静电放电参数随电极移动速度和空气压强变化的特性分析

在小间隙静电放电(ESD)中,电极移动速度和气体压强会对测量放电参数出现的低重复离散特性产生影响。基于自主研发的新型测试系统,完成气体压强变化和向放电靶移动电极放电相关参数的测量。静电放电模拟器移动距离控制范围在10cm-40cm。在间隙气体压强变化和放电枪以不同速度向靶移动放电的两种情况下,放电电流峰值和波形产生了显著的差异,证明了电极移动速度和空气压强都对放电参数产生显著影响。本文对放电参数受电极移动速度和气体压强变化而出现显著差异的可能机制进行了初步分析。     

电极移动速度效应检测仪系统的研究

分析了国际静电放电测试研究领域现有的各种测试研究装置特点，为克服已有测试装置缺陷本团队研发设计出一种全新的静电放电测试研究系统—电极移动速度效应检测仪。对其结构设计特点、功能进行了分析。我们研制的新型静电放电测试系统兼具实现真实直线运动准确调节和多环境因素可控的优点，彻底解决了困扰国际电磁兼容静电放电研究领域电极需高速向靶移动放电与避免强烈撞击损坏仪器的难题，实现了对多种因素影响逐一准确控制，为静电放电性质更为深入广泛的研究提供了新的手段和平台。     

影响静电放电试验结果的因素和试验分析

静电放电测试是很多产品标准中常见的电磁兼容检测项目,本文叙述了静电放电测试中一些容易被测试人员忽视的细节,同时分析影响静电放电测试结果的因素,为EMC实验室和企业人员正确开展静电放电测试,和加强实验室管理提供帮助。     

雷电流A波发生器的设计与实现

为了进行军械的雷电间接效应试验,设计并实现了一种基于自动控制的雷电流A波发生器。该发生器采用恒流充电方式对电容充电,通过对放电回路的计算分析,得到了产生标准A波波形所需要的回路参数。整个装置由智能控制系统远程控制,操作方便,安全可靠。试验结果表明:该发生器可产生峰值0.6~17 k A的标准雷电流A波波形,输出波形参数满足要求,为后续开展军械的雷电间接效应研究提供了设备支持。     

雾化介质阻挡放电联合电晕放电对染料溶液脱色研究

实验将介质阻挡放电与电晕放电组合在一个反应器内,以靛蓝二磺酸钠溶液为实验废水,将高压电极上通入50Hz交流高压电,在常压空气中形成介质阻挡放电-电晕放电系统,放电产生的低温等离子体及其活性基团作用于染料分子。考察了电源电压、电极间距、处理时间对染料溶液脱色率和能量效率水平的影响,确定反应器工作状态为介质阻挡放电系统电极间距30mm、电晕放电系统电极间距25mm、电源电压20kV。     

静电式油烟净化器吸附区参数优化设计

静电式油烟净化器电场分为电晕区和吸附区两部分,油烟颗粒在电晕区荷电后进入吸附区,被电极板吸附。吸附区中极板间距、电压、风速都会对油烟粒子的吸附效果造成影响。为进一步提高吸附效率,文章利用正交试验设计法,将吸附区参数对吸附效率影响的重要性进行排序,提出一种基于正交试验设计的静电式油烟净化器电场吸附区参数优化方法。运用COMSOL仿真证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于移动边缘计算的电网输电线路巡检图像识别研究

针对传统的电网输电线路巡检图像识别方法中资源和时间消耗较大的问题,提出基于移动边缘计算的电网输电线路巡检图像识别研究。使用移动边缘计算技术,设计边缘数据处理层,在线处理部分障碍严重的巡检图像,通过图像预处理技术处理剩余巡检图像,利用图像投影提取输电线路巡检图像特征,将获得的特征抽象到二维平面中,实现电网输电线路巡检图像识别。测试结果表明,与传统的识别方法相比,设计的基于移动边缘计算的电网输电线路巡检图像识别方法大幅度缩减了资源和时间的消耗,该方法更适合应用在电网输电线路巡检图像识别中。     

基于单目立体测量技术的放电铜球间距校准方法

本文提出一种利用单目立体测量技术校准雷电冲击电流试验装置放电铜球间距的方法。利用一台高分辨率工业相机对放电铜球区域进行实时拍摄,采用机器视觉软件HALCON对图像进行三维空间测量,通过对上下铜球表面进行亚像素提取和分割,最后实现铜球距离的测量和测量系统的标定。铜球间距的测量结果能实时、准确地传送到显示终端。为下一步自动化测试系统的设计和建设提供基础。     

基于集成化测试仪的电机静态性能自动测试技术

为解决目前电机静态性能测试效率低、自动化程度低的问题,实现人工操作简单化、电机测试集成化,对静态性能自动测试技术进行研究。首先基于LabVIEW语言和模块化设计,根据电机测试技术要求,设计了电机静态性能测试仪,然后对该测试仪进行了功能测试,包括计量校准、工艺电机对比测试以及不合格甄别测试。结果表明,该测试仪具备一次连接、一键测试、结果自动判读、数据报表自动生成等功能,并具备电机静态性能边界条件的拓宽测试能力,实现电机测试项目的快速测试功能。     

海拔对高压电器设备空气间隙放电性能的影响研究

基于大型高海拔环境模拟试验室,通过控制海拔、温度和湿度三个参数,使用带状铜母线和镀锌钢板组成的试验装置,来进行海拔高度对高压电器设备空气间隙放电性能试验研究。通过试验数据分析,总结海拔高度对高压电器设备空气间隙放电性能的影响规律,对高压电器设备制造及相关标准规范制定提供数据支持。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.