值和盐度的影响最为显著,整体上呈显著负相关。不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫的群落结构均有所差异,圆柏群落样地pH值最小,且土壤线虫群落最丰富。圆柏、针叶松和柳树为人工种植的植被群落,具有相对稳定pH值,相较于其他3个群落盐度较低,所以线虫群落更加丰富。四大营养类群中捕食/杂食类群的比例高达50.6%,食真菌类群比例只有8.1%。有研究表明酸性土壤有利于食真菌线虫生长,而整个研究区域的 pH 在6.08~7.11之间,并不利于食真菌线虫生长。随着季节的变化,土壤线虫在夏季最多春季最少,分别约占总数的44.9%和23.0%。结果表明,不同季节和不同的土地利用方式对庄河口湿地土壤线虫群落有显著影响,其中不同植被所形成微环境中的pH值和盐度是影响线虫群落分布最主要的因素,为促进土壤生态系统健康发展提供科学依据。     

Changes in microbial community characteristics and soil organic matter with nitrogen additions in two tropical forests

Microbial communities and their associated enzyme activities affect the amount and chemical quality of carbon (C) in soils. Increasing nitrogen (N) deposition, particularly in N-rich tropical forests, is likely to change the composition and behavior of microbial communities and feed back on ecosystem structure and function. This study presents a novel assessment of mechanistic links between microbial responses to N deposition and shifts in soil organic matter (SOM) quality and quantity. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and microbial enzyme assays in soils to assess microbial community responses to long-term N additions in two distinct tropical rain forests. We used soil density fractionation and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure related changes in SOM pool sizes and chemical quality. Microbial biomass increased in response to N fertilization in both tropical forests and corresponded to declines in pools of low-density SOM. The chemical quality of this soil C pool reflected ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition. In the lower-elevation forest, there was an increase in gram-negative bacteria PLFA biomass, and there were significant losses of labile C chemical groups (O-alkyls). In contrast, the upper-elevation tropical forest had an increase in fungal PLFAs with N additions and declines in C groups associated with increased soil C storage (alkyls). The dynamics of microbial enzymatic activities with N addition provided a functional link between changes in microbial community structure and SOM chemistry. Ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition are likely to have far-reaching effects on soil carbon storage and cycling. This study indicates that microbial communities in N-rich tropical forests can be sensitive to added N, but we can expect significant variability in how ecosystem structure and function respond to N deposition among tropical forest types.     

生长季节初期高山针叶林小生境土壤动物群落多样性

研究了非生长季节向生长季节转换过程中川西高山森林土壤动物群落结构和多样性的特征,以期解释土壤动物群落的自适应变化.从川西高山原始针叶林下6种小生境共捕获大型土壤动物为3 167只,隶属于2门8纲16目,以林隙小生境内大型土壤动物的个体密度(530.71只/m2)和类群数量(10类)最高;中小型土壤动物为10 585只,隶属于4门8纲8目,以苔藓小生境内中小型土壤动物的个体密度(148 400.00只/m2)和林隙小生境中类群数(8类)最高.林隙小生境中的大型土壤动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H’和Pielou均匀性指数J最高,Simpson优势度指数C最低,但倒木小生境表现出相反的趋势.林下凋落物小生境的中小型土壤动物群落多样性指数H’最高,C最低,但灌木小生境则相反.     

泥鳅对稻田土壤动物的扰动效应

2008年6月至1O月,通过田间试验.设置对照稻田和养鱼稻田2个处理,采用分层取样法和大类群分类法,利用反映土壤动物群落结构数量特征的多样性指数、均匀性指数和优势度指数,研究了泥鳅对稻田土壤动物群落的扰动效应.结果表明,稻田土壤动物群落的优势类群为腹足类、线虫类和线蚓类.稻一鱼复合系统土壤动物类群数高于对照稻田,但土壤动物个体数少于对照稻田.稻一鱼复合系统土壤动物多样性指数和均匀性指数高于对照稻田,但优势度指数低于对照稻田,显示稻一鱼复合系统具有更高的稳定性和抗干扰能力.稻田土壤动物的垂直分布具有明显的表聚性.     

