苏南某农业区浅层地下水DDTs污染特征分析

针对苏南某农业区浅层地下水中DDTs的污染特征进行了初步分析,结果表明,浅层地下水中DDTs最大检出质量浓度为1.04 μg·L-1,最大检出率为36.67％.浅层地下水DDTs污染呈散状分布,浓度高值点集中在研究区东北部,污染范围大,且表现出丰水期、平水期和枯水期含量依次递减的季节性变化特征.该地区包气带防污性能良好,黏土矿物和有机碳对DDTs吸附作用较强,可阻滞其向浅层地下水环境中迁移,是造成部分地段浅层地下水未检出DDTs污染的重要原因.受污染地表水体的垂向入渗是导致浅层地下水DDTs污染的直接原因,其侧向补给可能是浅层地下水DDTs污染的重要来源之一,且污染范围往往局限于地表水体附近地带.     

廊坊市区地下水质量现状评价与分析

为阐明人类活动影响下廊坊市区地下水环境状况,2015年在研究区进行现场调查采集并分析了深浅层(包含3组地表水)水样50组,测试指标包括有机指标(30项)和无机指标(31项).利用基于分类指标的单指标综合评价法进行本区地下水质量评价.结果表明,研究区地下水质量综合评价结果较差,深层地下水相比浅层地下水水质较好;从分类指标来看,对区域地下水质量影响最大的为无机毒理指标,其次为一般化学指标,毒性(类)金属指标及有机指标对地下水质量影响很小,各项指标主要影响浅层地下水;单项组分分析表明,深、浅层地下水水质贡献指标相差较大,其中影响浅层地下水水质的主要指标有总硬度、"三氮"、砷、氟化物、铁锰等,深层地下水影响指标主要为氟化物(50.0%),其次为砷(13.6%);有机组分少量指标检出但无超标.分析认为原生水文地质环境和人类活动是影响该区地下水质量的主要因素,是导致地下水中污染组分异常的根源.     

浑河冲洪积平原土壤及浅层地下水中铅的分布特征

为探讨浑河冲洪积扇土壤及浅层地下水中铅的含量、来源及其分布特征,对研究区50个土壤样品、5个地表水样品和22个浅层地下水样品进行了铅含量分析.结果表明,研究区土壤、地表水和浅层地下水均受到了一定程度的铅污染.表层土壤铅含量较高,在17.72—114.46 mg.kg-1之间,受人为污染影响较大;随土壤深度的增加铅含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,其迁移规律与铬、砷、铜等重金属密切相关,受土壤性质和有机质含量的影响较大,为研究区土壤和浅层地下水环境风险评价及污染防治提供了科学依据.     

常州市浅层地下水重金属污染对城区、城郊居民健康风险评价

采用美国EPA推荐的风险评价模型,同时考虑研究区人群基本情况和生活习惯等,进行推荐模型的参数优化,建立适合研究区人群的风险评价方法,并对城区、城郊不同暴露途径下地下水污染进行健康风险评价.结果表明,常州城区饮水暴露途径与皮肤暴露途径致癌风险男性分别为2.79×10-3和2.81×10-5,女性分别为1.87×10-3和2.45×10-5;非致癌风险男性分别为3.48×10-6和3.79×10-5,女性分别为2.27×10-6和3.01×10-5.城郊饮水暴露途径与皮肤暴露途径致癌风险男性分别为1.26×10-3和1.32×10-5,女性分别为9.77×10-4和1.18×10-5;非致癌风险男性分别为4.07×10-6和3.43×10-5,女性分别为2.14×10-6和9.71×10-6,风险水平均处于可接受范围内.敏感性分析表明饮水暴露途径下各因子的敏感性在-19.8%—20.1%之间,皮肤暴露途径下各因子的敏感性在-14.8%—16.1%之间,对研究区人群暴露参数进行调查实测,降低了评价结果的不确定性.研究浅层地下水的健康风险评价,对合理开发该区域地下水资源具有重要参考价值.     

