共基质下微生物燃料电池同步脱色甲基橙与产电性能

采用双室方形微生物燃料电池(MFC),以葡萄糖作为共基质,研究了共基质浓度对典型偶氮染料甲基橙在MFC阳极室中脱色效率及同步产电的影响。结果表明,在0~1.5 g/L浓度范围内,共基质浓度越大,甲基橙脱色率、COD去除率和最大输出电压越高。在共基质浓度为1.5 g/L,进水甲基橙为300 mg/L的条件下,8 h的脱色率高达95%,且在1 000Ω外电阻下,最大输出电压达到662 m V;在无共基质条件下,8 h内对300 mg/L甲基橙的脱色率仅为7.5%,最大输出电压仅达到140 m V。厌氧对照实验表明,甲基橙在MFC中可以实现加速脱色,反应8 h后甲基橙在MFC中的脱色率提高了57%。该研究为开发新型MFC降解偶氮染料废水技术提供了理论依据。     

微生物燃料电池处理含铜废水的研究

构建了以乙酸钠为阳极基质、Cu~(2+)为阴极电子受体的双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了该MFC处理含铜废水的效果及Cu~(2+)浓度对MFC产电性能的影响。通过改变阴极液中CuSO_4的质量浓度(20~130mg/L),测试了MFC运行过程中的输出电压、输出功率密度、内阻、Cu去除率等指标。结果表明:Cu~(2+)可作为MFC的阴极电子受体;在外电路电阻为1 000Ω的条件下,Cu~(2+)质量浓度为130mg/L的MFC性能最佳,其稳定输出电压为0.33V、最大输出功率密度为114.42mW/m~2,内阻为231.62Ω,最高Cu去除率为84.59%;通过X射线衍射测试发现,阴极还原产物为Cu_2O。     

餐厨垃圾发酵废液组分表征

餐厨垃圾发酵废液是在利用餐厨垃圾发酵产乙醇的过程中蒸馏后产生的废液。为研究分析餐厨垃圾发酵废液的组成成分,利用国家标准方法对其常规水质指标、无机离子进行了检测,并利用三维荧光光谱技术和固相萃取—GC/MS技术对其有机物组分进行了分析。结果表明:餐厨垃圾发酵废液为SS=1 000 mg/L,COD=60 000 mg/L的高悬浮物、高浓度有机废液,TN和TP含量分别为700 mg/L和180 mg/L,废液可生化性好;其金属阳离子和无机阴离子以Na+、Cl-为主,浓度分别为1 200 mg/L和2 200 mg/L;有机物组分以芳香族蛋白质类物质为主,约占有机物总量的80%;在可挥发性有机组分中,餐厨垃圾发酵废液中以酸类和醇类物质为主,易于生物降解,且有可回收利用价值。     

脱水淋滤-UBF工艺处理餐厨垃圾中试研究

以常州市餐厨垃圾为研究对象,采用脱水淋滤-UBF工艺,通过现场实验研究该工艺处理餐厨垃圾过程中厌氧工艺参数(SCOD、p H值和VFA)的变化及产气效能。结果表明:脱水淋滤厌氧反应阶段餐厨垃圾减量率在84%以上,SCOD和VFA浓度先升高后降低,最高达到120 000 mg·L~(-1)和900 mmol·L~(-1)以上;UBF反应阶段p H逐渐上升,运行稳定后维持在7.0~7.5;SCOD逐渐降低,出水在8 000 mg·L~(-1)以下,去除率90%以上;VFA逐步降低,出水降低至100 mmol·L~(-1)。UBF运行稳定后,每吨餐厨垃圾产气量达到83 m3以上,产气效率较为理想。可见脱水淋滤-UBF工艺处理餐厨垃圾是可行的,具有较好经济效益和社会效益。     

微生物燃料电池阴阳两级分步降解对氯酚效果

构建一种微生物燃料电池(MFC),首先将对氯酚在阴极室降解为苯酚,随后将阴极处理液在阳极室降解。研究了对氯酚废水经过阴阳双室分步处理后的去除效果和该MFC的产电性能,结果表明,在外电阻1 000Ω时,阴极脱氯阶段最大输出电压为216 m V,产电周期为132 h;阳极降解阶段最大输出电压为277 m V,产电周期为48 h,对氯酚的总去除率为96.2%。实验结果表明该MFC能较好处理对氯酚废水,且与传统的生化处理技术相比,有较大的优势。     

