酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢研究

分析了餐厨垃圾酸化过程中的pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量及含水量等参数的变化,考察了酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中的产氢情况,并探讨了调节初始pH对酸化餐厨垃圾产氢的影响.结果表明,餐厨垃圾的酸化是一个前期极为快速的过程,经过1d的酸化,新鲜餐厨垃圾的pH就从6.0左右下降到4.5左右,而后pH缓慢下降,经过5～6 d的酸化,pH下降到4.0以下;餐厨垃圾酸化过程中,产生的VFA主要是异戊酸,其浓度变化与VFA的浓度变化趋势较为一致;酸化时间为1、3、4、5、6d的餐厨垃圾体系产生的氢气的最高体积分数呈递减趋势,产氢量也呈现出相同的变化趋势;初始pH对酸化餐厨垃圾体系的产氢影响是很大的,调节到相同初始pH的不同体系,产氢的结果可以相近.因此,pH是酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢过程中必须控制的关键因素之一.     

热碱预处理和pH协同控制厌氧酸化产物及控制机理分析

通过调节系统pH对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化酸化产物进行实验研究的结果表明,当pH为4～5时,酸化产物中乙酸占总酸累积浓度的59.83%,丙酸所占比例最低,仅为3.94%,酸化产物组成最合理,对后续产甲烷过程有利,但此时,酸化产物累积量少,酸化效率低.实验结果表明,采用热碱预处理和控制系统pH相结合的方法能够同时提高餐厨垃圾厌氧...     

电刺激对餐厨垃圾-污泥共厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸的影响

以小型生物电化学反应器为发酵装置,考察外加电刺激对餐厨垃圾-污泥共厌氧发酵过程中挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFA)产量的影响。实验结果表明,餐厨垃圾协同污泥厌氧发酵,有利于体系中蛋白质和糖类的溶解消耗,提高VFA的产量。0.5 V微电刺激可增强厌氧体系中微生物的活性,有利于VFA的产出。第144和192小时,外加0.5V的实验组VFA浓度分别为24 342 mg·L~(-1)和21 291 mg·L~(-1),高于其他实验组,较空白分别提高了30.8%和4.1%;其组成主要是乙酸、丙酸和戊酸。发酵进行第24 h和96 h时,0.5 V微电刺激厌氧发酵体系中溶解性糖类和溶解性蛋白质分别为722.4 mg·L~(-1)和1.49 g·L~(-1),且有机物水解酸化过程中,厌氧体系内糖类先于蛋白质被消耗。     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化

在中试规模下,研究餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH4+-N、VFAs等化学指标含量变化,确定餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,在工程上餐厨垃圾单独进行高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性,但难以保证系统长时间安全稳定运行;餐厨垃圾厌氧消化正常运行时最大有机负荷可达2.551 kg VS/(m3.d);当系统有机负荷为2.551 kg VS/(m3.d)时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.622 m3;氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷影响明显;餐厨垃圾中固有Na+含量对厌氧消化产甲烷影响不明显。     

餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化最优有机负荷及失稳指标

为探究餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化最佳有机负荷及失稳预警指标,在(36±1)?C单相连续搅拌条件下进行有机负荷(OLR)梯度实验。通过理论及数学分析确定90%含水率餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化的最佳OLR和失稳指标。当OLR(以VS计)为2.94 g·(L·d)-1时,挥发性固体去除率、甲烷产率、容积沼气产率分别为78%、0.58 L·g-1VS、2.99 L·(L·d)-1,此时厌氧反应器达到最佳运行状态。一定浓度的游离氨(FAN)会抑制微生物活性,触发挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的积累,造成容积沼气产率降低,第36天,当OLR增至3.21 g·(L·d)-1时,FAN浓度升至区域峰值207 mg·L-1,但随后骤降35.9%(39 d),分别造成VFA和挥发性脂肪酸浓度与碳酸氢盐碱度的比值(VFA/TA)从第37天的1 897 mg·L-1、0.22升高至第47天的4 755 mg·L-1、0.73,系统进入抑制稳定状态,最终导致容积沼气产率从第47天的2.66 L·(L·d)-1降至第48天的1.88 L·(L·d)-1,系统恶化。协同分析表明,当VFA和VFA/TA分别达到2 500 mg·L-1和0.35并出现持续上升的现象时,能提前7~8 d对90%含水率餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化系统的失稳提出预警。     