平原河网地区地下水脆弱性评价体系构建及应用

地下水污染形势严峻,脆弱性评价是区域地下水资源保护和污染防治的重要前提。平原河网地区地表水系复杂,城市化程度高,常规DRASTIC模型难以准确评价其地下水脆弱性。文章根据平原河网地区特点,建立了一套包括地下水埋深、净补给量、含水层介质、土壤带介质等7个本质脆弱性指标和地表水系、地下工程2个特殊脆弱性指标在内的方法体系,并以上海市金山区为例进行了地下水脆弱性评价。结果表明,地下水埋深、地下水净补给量和含水层厚度是影响评价区域本质脆弱性的主要指标,3者评价得分均在3~9之间,其中地下水埋深和净补给量得分为6的区域面积最大,分别为219.35 km~2和187.74 km~2,含水层厚度以得分为8的区域面积最大,达到286.01 km~2。金山区地表水系分布广泛,加上水质较差,其河流水质、河网密度、河流等级的脆弱性评价得分大多为6~10,相比地下工程,这3个指标对该区域的特殊脆弱性影响更大。金山区地下水综合脆弱性评价中,三级和四级面积较大,分别为274.49 km~2和157.82 km~2,两者面积之和占整个评价区的67.93%;三级区域广泛分布于整个评价区范围之内,五级脆弱性零星分布于南部和中部区域。评价结果与实际调研情况相符,能够真实地反映评价区浅层地下水脆弱性程度。该方法体系可为区域地下水环境管理及污染防治工作提供技术支撑和科学依据。     

重庆市万州区浅层地下水化学特征及控制因素

浅层地下水作为重庆市万州区居民生活用水和工农业生产用水的主要来源,是推动该区社会经济可持续发展和维持区域生态环境稳定的重要保障.为研究重庆市万州区浅层地下水化学特征及控制因素,于2021年10月采集浅层地下水样品56组.综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例关系、Pearson相关性分析、因子分析和水文地球化学模拟等方法,对万州区浅层地下水化学特征、离子来源和控制因素进行分析.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水以淡软水为主,且呈弱碱性,阴阳离子以HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺为主,浅层地下水类型以HCO₃-Ca为主;由研究区中部至边缘地区,阴离子类型由HCO₃型向HCO₃·SO₄、HCO₃·Cl·SO₄和Cl·SO₄型演变,阳离子类型由Ca型向Ca·Mg、Na·Ca和Na·Ca·Mg型演变;浅层地下水离子主要来源于碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩和岩盐溶滤;浅层地下水化学组分受岩石...     

内蒙古典型旱区盐湖盆地浅层地下水污染风险评价

为明晰内蒙古阿拉善盟吉兰泰盐湖盆地浅层地下水污染特征及评估地下水饮水安全风险等级,采集了盐湖盆地研究区土壤表层(0—10 cm)样品56个,地下水样品127个,检测分析土壤中重金属元素Cu、As、Pb含量及水样中Cr、Hg、As、F^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-含量.运用地下水风险评价概念模型,将地下水脆弱性、地下水污染物容量及土壤毒性污染物潜在生态危害评价有机结合,对地下水污染风险展开评价.借助ArcGIS软件进行克里格插值绘图,探析盐湖盆地浅层地下水风险的空间分布特征.结果表明:盐湖盆地地下水脆弱性指数范围为4.80—5.30属于中等脆弱性,吉兰泰盐湖东南部和吉兰泰镇西北部脆弱性高于其他区域;地下水样品中重金属Hg的含量在《地下水质量标准》中Ⅲ类水水质标准范围内,其他元素均有超标现象,其中F^-超标率最高,为62.20%,Cr、As、F^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-     

新疆喀什地区地下水氟的空间分布规律及其富集因素分析

高氟地下水严重影响当地居民的身体健康.基于新疆喀什地区571个地下水样的氟离子实测含量,运用Mapgis软件绘制研究区地下水氟含量分布图,结果表明,研究区地下水氟含量呈西部、北部高于东部、南部,中部最低的特点;山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原区氟含量表现为浅层潜水高于深层潜水,中下游河流冲积平原区地下水氟含量表现为潜水浅层承压水深层承压水.采用绘制Gibbs图、Piper三线图、离子比例图等方法对研究区水化学环境特征及地下水氟的富集因素进行研究,结果表明,研究区地下水氟源于山前含氟基岩;受地下水径流条件影响,研究区地下水氟含量平均值表现为中下游河流冲积平原区山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原区;蒸发浓缩作用使F~-浓度进一步增大;研究区高氟地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Na和Cl·SO_4-Na型,地下水弱碱性环境有助于F~-的富集.     

