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1.
Landscape Changes in the Mullica River Basin of the Pinelands National Reserve,New Jersey,USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In 1979, the Pinelands Commission was established as a regional land-use planning and regulatory agency charged with the implementation of a Comprehensive Management Plan (CMP) for the Pinelands National Reserve (New Jersey, USA). The CMP was created to balance land preservation and development interests in the Reserve. Because water-quality degradation from developed and agricultural landscapes is associated with changes in the composition of biological communities, monitoring landscape changes provides one of the most direct measures of the impact of land-use policies on the Pinelands ecosystem. In this study, we prepared detailed, land-cover maps within randomly selected aerial-photograph plots for a major watershed in the Reserve. We used these land-cover maps to quantify changes in landscape composition and structure (i.e., patch size, patch area, and number of patches) and characterize land-cover transitions in the basin between 1979 and 1991. Because the study period represented the first 12 years of the regional-planning effort in the Reserve, we evaluated the relationship between land-cover transitions and Commission management-area designations which permit different land-use intensities. Although the landscape composition was similar in 1979 and 1991, we found an increase in the total area and number of developed-land, managed-grassland, and barren-land patches. An increase in the number of patches and a decrease in the total area and median and third-quartile patch sizes for forest land and for all patches regardless of cover type indicated that fragmentation of forest land and the landscape as a whole occurred during the study period. The major land-cover transitions that occurred during the period were the loss of forest land to development and associated cover types and the conversion of one agricultural type to another. Overall, land-cover transitions during the period were found to be consistent with the Commission management-area designations, which indicated that the regional-planning effort has been successful in directing human activities to appropriate areas of the basin. 相似文献
2.
Integrating Landscape Ecology and Geoinformatics to Decipher Landscape Dynamics for Regional Planning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We used remote sensing and GIS in conjunction with multivariate statistical methods to: (i) quantify landscape composition
(land cover types) and configuration (patch density, diversity, fractal dimension, contagion) for five coastal watersheds
of Kalloni gulf, Lesvos Island, Greece, in 1945, 1960, 1971, 1990 and 2002/2003, (ii) evaluate the relative importance of
physical (slope, geologic substrate, stream order) and human (road network, population density) variables on landscape composition
and configuration, and (iii) characterize processes that led to land cover changes through land cover transitions between
these five successive periods in time. Distributions of land cover types did not differ among the five time periods at the
five watersheds studied because the largest cumulative changes between 1945 and 2002/2003 did not take place at dominant land
cover types. Landscape composition related primarily to the physical attributes of the landscape. Nevertheless, increase in
population density and the road network were found to increase heterogeneity of the landscape mosaic (patchiness), complexity
of patch shape (fractal dimension), and patch disaggregation (contagion). Increase in road network was also found to increase
landscape diversity due to the creation of new patches. The main processes involved in land cover changes were plough-land
abandonment and ecological succession. Landscape dynamics during the last 50 years corroborate the ecotouristic-agrotouristic
model for regional development to reverse trends in agricultural land abandonment and human population decline and when combined
with hypothetical regulatory approaches could predict how this landscape could develop in the future, thus, providing a valuable
tool to regional planning. 相似文献
3.
Australian reporting requirements for native vegetation require improved spatial and temporal information on the anthropogenic
effects on vegetation. This includes better linkage of information on vegetation type (e.g., native vegetation association),
extent and change, vegetation condition, or modification. The Vegetation Assets, States and Transitions (VAST) framework is
presented as a means for ordering vegetation by degree of anthropogenic modification as a series of condition states, from
a residual or base-line condition through to total removal. The VAST framework facilitates mapping and accounting for change
and trends in the status and condition of vegetation. The framework makes clear the links between land management and vegetation
condition states, provides a mechanism for describing the consequences of land management practices on vegetation condition,
and contributes to an understanding of resilience. VAST is a simple communication and reporting tool designed to assist in
describing and accounting for anthropogenic modification of vegetation. A benchmark is identified for each vegetation association.