接种量对餐厨垃圾中温厌氧产甲烷潜能的影响

以接种量作为餐厨垃圾厌氧消化进料负荷的衡量参数,研究不同接种量对餐厨垃圾中温产甲烷潜能的影响,确定餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化最适接种量。实验设置10%、15%、20%、25%、30%和35%等6种不同的接种量,分析不同接种量之间产气量、甲烷含量、发酵前后总固体(TS)和挥发性固体(VS)、发酵过程中总挥发酸(VFAs)的变化情况。实验结果表明,发酵6 d后,所有发酵瓶罐均无气体产生,35%接种量导致系统酸化;30%和25%接种量时,发酵液维持较高的VFA浓度,在发酵结束后仍有较高浓度的VFA残留,这说明虽然该接种量下系统可以运行,但酸化产生的VFA并未充分转化为甲烷;10%、15%和20%接种量的发酵罐则能够将产生的VFAs利用掉,相比之下,接种量为20%时产气量最大,甲烷含量达到52.88%,TS和VS的去除率也能达到32.11%和38.24%,因此,20%接种量可作为后续实验的最适接种量。     

青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化研究

在中试规模下,研究青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合(质量比1∶1)高温厌氧消化实验,通过监测厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH3-H、VFAs含量和组分等化学指标变化,确定混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析混合高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,(1)青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性;(2)混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷可达4.069 kg VS/(m3.d);(3)当系统最大有机负荷时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.346 m3;(4)混合厌氧消化可削减氨氮对餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化产沼气的影响。     

氧化铁对不同有机负荷下餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气的影响

进行了餐厨垃圾(FW)和接种污泥(Ⅰ)基于不同VS比(分别为FW/I=1,FW/I=3,FW/I=5)下的中温厌氧消化实验,对比了不同有机负荷下未添加氧化铁和添加氧化铁对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气的影响。结果表明,在FW/I=1时,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化体系的产气情况主要由接种污泥决定,添加氧化铁仅能在较小的程度上促进体系产甲烷能力提升;而在FW/I=3时,添加氧化铁可以帮助餐厨垃圾厌氧消化体系从低速产甲烷过程快速进入高速产甲烷,快速降解有机质实现稳定化;而对于FW/I=5时添加氧化铁可以解除由于有机负荷过高造成的酸抑制并恢复体系的产甲烷能力。因此,在实际应用厌氧消化技术处理餐厨垃圾中可以通过添加氧化铁来提高其有机负荷(OLR),提高处理效率,保证餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的正常运行和促进甲烷的产生。     

生物表面活性剂烷基多苷对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产挥发性酸的影响

通过向餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵系统中投加生物类表面活性剂烷基多苷(APG)的方式,探究了APG对餐厨垃圾研究发酵生产挥发性脂肪酸的影响。结果表明,APG的最佳投放量为0.12 g·(g TSS)~(-1)(总悬浮固体),最佳挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的产量为18.9 g·L~(-1),相应的发酵时间为6 d。机理研究表明,APG能够促进餐厨垃圾中多糖和蛋白质的释放,抑制甲烷的产生。进一步研究发现,APG自身分解会产生VFA,但VFA的产量远远小于对餐厨垃圾厌氧厌氧分解值。     

茅草添加与温度变化对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解产酸的影响简

比较了茅草添加在温度变化条件下对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解过程小分子有机酸产量的影响，提出一种新型餐厨垃圾的资源化方式。研究结果显示，餐厨垃圾在55℃条件下厌氧水解主要产物为乳酸，达到25.7 g/L，其干物质转化率可以达到32.1% （g TS），而餐厨+茅草处理在同样条件下的乳酸产量为20.1 g/L，干物质转化率为25.1%。温度下降为37℃后继续进行的的厌氧水解，得到的主要产物是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸，餐厨处理和餐厨+茅草处理这两者的峰值分别为6.5、2.8、8.0和6.1 g/L、2.7 g/L和5.9 g/L。结果显示茅草添加可以在一定程度上调节水解产物的比例，而温度变化可以调控小分子有机酸的产量。本研究结果表明，厌氧水解是一种有潜力的小分子有机酸生产与餐厨垃圾资源化处理途径。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.