生活垃圾渗滤液对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响研究

通过厌氧毒性实验、恢复实验和特征毒性模拟实验，研究了生活垃圾渗滤液对厌氧颗粒污泥微生物产甲烷活性的影响。结果表明，1 000 mg/L氨氮浓度下产甲烷活性均大于85%，说明相应氨氮浓度范围，垃圾渗滤液基质对厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物没有明显抑制作用。恢复实验后活性得到完全恢复，属代谢毒性。模拟废水氨氮浓度大于1 000 mg/L浓度时，开始出现抑制；氨氮浓度大于3 000 mg/L时，有明显抑制，产甲烷活性下降32.1%；相同氨氮浓度下，渗滤液最大活性区间滞后于模拟废水，产甲烷活性也小于模拟废水，存在除氨氮以外的毒性物质的影响。     

废水中硝氮和COD浓度对AD-MFC脱氮产电性能的影响

为探明废水中硝氮和COD浓度对阳极反硝化微生物燃料电池(AD-MFC)工作性能的影响,在批式操作下逐步提高进水浓度考察了AD-MFC反硝化速率和产电性能的变化,并以多个动力学模型对此过程进行拟合。结果表明,废水浓度可通过污染物降解速率来影响产电性能,硝氮浓度从50 mg/L升高至2 000 mg/L时,反硝化速率和输出电压逐渐达到最大值((1.26±0.01)kg N/(m3·d)和(1 016.75±4.74)mV),但硝氮浓度继续提高会抑制反硝化速率和产电性能。Han-Levenspiel模型可较好地表征AD-MFC的污染物降解和产电动力学行为,以该模型为基础建立了污染物去除速率、输出电压、功率密度与进水浓度之间的关系,反硝化在NO-3-N高于4 000 mg/L时才能被完全抑制。AD-MFC适用于处理不同浓度的硝酸盐废水,并对高浓度硝酸盐废水具有较好的耐受性。     

餐厨垃圾连续堆肥处理系统中试研究

餐厨垃圾是影响城市环境重要的污染源,其处理尤其是就地堆肥处理近年来受到重视.为了利用园林绿化基质作为餐厨垃圾堆肥的水分调节材料,按照1:1体积比进行连续堆肥,研究添加园林绿化基质对餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中理化指标的影响,为餐厨垃圾无害化处理提供科学依据和技术指导.结果表明,物料堆肥升温启动迅速,第3天就达到50℃,高温持续10 d以上,达到无害化要求；堆肥最终减容率达到53％以上,减量化效果明显；物料总氮和总磷含量呈升高趋势,总有机质含量降低,肥料营养元素含量在6％以上,符合有机肥国家标准(NY525-2002).总的来说,园林绿化基质作为调理剂与餐厨垃圾联合堆肥方法可行,减量化效果好,品质符合标准.     

高铁酸钾的超声辅助化学合成及其对餐厨垃圾渗滤液的处理效果

采用超声辅助化学合成法制备K2Fe O4,用X-射线衍射、红外光谱和扫描电镜等对其进行表征。研究了K2Fe O4对餐厨垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮的处理效果。结果表明,本法制备的K2Fe O4具有四方结构,空间群为D2h(Pnma),其产率达到68.2%,纯度高达98.3%。扫描电镜表明,制备的K2Fe O4由规则的条状颗粒组成,颗粒之间存在一定团聚。对餐厨渗滤液处理实验表明,在COD初始浓度为140.6 g/L的餐厨垃圾渗滤液中投加0.12 mol/L K2Fe O4,调节p H为8.7,经处理24 min后COD去除率达到80.4%,氨氮的去除率达到75.9%。     

CLR+立式A~3/O~3-MBR组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的工程实例

介绍了一种以沼气提升厌氧反应器(CLR)+立式A~3/O~3-MBR为核心的垃圾渗滤液处理组合工艺,该工艺对垃圾渗滤液有着良好的处理效能。在实际运行过程中,CLR单元对COD负荷的变化有着较好的适应能力,能够高效去除渗滤液中的有机污染物。当进水负荷为6~8 kg COD/(m~3·d)时,CLR出水COD、VFA和SS可以分别低于5 000、1 000和2 000 mg/L,COD去除率维持在90%左右。立式A~3/O~3-MBR能够进一步去除CLR厌氧出水中的氨氮和有机物,组合工艺出水中的COD500 mg/L,BOD5300 mg/L,NH_4~+-N35 mg/L,TP8 mg/L,各指标完全符合设计要求,且符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的三级排放标准。运行成本分析表明,该组合工艺每处理1 m~3垃圾渗滤液的成本大约为36.98元。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.