Benchmarks are based on structure, composition, and current regenerative capacity. This article describes the application
of the VAST framework as a consistent national framework to translate and compile existing mapped information on the modification
of native vegetation. We discuss the correspondence between these compiled VAST datasets at national and regional scales and
describe their relevance for natural resource policy and planning. 相似文献
4.
通过分析现阶段彭州市湔江河谷地区开展乡村旅游的综合条件和存在的问题,应用景观生态规划的理论和方法提出湔江河谷地区旅游发展的总体方向,进行生态景观要素布局,设计了三种景观斑块类型和二种景观廊道类型,构建了湔江河谷地区“一核、两轴、三叶、四区”结构,并在此基础上规划了旅游项目和景观,以期为湔江河谷地区乡村旅游开发提供依据。 相似文献
5.
The study attempts to separate the effects of forest fragmentation related to landscape (patch area, isolation) and habitat (altitude, vegetation structure) on bird community composition in a mountain pine forest. Bird composition was related, using a multivariate approach (canonical correspondence analyses), to either habitat or to landscape, eliminating the effect of habitat statistically. Bird composition and species richness varied with patch area and isolation from large pine stands, but this effect could be assigned principally to variation in vegetation structure and altitude. Another effect, that of increasing occurrence and numbers of Anthus trivialis with decreasing distance to nearest low-altitude forest, could be assigned to both habitat (grass cover) and landscape (connectivity effects). Management implications are drawn from the results. 相似文献
6.
Assessing Impacts of Typhoons and the Chi-Chi Earthquake on Chenyulan Watershed Landscape Pattern in Central Taiwan Using Landscape Metrics 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
The Chi-Chi earthquake (ML = 7.3) occurred in the central part of Taiwan on September 21, 1999. After the earthquake, typhoons Xangsane and Toraji produced
heavy rainfall that fell across the eastern and central parts of Taiwan on November 2000 and July 2001. This study uses remote
sensing data, landscape metrics, multivariate statistical analysis, and spatial autocorrelation to assess how earthquake and
typhoons affect landscape patterns. It addresses variations of the Chenyulan watershed in Nantou County, near the earthquake’s
epicenter and crossed by Typhoon Toraji. The subsequent disturbances have gradually changed landscape of the Chenyulan watershed.
Disturbances of various types, sizes, and intensities, following various tracks, have various effects on the landscape patterns
and variations of the Chenyulan watershed. The landscape metrics that are obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed
that the disturbances produced variously fragmented patches, interspersed with other patches and isolated from patches of
the same type across the entire Chenyulan watershed. The disturbances also affected the isolation, size, and shape-complexity
of patches at the landscape and class levels. The disturbances at the class level more strongly affected spatial variations
in the landscape as well as patterns of grasslands and bare land, than variations in the watershed farmland and forest. Moreover,
the earthquake with high magnitude was a starter to create these landscape variations in space in the Chenyulan watershed.
The cumulative impacts of the disturbances on the watershed landscape pattern had existed, especially landslides and grassland
in the study area, but were not always evident in space and time in landscape and other class levels. 相似文献
7.
This paper addresses questions of affective responses of residents of rural Arizona to changes in proximate community and riparian landscapes and the congruence of their perceptions of change with physical measures of change in those landscapes. Based on findings and concepts from previous studies, perceptions of change were assessed using a mail survey. Physical measures of land use and vegetation change were obtained from aerial photography for two points in time spanning approximately 13 years and were analyzed using a geographic information system. Significant differences were found in perceptions of change in the community and riparian landscapes. In contrast with previous findings, a majority of respondents found the changes as either improving or having no effect on landscape quality. Those who were more frequent users of the riparian landscape tended to be more aware of changes in it. The findings also suggest challenges for planners and resource managers working in rural areas adjacent to riparian landscapes. 相似文献
8.
