基于环境库兹涅茨曲线的经济增长与环境质量实证研究

通过分别建立环境库兹涅茨曲线和基于扩展的环境库兹涅茨曲线模型,对广西的经济增长和环境质量进行了相关性分析。研究表明,除了工业废水排放量(Ewater)对人均GDP的环境库兹涅茨曲线的关键转折点还未来到,工业废气排放量(Egas)、工业SO2排放量(ESO2)、工业固体废弃物排放量(Ewaste)、NOX浓度(cNOX)、COD排放量(ECOD)、NH3-N排放量(ENH3-N)等6个指标对人均GDP的环境库兹涅茨曲线的关键转折点都已出现;lnEwater、lnEgas、lnESO2、lnEwaste、lncNOX、lnECOD、lnENH3-N均与专利申请数负相关,且截面效应均为正;lnEwater、lnEgas、lnESO2、lnEwaste、lncNOX、lnECOD、lnENH3-N与第二产业产值占全部产值的比重、污染源治理投资额正相关;lnEwater、lnEgas、lnESO2、lncNOX、lnENH3-N与非农业人口的人口密度负相关,lnEwaste、lnECOD与非农业人口的人口密度无关。     

GM(1,1)包络模型及其预测应用——2000年中国每亿元国民收入能源消费量预测

影响环境质量变化的因素是“灰色”的.如何“白化”一个国家或地区的环境质量及影响因素,定量分析不同因素对环境质量的影响作用,这是环境经济学研究主要内容之一.Commoner把“环境压力”作为环境质量概念,定义为每年排入环境的污染物数量,以反映环境质量退化的程度.胡鞍钢在Commoner方程基础上提出了“环境变迁曲线”,其主要参数为每亿元国民收入能源消费量.本文试运用近来应用广泛的GM(1,1)模式的建模思想,建立了预测中国每亿元国民收入能源消费量之GM(1,1)包络预测模型.     

成都市环境战略研究

城市环境战略研究,是对城市环境质量现状及其发展趋势进行宏观控制的战略设想,对城市总体规划、城市建设与发展、城市环境管理等综合部门的科学决策有着重要意义.本文针对成都市的环境背景条件和城市性质与功能等具体情况,对当前城市生态环境特点和主要环境质量问题进行了比较全面、系统的分析,特别是对地表水、地下水、大气、固体废弃物、交通噪声等环境要素的环境质量现状作出了简要评述,并对今后的发展趋势提出初步看法,指出了成都市当前环境问题的严重性和急待进行宏观控制的迫切性.在此基础上,作者对该市环境污染防治和改善环境质量的对策,提出了自己的意见。     

经济发展,碳排放和经济演化

本文用计量经济学的方法通过对中国、日本、美国的时间序列分析和１９９０年的全球截面数据分析,探讨了经济增长与ＣＯ２排放的关系。并重点分析了人口增长、能源消费强度变化的人均碳排放的影响。分析表明从政策角度而言,人均碳排放与人均ＧＤＰ之间不存在Ｋｕｚｎｅｔｓ曲线。人口增长和人均ＧＤＰ的增加是人均碳排放增加的主要来源,而ＧＤＰ能源消费强度的下降则是碳排放减少的重要来源。     

工业废气排放总量与经济增长的环境库兹涅茨曲线区域差异影响因素分析

根据1996—2013年中国大陆31个省份工业废气排放总量和经济增长的面板数据,在考虑工业废气排放和经济发展相互作用的基础上,运用联立方程探究贸易开放程度、产业结构、工业废气污染治理力度、技术进步程度等污染控制变量对工业废气排放总量的影响,以及物质资本存量、劳动力投入量等对经济发展的作用,分析各区域工业废气排放总量和经济增长所处环境库兹涅茨曲线不同阶段的原因。结果表明:(1)全国以及东、中、西部不同区域的工业废气排放总量和经济增长的环境库兹涅茨曲线都呈"倒N"型;且东部已进入经济增长抑制工业废气排放时期,而中部、西部和全国尚处于工业废气排放总量随经济增长而增加的阶段。(2)联立方程表明,产业结构、贸易开放程度、技术进步程度等方面的差异是促使各区域所处阶段差异的主要原因。(3)联立方程中部分要素对各区域的影响机制类似,且污染方程中环境污染治理投资对工业废气减排的效果甚微。产出方程估计结果表明,各区域污染排放与人均GDP均呈弱正相关关系,说明大部分区域经济发展以环境为代价;且物质资本存量和人力资本存量对各区域经济增长的推动作用相对稳定。     