豫北大田蔬菜种植区地下水重金属的分布特征及来源解析

选择豫北山前平原大田蔬菜种植区地下水为研究对象,分枯水期(5月)和丰水期(10月)采集地下水样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析重金属含量,借助空间分布特征,并结合主成分分析方法,对地下水重金属进行源解析.结果表明:(1)研究区枯水期和丰水期浅层地下水pH值均值分别为7.26和7.15,电导率(EC值)均值分别为1200μS·cm~(-1)和1256μS·cm~(-1),丰水期浅层地下水表现为较低的pH值和较高的EC值.(2)研究区枯水期和丰水期浅层地下水重金属含量均低于《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,枯水期浅层地下水重金属含量均值大小依次为NiZnVCuCrCoAsPbCd,丰水期浅层地下水重金属含量均值大小依次为VNiZnCoCuCrPbAsCd.除V、Co和Ni外,其余重金属含量均值在枯水期和丰水期差异不显著.(3)受人类活动影响的Pb、Zn和As等重金属的空间分析结果表明,区内浅层地下水重金属含量较大的区域主要分布在区内东南部以及丹河和沁河交汇处附近,这两个区域土地利用方式主要为蔬菜用地,显示化学肥料对地下水重金属的影响.(4)采用主成分分析方法,提取4个主成分,主成分1包括Cr、Pb、Cd和V,其来源一致,可能与施用磷肥有关等;主成分2包括Ni和Cu,显示成土母质以及复合肥等肥料的混合作用;主成分3包括Co,显示其来自成土母岩;主成分4包括As和Zn,显示锌肥以及有机肥等肥料使用的影响.     

济南市地下水硝酸盐污染研究

调查了济南市东郊工业区浅层地下水、南部山区补给区地下水及市区饮用水中硝酸盐现状及发展趋势。结果表明,工业区浅层地下水硝酸盐含量超出国家饮用水卫生标准;补给区地下水及市区饮用水硝酸盐也受到人类活动的影响,污染呈逐年上升趋势。分析了造成地下水硝酸盐污染的原因,提出了相应的防治措施与对策。     

Atrazine leaching into groundwater: comparison of five simulation models

Five deterministic models (BAM, GLEAMS, HYDRUS, MOUSE and TETrans) were compared to evaluate, in first order of approximation, their ability to predict different soil vulnerabilities with respect to the atrazine leachability towards shallow groundwater. Two environmental scenarios were defined on the basis of the measured groundwater contamination. The former scenario corresponded to a vulnerable sandy loam soil, the latter to a moderately vulnerable sandy loam-organic soil. The pesticide was applied on both soils for corn weed control in early June 1986, while the groundwater samplings were made in February and September 1987. The small atrazine transport into groundwater through the sandy loam-organic soil, as it was detected from the groundwater sampling in late winter, was simulated only by TET rans model. With respect to the sandy loam soil vulnerability, satisfactory simulations were performed by both TETrans and HYDRUS. The applied herbicide was leached throughout this soil towards groundwater both in February and in September 1987. Conversely, atrazine leaching simulated by GLEAMS, MOUSE and BAM compared less consistently with the measured groundwater contaminations.     

新疆阿克苏地区平原区高砷地下水分布特征及富集因素分析

地下水砷污染是全球化环境问题.本文基于阿克苏地区平原区2017年75个地下水砷实测含量进行分析.结果表明,研究区地下水砷含量变化范围为ND-98.70 μg?L-1,平均值为9.42μg?L-1,超标率达26.7％.水平方向上,高砷地下水主要集中在研究区的中部偏南一带;垂直方向上,山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原潜水区地下水砷含...     