It is usually inappropriate to define rectangular land areas or administrative units as the extent for quantifying landscapes
that possess hierarchical structure. As a functional unit established by geophysical relationships, the watershed is one of
many natural scales in the hierarchical landscape. We examined the dynamics of the Yashiro watershed of Japan at the landscape
level using pattern metrics based on Landsat thematic mapper (TM) imagery from 1985 to 1998. This watershed provides important
habitats for the hooded crane (Grus monachus), a vulnerable species. While its world population has remained stable, the number wintering at Yashiro has declined in recent
years. Changes in landscape metrics reveal that the spatial pattern within the watershed underwent homogenization due to depopulation
of local people and shifts in local energy requirements and forest management policy at Yashiro. Specific changes include:
a decrease in bare land area from 6.2% to 1.0% of the landscape, increased forest cover from 69.2% to 76.1%, reduction in
patch number from 1194 to 616 and enlarged mean patch size, and a decrease in total edge from 223,740 m to 158,040 m. The
rate of change in landscape metrics indicates a rapid change towards homogeneity in the landscape since 1990. The temporal
changes in hooded crane populations corresponded to the changes in landscape. An alternative explanation has been proposed
that decline of the species is influenced by landscape dynamics affecting both habitat selection and food resources. Conservation
at the watershed scale is suggested to be complementary to the current conservation measures of the species. 相似文献
9.
Isabel Bielsa Xavier Pons Bob Bunce 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2005,48(1):85-102
Land abandonment is an important cause of changes in landscape patterns in the Mediterranean area. There is a need to monitor land use and land cover changes in order to provide quantitative evidence of the relationship between land abandonment and the formation of new landscape patterns. Appropriate management policies to encourage sustainable development can then be developed. This paper describes how to monitor landscape dynamics using different temporal land use and land cover data generated from field survey and airborne information. The results showed that the abandonment of agricultural land generally results in an increase of vegetation biomass. This process leads to homogenization of the landscape. In addition, abandonment promotes fragmentation of agricultural land. Based on these results, the paper discusses the implications for rural management policies concerning the abandonment of agricultural land and suggests recommendations for the development of such policies. 相似文献
10.
An extensive road system with rapidly increasing traffic produces diverse ecological effects that cover a large land area.
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of roads with different traffic volumes on surrounding avian distributions, and its
importance relative to other variables. Grassland bird data (5 years) for 84 open patches in an outer suburban/rural landscape
near Boston were analyzed relative to: distance from roads with 3000–8000 to >30,000 vehicles/day; open-habitat patch size;
area of quality microhabitat within a patch; adjacent land use; and distance to other open patches. Grassland bird presence
and regular breeding correlated significantly with both distance from road and habitat patch size. Distance to nearest other
open patch, irrespective of size, was not significant. Similarly, except for one species, adjacent land use, in this case
built area, was not significant. A light traffic volume of 3000–8000 vehicles/day (local collector street here) had no significant
effect on grassland bird distribution. For moderate traffic of 8000–15,000 (through street), there was no effect on bird presence
although regular breeding was reduced for 400 m from a road. For heavier traffic of 15,000–30,000 (two-lane highway), both
bird presence and breeding were decreased for 700 m. For a heavy traffic volume of ≥30,000 vehicles/day (multilane highway),
bird presence and breeding were reduced for 1200 m from a road. The results suggest that avian studies and long-term surveys
near busy roads may be strongly affected by traffic volume or changes in volume. We conclude that road ecology, especially
the effects extending outward >100 m from roads with traffic, is a sine qua non for effective land-use and transportation policy. 相似文献
11.
Several innovative directions for landscape policy development and implementation have emerged over recent years. These include: (i) an expansion of scope to include all landscape aspects and landscape types, (ii) an increased emphasis on public participation, (iii) a focus on designing measures appropriate for different contexts and scales, and (iv) encouraging support for capacity-building. In this paper, we evaluate the extent to which these policy directions are reflected in the practice of academic landscape research. We evaluate all research papers published in three leading landscape journals over six years, as well as published research papers relating directly to the European Landscape Convention. The latter, which was adopted in 2000, establishes a framework for landscape protection, planning and management in Europe and is to date the only international legal instrument of its kind. Results indicate that whilst policy innovations do not appear to be a major stimulus for academic research, studies nevertheless address a range of landscape aspects, types and scales (albeit with a slight bias towards bio-physical landscape aspects). However, geographical representativeness of research is weak and dominated by the United States and northern/western Europe, and research capacity likewise appears to be unevenly distributed. Landscape research is also limited in the extent to which it involves stakeholders or develops innovative methods for doing so, notwithstanding that this remains a key challenge for policy-makers. Results point to the potential for landscape research to address areas (topical and geographical) which have received little attention to date, as well as suggesting mutual benefits of stronger links between policy and academia. 相似文献
12.