重庆市经济增长与工业污染状况的计量研究

选取重庆市1995-2009年的经济与环境数据,分析重庆市环境污染程度随经济发展的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,并通过计算环境污染状况与不同产业之间的灰色关联度,定量分析了造成各种环境污染的成因.分析结果表明,随着经济的发展,重庆市的环境质量并未呈现出“先恶化、再改善”的整体趋势,重庆市的几个重要环境污染指标并未随着基于当年价格水平的人均GDP的增加而呈现出“先增加、再减少”的“倒U”型,而是呈现“正U”和“正U+倒U”2种类型;灰色关联度分析表明,重庆市主要的工业污染物来源为非金属矿物制造业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、有色金属冶炼及压延加工业、金属制品业.     

天津市空气质量变化趋势及主要影响因子分析

空气质量作为重要的环境问题,影响着城市人口健康和经济发展.利用天津市环境质量各种年报资料,综合运用灰色聚类、关联模型对天津市空气质量现状、影响因素做出分析.结果表明,天津市整体空气质量呈上升趋势,2004年后灰色聚类结果均为二类,且一类聚类系数在逐渐增大;空气质量的变化是多种因素共同作用的结果,天津市工业废气排放及能源...     

江苏省经济增长与环境污染的动态关系研究

研究了1990-2007年,江苏省工业废气排放与经济增长的动态关系,结果表明,1990年以来,该省工业废气排放量在波动中平缓增长,排放强度不断下降。采用环境库兹涅茨曲线模型,模拟了1990-2007年工业废气排放量和人均GDP之间的关系,结果显示,江苏省工业废气排放量与人均GDP关系符合环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,位于“N”型曲线的左侧,目前该省刚刚跨过第一个拐点（人均GDP 31550元）,进入曲线的右半部分,说明该省随着人均收入的增加,环境将逐渐趋于改善。     

国外环境科学研究工作的进展

环境科学是研究由于人类活动所引起的环境质量变化和保护与改善环境的科学.它把人类环境作为整体来研究,从理论上阐明环境系统内在的矛盾和运动规律,并探讨在人类活动的干预下,环境系统的变化及其后果,正是人与环境这个对立统一的矛盾的发     

渤海湾海洋资源、生态和环境承载力评价

在海洋经济快速增长的同时,由于海域污染造成的海洋生态环境破坏等问题,严重制约了海洋资源、生态和环境的可持续发展.结合国内外海洋资源、生态和环境承载力研究方法,将人口、社会经济、海洋资源、生态和环境系统服务功能纳入一个综合系统,将海洋生态系统服务功能引入到承载力评价指标体系和研究方法中,构建了以系统动力学(SD)模型、状态空间评价模型、多目标规划( MOP)模型为主,以海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估、灰色预测模型GM(1,1)和曲线回归模型等为辅助手段的海洋资源-生态-环境承载力复合系统(以下简称复合系统),并选取渤海湾进行实证研究.通过复合系统在渤海湾的应用,定量评价和预测渤海湾的承载状况,为海洋开发与管理以及区域协调发展提供评价和决策支持的技术方法,促进中国海洋资源、生态和环境的可持续利用及海洋经济的可持续发展.     