Divergent composition but similar function of soil food webs of individual plants: plant species and community effects

Soils are extremely rich in biodiversity, and soil organisms play pivotal roles in supporting terrestrial life, but the role that individual plants and plant communities play in influencing the diversity and functioning of soil food webs remains highly debated. Plants, as primary producers and providers of resources to the soil food web, are of vital importance for the composition, structure, and functioning of soil communities. However, whether natural soil food webs that are completely open to immigration and emigration differ underneath individual plants remains unknown. In a biodiversity restoration experiment we first compared the soil nematode communities of 228 individual plants belonging to eight herbaceous species. We included grass, leguminous, and non-leguminous species. Each individual plant grew intermingled with other species, but all plant species had a different nematode community. Moreover, nematode communities were more similar when plant individuals were growing in the same as compared to different plant communities, and these effects were most apparent for the groups of bacterivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous nematodes. Subsequently, we analyzed the composition, structure, and functioning of the complete soil food webs of 58 individual plants, belonging to two of the plant species, Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae) and Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). We isolated and identified more than 150 taxa/groups of soil organisms. The soil community composition and structure of the entire food webs were influenced both by the species identity of the plant individual and the surrounding plant community. Unexpectedly, plant identity had the strongest effects on decomposing soil organisms, widely believed to be generalist feeders. In contrast, quantitative food web modeling showed that the composition of the plant community influenced nitrogen mineralization under individual plants, but that plant species identity did not affect nitrogen or carbon mineralization or food web stability. Hence, the composition and structure of entire soil food webs vary at the scale of individual plants and are strongly influenced by the species identity of the plant. However, the ecosystem functions these food webs provide are determined by the identity of the entire plant community.     

基于高通量测序的工业园区地下水和土壤细菌群落结构比较研究

为探究工业园区地下水和土壤细菌群落结构、多样性变化特征,采用高通量测序技术对地下水和土壤细菌16S r RNA基因高变区域进行序列测定。通过对Alpha多样性、物种组成、丰度和群落结构的分析,比较地下水和土壤细菌群落结构的异同。Alpha多样性的比较结果表明,土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度明显高于地下水,地下水细菌群落多样性指数反映出地下水已受到周边污染源的影响。物种注释结果表明,地下水样品共检出48个细菌门,土壤样品共检出50个细菌门。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是地下水细菌群落的优势类群,共占93.54%,且该工业园区地下水细菌群落呈现出典型的淡水种群特征;土壤中优势细菌门为Proteobacteria、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、Firmicutes和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes),共占85.21%。由于地下水和土壤两者的生态系统和理化环境的差异,致使Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)和Gemmatimonadetes占比在地下水和土壤细菌群落间差异显著,同时使地下水和土壤细菌群落各含有一些特有的优势细菌属(地下水2个,土壤4个)。基于高通量测序技术对工业园区样品的测序结果可以为地下水和土壤环境的生态评价提供方法依据。     

The effect of imazethapyr on soil microbes in soybean fields in northeast China

Large quantities of herbicides are used on agricultural soils, but the effects of herbicides on the structure of the soil microbial community have not been well investigated. In this study, soil from three soybean fields was investigated. The herbicide imazethapyr was applied in one year to soil 1 and in two sequential years to soil 2. Control soil received no imazethapyr. Microbial biomass and community structure were characterised using chloroform fumigation–extraction and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) determination. The imazethapyr residue was 1.62 μ g·kg^?1 in soil 1 and 1.79 μ g·kg^?1 in soil 2. The microbial biomass carbon and total PLFAs for soil 2 were much higher than for the other soils. PLFA profiles showed that fatty acids for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as total bacteria and total fungi in soil 2 were higher than in other samples. Principal component analysis of the PLFAs showed that the structure of the microbial community differed substantially among the three different soybean field soils. Application of the herbicide imazethapyr to soybean fields clearly changed the soil microbial biomass and shifted the structure of the microbial community.