In this study, we asked the Ariaal herders of northern Kenya to answer "why, what and how" they classified landscape, and assessed and monitored the biodiversity of 10 km(2) of grazing land. To answer the "why question" the herders classified grazing resources into 39 landscape patches grouped into six landscape types and classified soil as 'warm', 'intermediate' or 'cold' for the purpose of land use. For the "what question" the herders used soil conditions and vegetation characteristics to assess biodiversity. Plant species were described as 'increasers', 'decreasers' or 'stable'. The decreaser species were mostly grasses and forbs preferred for cattle and sheep grazing and the increasers were mostly woody species preferred by goats. The herders evaluated biodiversity in terms of key forage species and used absence or presence of the preferred species from individual landscapes for monitoring change in biodiversity. For the "how question" the herders used anthropogenic indicators concerned with livestock management for assessing landscape potential and suitability for grazing. The anthropogenic indicators were related to soils and biodiversity. The herders used plant species grazing preferences to determine the links between livestock production and biodiversity. By addressing these three questions, the study shows the value of incorporating the indigenous knowledge of herders into classification of landscape and assessment and monitoring of biodiversity in the grazing lands. We conclude that herder knowledge of biodiversity is related to the use as opposed to exclusive conservation practices. This type of knowledge is extremely valuable to conservation agencies for establishing a baseline for monitoring changes in biodiversity in the future. 相似文献
13.
Richard T. T. Forman Bjorn Reineking Anna M. Hersperger 《Environmental management》2001,29(6):782-800
An extensive road system with rapidly increasing traffic produces diverse ecological effects that cover a large land area. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of roads with different traffic volumes on surrounding avian distributions, and its importance relative to other variables. Grassland bird data (5 years) for 84 open patches in an outer suburban/rural landscape near Boston were analyzed relative to: distance from roads with 3000–8000 to >30,000 vehicles/day; open-habitat patch size; area of quality microhabitat within a patch; adjacent land use; and distance to other open patches. Grassland bird presence and regular breeding correlated significantly with both distance from road and habitat patch size. Distance to nearest other open patch, irrespective of size, was not significant. Similarly, except for one species, adjacent land use, in this case built area, was not significant. A light traffic volume of 3000–8000 vehicles/day (local collector street here) had no significant effect on grassland bird distribution. For moderate traffic of 8000–15,000 (through street), there was no effect on bird presence although regular breeding was reduced for 400 m from a road. For heavier traffic of 15,000–30,000 (two-lane highway), both bird presence and breeding were decreased for 700 m. For a heavy traffic volume of ≥30,000 vehicles/day (multilane highway), bird presence and breeding were reduced for 1200 m from a road. The results suggest that avian studies and long-term surveys near busy roads may be strongly affected by traffic volume or changes in volume. We conclude that road ecology, especially the effects extending outward >100 m from roads with traffic, is a sine qua non for effective land-use and transportation policy. 相似文献
14.
