单缝石英管火焰原子吸收法测定地表水中铜,铅,镉,锌

用单缝石英管火焰原子吸收法测定地表水中的铜、锌、铅、镉、加标回收率分别为９０－１１０％、９６－１１４％、９４－１０４％、９０－１００％，精密度实验的标准偏差均小于０．００１。与火焰法相比，单缝石英管法的特征灵敏度提高约１０倍，检出限降低一个数量级。     

双管原子捕集火焰原子吸收光谱法测定饮用水中的铅

用水冷双石英管作捕集器进行了原子捕集火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铅的条件及应用研究。对影响灵敏度的各种因素进行了试验,确定了最佳实验參数,在283.3nm,得到特征浓度为8.8×10~(-4)μg/ml,方法的精确度为2.26％,用于直接测定饮用水中的铅,结果令人满意。     

黄河流域典型煤矿矿井水协同除浊除氟药剂的制备及应用

黄河流域是我国煤炭潜力最大的区域,矿井水涌水量大但资源利用率不高,尤其在干旱和半干旱的高氟地区,矿井水中氟离子超标已成为制约提高矿井水资源利用率的主要因素之一。采用正交试验筛选出高效除氟药剂的5种组分[聚合氯化铝（PAC）、聚合硅酸铝、硝酸镁、聚合氯化铁、羧甲基淀粉钠],采用单因素试验探讨了不同制备条件和反应条件对除氟效果的影响,并通过X射线能谱分析（EDS）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）表征探讨了除氟机理。结果表明：在金属总量M/Si、Al/Mg、Al/Fe的摩尔比分别为43、40、40条件下研制的除氟药剂,均可将含氟废水中氟离子浓度由20mg/L降至1.0 mg/L以下,达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类中氟化物浓度限值要求（1.0 mg/L）;当除氟药剂投加量为1.25 g/L,初始p H为2～12,悬浮物浓度为100～2 000 mg/L,聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）投加量为0.4 mg/L时,处理后上清液剩余氟离子浓度均可控制在1.0 mg/L以下,氟离子去除率达95%以上;除氟药剂中Al、Si元素起到重要的除氟作用,主要通过形成A...     

固体废物浸出液中铅,镉的流动注射——原子吸收光谱法测定

利用NP—多胺基磷酸树脂为填料制作浓缩柱,结合流动注射技术,对铜渣、尾矿渣及电镀污泥浸出液中的微量铅和镉进行富集,用火焰原子吸收法测定。对于铅和镉,其精密度实验的相对标准偏差分别为2.7％～11.4％和1.5％～4.0%;回收率分别为93.7％～103.0％和88.4％～92.8％。     

中国部分环境保护重点城市集中式饮用水源水质评价

调查了中国部分环境保护重点城市集中式饮用水源的水质状况,分析23 个地下水和77 个地表水点位中35 种无机元素的含量以及某些常规监测项目.结果表明,未达到饮用水源水质标准的元素有Fe、Mn 和Ti,其超标率分别为Fe:21.7%(地下水),24.7%(地表水);Mn8.70%(地下水),10.4%(地表水);Ti 1.30%(地表水).其余元素均达标,大多数元素的浓度与文献报道的背景水平相当.按水源地统计的常规监测项目,地表水达标率为83.2%,10 个监测项目中超标5 个,其中粪大肠杆菌、氨氮和石油类污染是主要超标项目,超标率分别为8.39%、4.20%和4.20%.此外地表水源总氮超标严重,超标率为46.1%,这可能与城镇生活污水处理率低及农业面源污染有关.地下水源达标率为80.9%,8个监测项目中超标4 个,其中总大肠菌群和pH 值的超标率分别为10.3%和5.88%,说明部分地下水也受到了污染.     