Appraisal of salinity and fluoride in a semi-arid region of India using statistical and multivariate techniques

Various physico-chemical parameters, including fluoride (F⁻), were analyzed to understand the hydro-geochemistry of an aquifer in a semi-arid region of India. Furthermore, the quality of the shallow and deep aquifer (using tube well and hand pumps) was also investigated for their best ecological use including drinking, domestic, agricultural and other activities. Different multivariate techniques were applied to understand the groundwater chemistry of the aquifer. Findings of the correlation matrix were strengthened by the factor analysis, and this shows that salinity is mainly caused by magnesium salts as compared to calcium salts in the aquifer. The problem of salinization seems mainly compounded by the contamination of the shallow aquifers by the recharging water. High factor loading of total alkalinity and bicarbonates indicates that total alkalinity was mainly due to carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium. The concentration of F⁻ was found more in the deep aquifer than the shallow aquifer. Further, only a few groundwater samples lie below the permissible limit of F⁻, and this indicates a risk of dental caries in the populace of the study area. The present study indicates that regular monitoring of groundwater is an important step to avoid human health risks and to assess its quality for various ecological purposes.     

The origin of high hydrocarbon groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou,China

Original high hydrocarbon groundwater represents a kind of groundwater in which hydrocarbon concentration exceeds 0.05 mg/L. The original high hydrocarbon will significantly reduce the environment capacity of hydrocarbon and lead environmental problems. For the past 5 years, we have carried out for a long-term monitoring of groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou, China. We found the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon was always above 0.05 mg/L. The low-level anthropogenic contamination cannot produce high hydrocarbon groundwater in the area. By using hydrocarbon potential, geochemistry and biomarker characteristic in rocks and shallow groundwater, we carried out a comprehensive study in Dalongjing (DLJ) groundwater system to determine the hydrocarbon source. We found a simplex hydrogeology setting, high-level water–rock–hydrocarbon interaction and obviously original hydrocarbon groundwater in DLJ system. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon in shallow aquifer was found to increase with the strong water–rock interaction. Higher hydrocarbon potential was found in the upper of Guanling formation (T₂g³) and upper of Yongningzhen formation (T₁yn⁴). Heavily saturated carbon was observed from shallow groundwater, which presented similar distribution to those from rocks, especially from the deeper groundwater. These results indicated that the high concentrations of original hydrocarbon in groundwater could be due to the hydrocarbon release from corrosion and extraction out of strata over time.

     

Distribution of nitrogen species in groundwater aquifers of an industrial area in alluvial Indo-Gangetic Plains—a case study

The groundwater samples collected from the shallow and deep groundwater aquifers of an industrial area of the Kanpur city (Uttar Pradesh, India) were analyzed for the concentration levels and distribution pattern of nitrogenous species, such as nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N), ammonical-nitrogen (NH₄-N), organic-nitrogen (Org-N) and total Kjeldahl-nitrogen (TKN) to identify the possible contamination source. Geo-statistical approach was adopted to determine the distribution and extent of the contaminant plume. In the groundwater aquifers NO₃-N, NO₂-N, NH₄-N, TKN, Org-N and Total-N ranged from 0.10 to 64.10, BDL (below detection limit)-6.57, BDL-39.00, 7.84–202.16, 1.39–198.97 and 8.89–219.43 mg l⁻¹, respectively. About 42% and 26% of the groundwater samples of the shallow and deep groundwater aquifers, respectively, exceeded the BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) guideline value of 10 mg l⁻¹ for NO₃-N and may pose serious health hazards to the people of the area. The results of the study revealed that the groundwater aquifers of the study area are highly contaminated with the nitrate and indicates point source pollution of nitrate in the study area.     

Geochemical occurrences of arsenic and fluoride in bedrock groundwater: a case study in Geumsan County, Korea

Bedrock groundwaters in Geumsan County, Korea, were surveyed to investigate the distribution and geochemical behaviors of arsenic and fluoride, mobilized through geogenic processes. The concentrations were enriched up to 113 μg/L for arsenic and 7.54 mg/L for fluoride, and 16% of 150 samples exceeded World Health Organization drinking water guidelines for each element. Simple Ca-HCO(3) groundwater types and positive correlations with pH, Ca, SO(4), and HCO(3) were characteristics of high (>10 μg/L) As groundwaters. The oxidation reaction of sulfide minerals in metasedimentary rocks and locally mineralized zones seems to be ultimately responsible for the existence of arsenic in groundwater. Desorption process under high pH conditions may also control the arsenic mobility in the study area. High (>1.5 mg/L) F groundwaters were found in the Na-HCO(3) type and with greater depth. Fluoride seemed to be enriched by deep groundwater interaction with granitic rocks, and continuous supply to shallow Ca-HCO(3)-type groundwater kept the concentration high. In the study area, drinking water management should include periodic As and F monitoring in groundwater.     