/ Whereas habitat conservation plans (HCPs) have been intended to provide comprehensive environmental mitigation for multiple species, they often narrow in focus to one species and either one mitigation site or unspecified sites. We developed an indicators framework from which to rate land units for their ecological integrity, collateral values (nonbiological qualities that can improve conservation), and restoration and conservation opportunities. The ratings of land units were guided by the tenets of conservation biology and principles of landscape and ecosystem ecology, and they were made using existing physical and floral information managed on a GIS. As an example of how the indicators approach can be used for HCPs, the 29 legally rare species targeted by the Yolo County HCP were each associated with vegetation complexes and agricultural crops, the maps of which were used for rating some of the landscape indices. The ratings were mapped so that mitigation can be directed to the places on the landscape where the legally rare species should benefit most from conservation practices. The most highly rated land units for conservation opportunity occurred along streams and sloughs, especially where they emerged from the foothills and entered the Central Valley and where the two largest creeks intersected the Sacramento River flood basin. We recommend that priority be given to mitigation or conservation at the most highly rated land units. The indices were easy to measure and can be used with other tools to monitor the mitigation success. The indicators framework can be applied to other large-area planning efforts with some modifications.KEY WORDS: Ecosystem; Indicators; Landscape; Mitigation; Planning; Yolo County; California 相似文献
15.
Valuation of Spatial Configurations and Forest Types in the Southern Appalachian Highlands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Site-specific estimates of the values of spatial configuration and forest composition are presented. Amenity values of forest
patches are found to vary the most by urban and sprawling development patterns of specific areas and forest types. For example,
smaller patches of deciduous forest are more highly valued in the urban and sprawling areas of Greensboro, North Carolina,
whereas larger patches of deciduous forest are more highly valued in the urban and sprawling areas of Greenville, South Carolina.
Within the Greenville and Greensboro areas, visible landscape complexity is highly valued for deciduous and evergreen forest
patches, whereas lower visible landscape complexity, i.e., smoothly trimmed forest patch boundaries, is highly valued for
mixed forest patches. 相似文献
16.
Relationships between landscape pattern, wetland characteristics, and water quality in agricultural catchments 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Moreno-Mateos D Mander U Comín FA Pedrocchi C Uuemaa E 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(6):2170-2180
Water quality in streams is dependent on landscape metrics at catchment and wetland scales. A study was undertaken to evaluate the correlation between landscape metrics, namely patch density and area, shape, heterogeneity, aggregation, connectivity, land-use ratio, and water quality variables (salinity, nutrients, sediments, alkalinity, other potential pollutants and pH) in the agricultural areas of a semiarid Mediterranean region dominated by irrigated farmlands (NE Spain). The study also aims to develop wetland construction criteria in agricultural catchments. The percentage of arable land and landscape homogeneity (low value of Simpson index) are significantly correlated with salinity (r(2) = 0.72) and NO(3)-N variables (r(2) = 0.49) at catchment scale. The number of stock farms was correlated (Spearman's corr. = 0.60; p < 0.01) with TP concentration in stream water. The relative abundance of wetlands and the aggregation of its patches influence salinity variables at wetland scale (r(2) = 0.59 for Na(+) and K(+) concentrations). The number and aggregation of wetland patches are closely correlated to the landscape complexity of catchments, measured as patch density (r(2) = 0.69), patch size (r(2) = 0.53), and landscape heterogeneity (r(2) = 0.62). These results suggest that more effective results in water quality improvement would be achieved if we acted at both catchment and wetland scales, especially reducing landscape homogeneity and creating numerous wetlands scattered throughout the catchment. A set of guidelines for planners and decision makers is provided for future agricultural developments or to improve existing ones. 相似文献
17.
Landscape planning and restoration in mine closure areas is not only an inevitable choice to sustain mining areas but also
an important path to maximize landscape resources and to improve ecological function in mine closure areas. The analysis of
the present mine development shows that many mines are unavoidably facing closures in China. This paper analyzes the periodic
impact of mining activities on landscapes and then proposes planning concepts and principles. According to the landscape characteristics
in mine closure areas, this paper classifies available landscape resources in mine closure areas into the landscape for restoration,
for limited restoration and for protection, and then summarizes directions for their uses. This paper establishes the framework
of spatial control planning and design of landscape elements from “macro control, medium allocation and micro optimization”
for the purpose of managing and using this kind of special landscape resources. Finally, this paper applies the theories and
methods to a case study in Wu’an from two aspects: the construction of a sustainable land-use pattern on a large scale and
the optimized allocation of typical mine landscape resources on a small scale. 相似文献
18.