荆州市地表水沉积物中磷的形态分析

通过对荆州地区主要地表水沉积物中磷的形态分析,揭示了地表水沉积物中不同形态磷的分布特征。结果表明：地表水沉积物中磷主要有交换态磷（Ex—P）、铝磷（Al-P）、铁磷（Fe—P）、闭蓄态磷（Oe—P）、自生钙磷（ACa—P）、碎屑钙磷（De—P）、有机磷（Or—P）7种磷,其中以自生钙磷（ACa—P）、碎屑钙磷（De—P）和有机磷（Or—P）为主,约占总提取磷的95％。自然条件下,绝大部分湖泊的沉积物中95％以上的磷是以生物较难利用的形态存在的,活性磷所占比例较小,不足沉积物总磷的3％;沉积物中铝磷、铁磷、闭蓄态磷、自生钙磷的含量与总磷含量均没有明显相关性。各形态磷的含量分布与水体沉积物的释磷特点及其地球化学循环规律,并受沿岸污水排放及近岸养殖排污等人为活动的影响。     

煤矸石中重金属动态淋滤溶出特征研究

以河北邯郸某矿区煤矸石为研究对象,采用动态淋滤实验对煤矸石中重金属的溶出特征进行研究。实验结果表明:①煤矸石中重金属元素背景值影响溶出液中重金属浓度,背景值越高,在动态淋滤过程中析出重金属的浓度越高;②淋滤前期阶段,重金属元素的溶出液浓度较大,随着淋滤时间的增加,浓度在波动中趋于稳定。因此可以得出重金属元素对环境的影响主要发生在淋滤前期;③溶出液中只有Cu元素的浓度超过了国家地表水环境质量标准中的Ⅲ类水质标准,并且溶出液呈弱酸性,符合国家地表水环境Ⅲ类质量标准。     

煤矸石中重金属动态淋滤溶出特征研究

以河北邯郸某矿区煤矸石为研究对象,采用动态淋滤实验对煤矸石中重金属的溶出特征进行研究.实验结果表明:①煤矸石中重金属元素背景值影响溶出液中重金属浓度,背景值越高,在动态淋滤过程中析出重金属的浓度越高;②淋滤前期阶段,重金属元素的溶出液浓度较大,随着淋滤时间的增加,浓度在波动中趋于稳定.因此可以得出重金属元素对环境的影响主要发生在淋滤前期;③溶出液中只有Cu元素的浓度超过了国家地表水环境质量标准中的Ⅲ类水质标准,并且溶出液呈弱酸性,符合国家地表水环境Ⅲ类质量标准.     

煤矸石中重金属动态淋滤溶出特征研究

摘要：以河北邯郸某矿区煤矸石为研究对象,采用动态淋滤实验对煤矸石中重金属的溶出特征进行研究。实验结果表明：①煤矸石中重金属元素背景值影响溶出液中重金属浓度,背景值越高,在动态淋滤过程中析出重金属的浓度越高;②淋滤前期阶段,重金属元素的溶出液浓度较大,随着淋滤时间的增加,浓度在波动中趋于稳定。因此可以得出重金属元素对环境的影响主要发生在淋滤前期;③溶出液中只有Cu元素的浓度超过了国家地表水环境质量标准中的Ⅲ类水质标准,并且溶出液呈弱酸性,符合国家地表水环境Ⅲ类质量标准。     

氢化物发生原子荧光法测定地表水和饮用水中的痕量砷、汞、硒

文章研究了用SK-2002 AFS analyser氢化物发生原子荧光法测定地表水和饮用水中的砷、汞、硒的测定。在5％的酸度条件下加入5％硫脲＋5％抗坏血酸,20g／L的硼氢化钾为还原剂,调整仪器的空气和辅气流量及分析条件为文中条件,取水样中分别添加砷,汞,硒,使它们的浓度分别为2μg/L,0．4μg／L,4μg／L,连续测定12次,以砷,汞,硒的相对标准偏差分别为0．4％,1．1％,1．2％。取水样加入As,Hg,Se标准分别为2．0ng,0．6ng,4．0ng,测定的添加标准回收率分别为99．5％,97．5％,95．8％。研究结果表明,该方法操作简便,快速,灵敏,干扰少,检出限低等特点,适合于测定地表水和饮用水中砷,汞,硒的测定。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.