新疆喀什地区地下水氟的空间分布规律及其富集因素分析

高氟地下水严重影响当地居民的身体健康.基于新疆喀什地区571个地下水样的氟离子实测含量,运用Mapgis软件绘制研究区地下水氟含量分布图,结果表明,研究区地下水氟含量呈西部、北部高于东部、南部,中部最低的特点;山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原区氟含量表现为浅层潜水高于深层潜水,中下游河流冲积平原区地下水氟含量表现为潜水浅层承压水深层承压水.采用绘制Gibbs图、Piper三线图、离子比例图等方法对研究区水化学环境特征及地下水氟的富集因素进行研究,结果表明,研究区地下水氟源于山前含氟基岩;受地下水径流条件影响,研究区地下水氟含量平均值表现为中下游河流冲积平原区山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原区;蒸发浓缩作用使F~-浓度进一步增大;研究区高氟地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Na和Cl·SO_4-Na型,地下水弱碱性环境有助于F~-的富集.     

新疆南部典型地区地下水中氟的分布特征及其富集因素分析

以新疆南部典型平原区地下水中的氟为研究对象,依据地下水污染调查数据,分析研究区地下水中氟的分布特征及富集因素.结果表明,水平上,焉耆盆地平原区地下水中氟的含量总体上呈南高北低,若羌-且末地区和叶尔羌河流域平原区地下水中的氟含量呈北高南低;垂向上,焉耆盆地平原区深层承压水的氟含量高于浅层承压水和潜水中的氟含量,若羌-且末地区和叶尔羌河流域平原区浅层承压水的氟含量高于深层承压水和潜水中的氟含量.地下水中的氟主要来源于地层中的含氟矿物;氟的富集主要受气候、地形、水文地质条件以及水化学环境的影响.     

地下水中砷和汞的不同测试方法

本文研究了原子荧光法(AFS)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)等3种不同方法检测地下水中的砷和汞.结果表明,地下水中砷汞的3种测试方法在一定的浓度范围内标准曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0.999以上,加标回收率和精密度较好,质控测定结果均在理论值范围内,说明3种方法有很好的准确性和稳定性,分析数据结果可靠. AFS和ICPMS砷检出限分别为0.10μg·L^-1和0.02μg·L^-1,汞检出限分别为0.03μg·L^-1和0.05μg·L^-1,都远低于相关水质标准检出限以及《地下水质量标准》规定的Ⅰ类水限值,完全能够满足地下水测试要求.而ICPOES砷和汞的检出限分别为20μg·L^-1和9.36μg·L^-1,可用于受到污染的地下水样品检测.     

新疆焉耆盆地平原区地下水演化的主要水文地球化学过程分析

地下水资源是焉耆盆地生活、生产及生态用水的主要供水水源.深入研究焉耆盆地地下水演化特征及水文地球化学过程对合理开发地下水资源及保护地下水环境具有重要意义.利用Gibbs图阐明了焉耆盆地平原区地下水所经历的水文地球化学作用(大气降水、蒸发浓缩和岩石风化作用等),平原区采样点主要分布在Gisbbs图的右上角及中部左侧,表明平原区地下水受风化、蒸发浓缩作用影响,且受大气降水作用影响较小;方解石、白云石等碳酸盐矿物,以及岩盐、石膏等蒸发岩的风化溶解是平原区地下水主要离子来源,应用PHREEQC地球化学模拟软件计算了平原区各矿物饱和指数,大部分采样点方解石与白云石未达到饱和状态;随着平原区地下水中的TDS和Cl-浓度的逐渐升高,Mg~(2+)在地下水中的富集受到了白云石沉淀过程的限制,而Ca~(2+)的含量随TDS的增大而持续增加,并结合平原区2011年与2014年地下水水化学Piper三线图,平原区地下水大部分呈Ca·Na型或者Ca·Mg型;地下水ORP值均为正值,表明平原区地下水处于氧化状态;根据离子比例法,γNa+/γ(Na++Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+))比值深层承压水潜水浅层承压水,表明平原区地下水阳离子交换作用由强到弱依次为深层承压水、潜水、浅层承压水.     

西安主城区地下水化学特征及水质评价

城市地下水环境对城市的可持续发展具有重要意义.本文运用数理统计分析、改进的模糊综合评价、综合评价法、水化学和因子分析法对研究区地下水水化学特征及水质进行分析评价.结果表明,研究区地下水中钠离子、钙离子、硫酸根和碳酸氢根相对含量较高,承压水水化学组分比潜水稳定.潜水的水化学类型主要是HCO₃-Ca·Mg和SO₄·Cl-Ca·Mg·Na,承压水的水化学类型主要是HCO₃-Na和HCO₃-Ca·Mg.两种评价方法均显示,研究区潜水以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水居多,模糊综合评价法显示研究区承压水大部分为Ⅰ类水,而综合评价法显示研究区多为Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水.水岩作用是水化学组分的主要控制因素.相较于承压水而言,潜水水质存在不同程度的污染,潜水污染的原因主要包括原生地质背景污染和人为污染两大类.该研究为研究区地下水资源的合理开发利用和生态环境保护与建设提供了理论依据.     