我国环境技术产业化的现状与发展对策

本文通过对环境技术产业化特点的分析,结合当前我国环境技术产业化的现状指出了目前我国环境技术产业化过程中存在的主要问题及原因,并针对这些问题探讨了相应的发展对策。     

我国环境生态系统演变趋势

本文在对气候变化与环境生态系统现状进行了广泛调查的基础上，结合国内学者的研究，对近五年我国环境生态系统的演变趋势作了系统的回顾，并提出了保护我国生态系统的对策。     

Managing air quality in a rapidly developing nation: China

As the world gets ready to begin the second decade of the twenty-first century, global climate change has been recognized as a real threat to civilization as we know it. The rapid and successful economic growth of developing nations, particularly China and India, is contributing to climate change. The route to initial economic success in China followed that of the developed nations through the development of industries. Unfortunately, China's environmental protection efforts have not been the same as in developed countries because China is vastly different culturally, socially, economically and, especially, politically from developed nations. When China started to deal with environmental concerns in the late 1970s, it took advantage of the experiences of other countries in establishing environmental standards and regulations, but it did not have a model to follow when it came to implementing these standards and regulations because of the abovementioned differences. Economically, China is transitioning from an agricultural base into an industrial base; however, even now, 60% of the population remains farmers. China has been and still is heavily dependent upon coal for energy, resulting in serious atmospheric particulate pollution. While growing efforts have been expended on the environment, at this juncture of its economic development, China would be well served to revisit the traditional “develop first and clean up later” approach and to find a balance between development and protecting the environment. Against this backdrop, a reflective look of the effort to manage air quality from 1949–2008 (with an emphasis on the past 30 years) in China is presented in this paper. The environmental component of the 2008 Olympic Games is examined as a special example to illustrate the current measures being used to improve air quality in China.     

Temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas during rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China

As the economic and financial center of China, Shanghai has experienced an extensive urban expansion since the early 1980s, with an attendant cost in environmental degradation. We use an integrated pollution index to study the temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas between 1982 and 2005. Data on monitored cross-sections were collected from the Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center. The results indicated that the spatial pattern of surface water quality was determined by the level of urbanization. Surface water qualities in urban and suburban areas were improved by strengthening the environmental policies and management, but were worsening in rural areas. The relationship between economic growth and surface water quality in Shanghai showed an inversed-U-shaped curve, which reflected a similar pattern in most developed countries. This research suggests that decision makers and city officials should be more aware of the recent pollution increases in Shanghai.     

Common property systems,migration, and coastal ecosystems

Common property systems are a critical institution mediating the relationship between population change and environmental outcomes, especially in coastal and marine ecosystems. Evidence from El Salvador; Goa, India; and the Solomon Islands demonstrates how the social structures and institutions stemming from patterns of human migration variably influence environmental out-comes through their effects on common property resource institutions. In each of the case studies, the demographic phenomenon is not population growth or a change in numbers, but an underlying process that affects population size and growth rates: i.e. migration and associated social relations that result from or cause more migration. The following 3 cases studies provide the respective historical and cultural context to show that there is a nonlinear link between population and environment, which when explored reveals the importance of understanding how individuals and communities are embedded in sets of social relations that must be considered when evaluating environmental policies or when determining the causes of environmental degradation.     

Application of a scenario-based modeling system to evaluate the air quality impacts of future growth

The structure and design of future urban development can have significant adverse effects on air pollutant emissions as well as other environmental factors. When considering the future impact of growth on mobile source emissions, we generally model the increase in vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) as a function of population growth. However, diverse and poorly planned urban development (i.e., urban sprawl) can force higher rates of motor vehicle use and in return increase levels of pollutant emissions than alternative land-use scenarios. The objective of this study is to develop and implement an air quality assessment tool that takes into account the influence of alternative growth and development scenarios on air quality.The use of scenario-based techniques in land use planning has been around since the late 1940s and been tested in many different applications to aid in decision-making. In this study, we introduce the development of an advanced interactive scenario-based land use and atmospheric chemistry modeling system coupled with a GIS (Geographical Information System) framework. The modeling system is designed to be modular and includes land use/land cover information, transportation, meteorological, emissions, and photochemical modeling components. The methods and modularity of the developed system allow its application to both broad areas and applications.To investigate the impact of possible land use change and urbanization, we evaluated a set of alternative future patterns of land use developed for a study area in Southwest California. Four land use and two population variants (increases of 500k and 1M) were considered. Overall, a Regional Low-Density Future was seen to have the highest pollutant emissions, largest increase in VKT, and the greatest impact on air quality. On the other hand, a Three-Centers Future appeared to be the most beneficial alternative future land-use scenario in terms of air quality. For all cases, the increase in population was the main factor leading to the change on predicted pollutant levels.     