Comparison of Two Spatial Optimization Techniques: A Framework to Solve Multiobjective Land Use Distribution Problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Burghard Christian Meyer Jean-Marie Lescot Ramon Laplana 《Environmental management》2009,43(2):264-281
Two spatial optimization approaches, developed from the opposing perspectives of ecological economics and landscape planning
and aimed at the definition of new distributions of farming systems and of land use elements, are compared and integrated
into a general framework. The first approach, applied to a small river catchment in southwestern France, uses SWAT (Soil and
Water Assessment Tool) and a weighted goal programming model in combination with a geographical information system (GIS) for
the determination of optimal farming system patterns, based on selected objective functions to minimize deviations from the
goals of reducing nitrogen and maintaining income. The second approach, demonstrated in a suburban landscape near Leipzig,
Germany, defines a GIS-based predictive habitat model for the search of unfragmented regions suitable for hare populations
(Lepus europaeus), followed by compromise optimization with the aim of planning a new habitat structure distribution for the hare. The multifunctional
problem is solved by the integration of the three landscape functions (“production of cereals,” “resistance to soil erosion
by water,” and “landscape water retention”). Through the comparison, we propose a framework for the definition of optimal
land use patterns based on optimization techniques. The framework includes the main aspects to solve land use distribution
problems with the aim of finding the optimal or best land use decisions. It integrates indicators, goals of spatial developments
and stakeholders, including weighting, and model tools for the prediction of objective functions and risk assessments. Methodological
limits of the uncertainty of data and model outcomes are stressed. The framework clarifies the use of optimization techniques
in spatial planning. 相似文献
19.
A Spatially Explicit Resource-Based Approach for Managing Stream Fishes in Riverscapes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The article describes a riverscape approach based on landscape ecology concepts, which aims at studying the multiscale relationships
between the spatial pattern of stream fish habitat patches and processes depending on fish movements. A review of the literature
shows that few operational methods are available to study this relationship due to multiple methodological and practical challenges
inherent to underwater environments. We illustrated the approach with literature data on a cyprinid species (Barbus barbus) and an actual riverscape of the Seine River, France. We represented the underwater environment of fishes for different discharges
using two-dimensional geographic information system-based maps of the resource habitat patches, defined according to activities
(feeding, resting, and spawning). To quantify spatial patterns at nested levels (resource habitat patch, daily activities
area, subpopulation area), we calculated their composition, configuration, complementation, and connectivity with multiple
spatial analysis methods: patch metrics, moving-window analysis, and least cost modeling. The proximity index allowed us to
evaluate habitat patches of relatively great value, depending on their spatial context, which contributes to the setting of
preservation policies. The methods presented to delimit potential daily activities areas and subpopulation areas showed the
potential gaps in the biological connectivity of the reach. These methods provided some space for action in restoration schemes. 相似文献
20.
Jeffrey G. Holmquist Jutta Schmidt-Gengenbach Elizabeth A. Ballenger 《Environmental management》2014,53(6):1109-1118
Assessments of vertebrate disturbance to plant and animal assemblages often contrast grazed versus ungrazed meadows or other larger areas of usage, and this approach can be powerful. Random sampling of such habitats carries the potential, however, for smaller, more intensely affected patches to be missed and for other responses that are only revealed at smaller scales to also escape detection. We instead sampled arthropod assemblages and vegetation structure at the patch scale (400–900 m2 patches) within subalpine wet meadows of Yosemite National Park (USA), with the goal of determining if there were fine-scale differences in magnitude and directionality of response at three levels of grazing intensity. Effects were both stronger and more nuanced than effects evidenced by previous random sampling of paired grazed and ungrazed meadows: (a) greater negative effects on vegetation structure and fauna in heavily used patches, but (b) some positive effects on fauna in lightly grazed patches, suggested by trends for mean richness and total and population abundances. Although assessment of disturbance at either patch or landscape scales should be appropriate, depending on the management question at hand, our patch-scale work demonstrated that there can be strong local effects on the ecology of these wetlands that may not be detected by comparing larger scale habitats. 相似文献