新疆和田东部平原区地下水化学特征及演化规律

以2018年新疆和田东部平原区116组地下水水质检测数据为基础,综合运用因子分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型、离子比值法和水文地球化学模拟等方法对其水化学特征及演化规律进行分析.结果表明：研究区地下水中Na⁺和Mg²⁺为主要阳离子,Cl-和SO₂^4-为主要阴离子,地下水类型为SO₄·ClCa·Mg型高硬度高咸水;因子分析表明该区地下水水化学组分受岩石溶滤作用和蒸发浓缩作用控制;水中离子主要来源于蒸发盐岩的溶解,其次为碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的溶解.单一结构潜水主要受蒸发浓缩作用、岩石溶滤作用和人类活动等因素影响,承压水受阳离子交换作用影响.水文地球化学模拟结果表明：沿地下水流向,水中离子总量累积,岩盐、白云石和石膏发生溶解,方解石发生沉淀.     

琼北地区地热水中氟的富集规律

以海南岛的琼北地区地热水为研究对象，对研究区的地热水、地下水和地表水水样进行测试分析，运用piper图、δ²H和δ¹⁸O图、钠碱指数等方法探究琼北地区高氟地热水的富集规律及分布特征.结果表明，地热水氟浓度均超标，平均值高达14.25 mg·L^-1；而地下水和地表水的氟含量未超标，变化范围为0.02—0.44 mg·L^-1.沿海地区到内陆地区地热水氟含量呈现逐渐增大的趋势，内陆地区平均含量高达21.69 mg·L^-1.地热水水化学类型以HCO₃-Na为主，温度、pH和地层中的含氟矿物类型对地热水氟的富集具有重要的影响.地下热水补给来源为现代大气降水，并且存在轻微的“氧漂移”现象，受到一定程度的蒸发浓缩的影响.随着文石、方解石的沉淀反应、络合反应形成的络合物以及Na⁺、K⁺置换出Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的离子交换反应，地热水中氟浓度不断增大.     

和田河流域绿洲区地下水“三氮”污染状况及影响因素

以和田河流域绿洲区地下水污染调查数据为基础,对地下水"三氮"的污染状况及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,和田河流域绿洲区地下水"三氮"污染不是很严重,但随时间呈不断加重的趋势.硝酸盐氮是绿洲区地下水中"三氮"的主要存在形态,其含量、检出率和超标率最高,氨氮次之,亚硝酸盐氮最低.地下水中"三氮"含量的空间分布表现出一定的规律性,水平方向上,绿洲南部硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的含量普遍高于绿洲北部,而氨氮在北部的分布范围比南部广;垂直方向上,浅层潜水中"三氮"的含量高于中深层潜水;与新疆其他地区相比,和田河流域绿洲区地下水中硝酸盐氮含量较高,亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮含量较低.绿洲区地下水中"三氮"的来源主要与居民日常生活和农业生产有关,其存在形态和分布特征主要与水化学环境、包气带岩性和厚度及地下水径流条件等因素有关.     

新疆喀什地区东部地下水“三氮”空间分布特征及影响因素

本文对新疆喀什地区东部地下水"三氮"空间分布特征及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,该地区地下水"三氮"含量总体较低;NO_3-N含量范围为ND(未检出)—8.02 mg·L~(-1)、样点均值1.17 mg·L~(-1);NO_2-N含量范围为ND(未检出)—0.15 mg·L~(-1)、样点均值0.006 mg·L~(-1);NH_4-N含量范围为ND(未检出)—至0.28 mg·L~(-1)、样点均值0.04 mg·L~(-1);仅个别监测井NO_2-N和NH_4-N含量超标.水平分布特征表现为:NO_3-N含量总体呈南高北低,NO_2-N和NH_4-N含量总体呈南低北高.垂向分布特征表现为:潜水中NO_3-N含量(均值3.14 mg·L~(-1))高于浅层承压水(均值0.50 mg·L~(-1))和深层承压水(均值1.28 mg·L~(-1)),浅层承压水中NO_2-N(均值0.008 mg·L~(-1))和NH_4-N含量(均值0.05 mg·L~(-1))高于深层承压水(NO_2-N均值0.002 mg·L~(-1);NH_4-N均值0.02 mg·L~(-1))和潜水(NO_2-N均值0.001 mg·L~(-1);NH_4-N未检出);NO_2-N和NH_4-N超标点全部集中在浅层承压水中.该地区地下水"三氮"迁移和转化主要受氧化还原条件、地表水水质、包气带岩性、地下水径流条件、潜水埋深、土地利用类型和生活污染等因素的影响.     