盐渍土系统土壤水-地下水转化规律研究

通过野外定位观测和室内分析,探讨了苏打盐渍土微域特征(32m长的横截面)及其水分和地下水之间的转化规律。结果表明:土壤特征以及微地貌格局是制约土壤表层水分迁移的主要因素,并由此形成了大汽降水-土壤水-地下水转化的特殊模式。盐化草甸土分布在相对低洼的部位,苏打碱土分布在微坡地和高平地。苏打碱土质地为粉砂质亚粘土-粘土-粉砂-砂砾垂直结构,盐化草甸土以粉砂和砂砾结构为主。地表径流为水分迁移的关键环节,盐化草甸土成为地表水和地下水转化的通道。承接微坡地和高平地的径流,盐化草甸土在雨季含水率较多(甚至大到饱和)且迅速补给地下水,使地下水位逐渐上升。坡地土壤(苏打盐渍土)整个土层的含水率变化不显著。运用Vensim对盐渍土系统的土壤水-地下水的转化过程进行了模拟,结果与观测数据基本一致。在现代盐渍化过程研究中,以坡面系统为研究单元并考虑坡面径流,才能认识到盐渍化地区土壤水-地下水之间转化的实质。     

Health risk of arsenic in the alluvial aquifers of Lahore and Raiwind,Punjab Province,Pakistan: an investigation for safer well water

Environmental pollution has generated release of high amounts of arsenic (As) which ultimately are detected in the water of Indus Basin Punjab, Pakistan. The area is characterized by a semiarid climate, and alluvial deposits. This investigation, an extension of previously reported As-affected area in Lahore and Kasur, aimed to (1) assess the extent of water contamination in this area and (2) determine possible safer sites for future water use. In a comparative study, total As contamination of underground water from individual dwellings and community water supply of some villages located at the boundary of the Sheikhopura and Lahore districts, Pakistan were measured to compare with previously published data of villages located at the boundary of the Lahore and Kasur districts. The results showed variable levels of As in shallow drinking water wells and average concentration exceeding WHO guidelines value. As levels ranged from below 5.2 to 80 µg/L and mean 45.5 µg/L. The As concentrations were higher than WHO limits but lower than previous studied area. In addition, high salinity was found to be a serious concern for deteriorating groundwater quality rendering it unsuitable for drinking. Groundwater is predominantly of the Na–HCO₃ type with slightly alkaline pH. High pH values and competition of As with HCO₃ may serve as an important process for mobilization of As in the shallow groundwater of the region. Continuous monitoring and expansion of monitoring systems are necessary to establish safer wells within As-contaminated areas.     

应用浅层地温测量法分析崩岗侵蚀与地下水分布关系

地下水是影响崩岗发生的重要驱动力之一,而地温场异常可以反映反推地下水分布。在野外调查的基础上,利用浅层地温法反演流动地下水脉分布的原理,分析并探讨了粤东五华典型崩岗侵蚀区的地下水分布、流向及与崩岗分布的空间关系。结果表明：地下水脉复杂多变的区域,其崩岗侵蚀程度也越严重。这种关系主要表现在3点：（1）较活跃和集中分布的崩岗侵蚀群常具有更多的浅层地温冷点;（2）零散分布的单个崩岗体,其水脉形态常呈不连续性,且总体流动方向较均一,与崩岗前进方向相反;（3）在崩岗群中,地下水脉则呈树枝状或网状展布。应用浅层地温法间接探讨崩岗侵蚀与地下水分布关系,是研究崩岗侵蚀过程与机理的新手段,具较好的应用前景。