The role of innovations and renewable energy consumption in reducing environmental degradation in OECD countries: an investigation for Innovation Claudia Curve

Rising economic growth in recent ages is the primary concern of most of the countries to enhance the living standard, but the ever-increasing production of economic activities consumes a lot of energy, which leads to a sharp increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Innovation may be a remedy that can help improve energy efficiency, obtain renewable energy, and promote economic growth, thereby protecting the quality of the environment. Therefore, this paper examines the role of innovation and renewable energy consumption in CO2 reduction in OECD countries from 2004 to 2019. By using the two-step system generalized of moment estimator, the results show that economic growth and innovation significantly increase carbon emissions, however the innovation Claudia Curve (ICC) is verified, and the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. Foreign direct investment has a negative impact on carbon emissions, thus verifying the Pollution Hao hypothesis, whereas renewable energy also improves environmental quality, but the interaction between innovation and renewable energy consumption still increases carbon emissions. Financial development, industrialization, trade, and energy consumption have also been found to be harmful factors of environmental quality. Our findings have considerable policy implications for OECD countries on the improvement of innovation indicators and investment in renewable energy sources to rise environmental quality.

     

Development of risk-based air quality management strategies under impacts of climate change

Climate change is forecast to adversely affect air quality through perturbations in meteorological conditions, photochemical reactions, and precursor emissions. To protect the environment and human health from air pollution, there is an increasing recognition of the necessity of developing effective air quality management strategies under the impacts of climate change. This paper presents a framework for developing risk-based air quality management strategies that can help policy makers improve their decision-making processes in response to current and future climate change about 30-50 years from now. Development of air quality management strategies under the impacts of climate change is fundamentally a risk assessment and risk management process involving four steps: (1) assessment of the impacts of climate change and associated uncertainties; (2) determination of air quality targets; (3) selections of potential air quality management options; and (4) identification of preferred air quality management strategies that minimize control costs, maximize benefits, or limit the adverse effects of climate change on air quality when considering the scarcity of resources. The main challenge relates to the level of uncertainties associated with climate change forecasts and advancements in future control measures, since they will significantly affect the risk assessment results and development of effective air quality management plans. The concept presented in this paper can help decision makers make appropriate responses to climate change, since it provides an integrated approach for climate risk assessment and management when developing air quality management strategies. Implications: Development of climate-responsive air quality management strategies is fundamentally a risk assessment and risk management process. The risk assessment process includes quantification of climate change impacts on air quality and associated uncertainties. Risk management for air quality under the impacts of climate change includes determination of air quality targets, selections of potential management options, and identification of effective air quality management strategies through decision-making models. The risk-based decision-making framework can also be applied to develop climate-responsive management strategies for the other environmental dimensions and assess costs and benefits of future environmental management policies.     

The effect of fiscal decentralization,environmental regulation,and economic development on haze pollution: empirical evidence for 270 Chinese cities during 2007–2016

The current discourse addresses fiscal issues, financial decentralization, and environmental quality and significantly affects economic development and sustainability. This investigation aims to address the research gap in fiscal decentralization and haze pollution for innovation and sustainable growth. This study uses the annual data of 270 Chinese cities from 2007 to 2016 for comprehensive analysis and employs spatial regression methods. The key findings imply that haze pollution in neighbouring cities causes further ecological issues. While the environmental regulations of China tend to have negative impacts on pollution, fiscal decentralization was found to be a key contributor to environmental pollution in Chinese cities. Overall, the study supports the validity of the pollution refuge hypothesis in China. Lastly, the conclusions allow us to conclude that China might need micro-level reforms regarding fiscal decentralization, environmental tax laws, and encouragement of cleaner production technologies.

     

Remote Sensing Change Detection and Process Analysis of Long-Term Land Use Change and Human Impacts

This study investigates environmental change over a 30-year period and attempts to gain a better understanding of human impacts on an arid environment and their consequences for regional development. Multi-temporal remotely sensed imagery was acquired and integrated to establish the basis for change detection and process analysis. Land cover changes were investigated in two categories, namely categorical change using image classification and quantitative change using a vegetation index. The results show that human-induced land cover changes have been minor in this remote area. However, the pace of growth of human-induced change has been accelerating since the early 1990s. The analysis of the multi-temporal vegetation index also shows no overall trend of rangeland deterioration, although local change of vegetation cover caused by human activities was noticeable. The results suggest that the current trend of rapid growth may not be sustainable and that the implementation of effective counter-measures for environmentally sound development is a rather urgent matter.