浑河冲洪积平原土壤及浅层地下水中铅的分布特征

为探讨浑河冲洪积扇土壤及浅层地下水中铅的含量、来源及其分布特征,对研究区50个土壤样品、5个地表水样品和22个浅层地下水样品进行了铅含量分析.结果表明,研究区土壤、地表水和浅层地下水均受到了一定程度的铅污染.表层土壤铅含量较高,在17.72—114.46 mg.kg-1之间,受人为污染影响较大;随土壤深度的增加铅含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,其迁移规律与铬、砷、铜等重金属密切相关,受土壤性质和有机质含量的影响较大,为研究区土壤和浅层地下水环境风险评价及污染防治提供了科学依据.     

大同盆地富砷地下水的水化学与地球化学研究

为弄清大同盆地地下水中影响砷的迁移、富集的主要地球化学与生物地球化学过程,为区域供水安全提供指导作用,针对高砷地下水系统开展了水文地球化学与含水层沉积物全岩地球化学研究;并在此基础上探讨了研究区高砷地下水成因。结果表明,研究区高砷地下水为偏碱性、强还原环境,砷含量为0.31～452μg·L-1,主要以砷酸盐形式存在,地下水中砷与三价铁的浓度有显著的相关性。高砷含水层沉积物中有机质、铁与砷含量表现出显著相关性。以上结果说明,碱性还原环境有利于地下水中砷的富集;微生物参与下,沉积物相有机质的氧化和Fe氧化物/氢氧化物的还原过程是本区高砷地下水形成的主控因素。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测水体中26种药物及个人护理品

通过优化固相萃取条件和高效液相色谱-串联质谱参数,建立了可以同时检测地表水和地下水中26种典型药物及个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs),包括磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、酰胺醇类、精神类、消炎止痛类以及个人护理品的检测方法.通过将水样pH值调节至7,利用HLB固相萃取柱对水样中PPCPs进行富集,以甲醇和含0.005%甲酸的水溶液作为正离子模式流动相,甲醇和含0.5 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵的水溶液作为负离子模式流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用多反应监测的质谱扫描模式(MRM)分析测定.26种PPCPs的检出限为0.007—1.78 ng·L^-1,定量限为0.02—5.68 ng·L^-1,回收率为52.28%—115.24%.利用该方法检测北京潮白河地表水和地下水中PPCPs的浓度,结果表明,地表水中PPCPs的含量普遍高于地下水,磺胺甲恶唑、舒必利、咖啡因、卡马西平和布洛芬在地表水和地下水中的含量相对较高,检测浓度分别高达147.83、52.48、78.35、166.58、30.63 ng·L^-1.     

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Fluoride in Drinking Water in the West Plain Region of Jilin Province, China

The west plain region of Jilin province of northeast China is one of the typical endemic fluorosis areas caused by drinking water for many years. Investigations of hydrogeological and ecoenvironmental conditions as well as endemic fluorosis were conducted in 1998. Results show that the ground water, especially, the water in the unconfined aquifer is the main source of drinking water for local residents. The fluoride concentration in groundwater in the unconfined aquifers is higher than that in the confined aquifer in the west plain of Jilin province. The fluoride concentration in the unconfined aquifer can be used to classify the plain into fluoride deficient area, optimum area and excess area, which trend from west to east. High fluoride (>1.0 mg L(-1)) in drinking water resulted in dental and skeletal fluorosis in local residents (children and pregnant women). There exists a positive correlation between fluoride concentration in the drinking water and the morbidities of endemic fluorosis disease (r1 = 0.781, r2 = 0.872). Health risks associated with fluoride concentration in drinking water are assessed. It has been determined that fluoride concentration in excess of 1.0 mg L(-1) exposes residents to high health risks based on risk identification. The study area is classified into five health risk classes as shown in Figure 4. The risk indexes of this area more than 1.0 are accounted for 68% of the total west plain region.     

Species distribution of arsenic in sediments after an unexpected emergent discharge of high-arsenic wastewater into a river

The unexpected emergent discharge of high-arsenic wastewater into water environments results in significantly increased levels of arsenic in water; however, the species distribution of arsenic in sediments has never been reported before for such cases. This study focuses on an As pollution accident in the Dasha River, and uses sequential extraction procedures with deionized water, 1?mol·L^-1 MgCl₂ at pH= 8, 1?mol·L^-1 NaH₂PO₄ at pH= 5, and 1?mol·L^-1 HCl to investigate four binding phases of arsenic (i.e., water soluble, ion-exchangeable, strongly-bound, and precipitates) in sediments at different layers in different cross-sections along the river. The average ratio of arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)) was found to decrease from 0.74:1 in river water to 0.48:1 in sediment, owing to its higher affinity toward As(V) than As(III). The content of arsenic in the sediments was relatively low and the maximum content was observed to be 36.3?mg·kg^-1 for As(III) and 97.5?mg·kg^-1 for As(V). As(III) and As(V) showed different binding phases in sediments, and the average fractions of these four species were determined to be 0.09, 0.11, 0.17, and 0.63 for As(III) and 0.03, 0.14, 0.63, and 0.20 for As(V), respectively. For all the sediment samples, the content of arsenic showed no relationship with the characteristics of the sediments such as the particle diameter, the content of organic carbon, Fe, and Mn, although a negative correlation with particle diameter was observed for the sediments in the uppermost 2-cm layer. The unexpected emergent As incident results in the high content of total arsenic in the surface sediment, which may be potential secondary source to the elevated As levels in surface water.     

大同盆地高砷地下水中可培养耐砷微生物的群落结构

大同盆地是典型的高砷地下水分布区。利用从地方性砷中毒严重病区山阴县采集的高砷地下水样品,用稀释培养法实验研究了外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量的影响;同时基于生物学可培养法和16SrDNA序列比对法,选取代表性高砷水样,研究了耐砷菌的种群特征。结果表明,外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量影响显著,高浓度砷会抑制大部分微生物生长,使微生物数量减少;低浓度砷对微生物生长具有一定促进作用。通过多次分离、纯化从3个不同砷含量地下水样中分离到多株砷抗性菌,经鉴定属于主要为Bacillus、Pseudomonas、Paenibacillus、Aeromonas、Enterobacter5个属。从RDP(RibosomalDatabaseProject)分析显示3个水样可培养微生物组成不同,都有生存能力强能够耐低浓度NaAsO2的Bacillales,优势耐砷菌是γ-proteobacteria,其中Enterbacter具有耐高浓度NaAsO2的能力。     

Arsenic in groundwaters of the Lower Mekong

Increasing incidence and awareness of arsenic in many alluvial aquifers of South-east Asia has raised concern over possible arsenic in the Lower Mekong Basin. Here, we have undertaken new research and reviewed many previous small-scale studies to provide a comprehensive overview of the status of arsenic in aquifers of Cambodia and the Cuu Long Delta of Vietnam. In general natural arsenic originates from the Upper Mekong basin, rather than from the local geology, and is widespread in soils at typical concentrations of between 8 and 16 ppm; (dry weight). Industrial and agricultural arsenic is localised and relatively unimportant compared to the natural alluvial arsenic. Aquifers most typically contain groundwaters of no more than 10 μg L⁻¹, although scattered anomalous areas of 10 to 30 μg L⁻¹ are also quite common. The most serious, but possibly ephemeral arsenic anomalies, of up to 600 μg L⁻¹, are associated with iron and organic-rich flood-plain sediments subject to very large flood-related fluctuations in water level, resulting in transient arsenopyrite dissolution under oxidizing conditions. In general, however, high-arsenic groundwaters result from the competing interaction between sorption and dissolution processes, in which arsenic is only released under reducing and slightly alkaline conditions. High arsenic groundwaters are found both in shallow water-tables, and in deeper aquifers of between 100 and 120 m depth. There is no evidence of widespread arsenicosis, but there are serious localised health-hazards, and some risk of low-level arsenic ingestion through indirect pathways, such as through contaminated rice and aquaculture. An almost ubiquitous presence of arsenic in soils, together with the likelihood of greatly increased groundwater extraction in the future, will require continuing caution in water resources development throughout the region.     

Migration of manganese and iron during the adsorption-regeneration cycles for arsenic removal

Fe-Mn binary oxide incorporated into porous diatomite (FMBO-diatomite) was prepared in situ and regenerated in a fixed-bed column for arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] removal. Four consecutive adsorption cycles were operated under the following conditions: Initial arsenic concentration of 0.1 mg·L^-1, empty bed contact time of 5 min, and pH 7.0. About 3000, 3300, 3800, and 4500 bed volumes of eligible effluent (arsenic concentration≤0.01 mg·L^-1) were obtained in four As(III) adsorption cycles; while about 2000, 2300, 2500, and 3100 bed volumes of eligible effluent were obtained in four As(V) adsorption cycles. The dissection results of FMBO-diatomite fixed-bed exhibited that small amounts of manganese and iron were transferred from the top of the fixed-bed to the bottom of the fixed-bed during As(III) removal process. Compared to the extremely low concentration of iron (<0.01 mg·L^-1), the fluctuation concentration of Mn²⁺ in effluent of the As(III) removal column was in a range of 0.01–0.08 mg·L^-1. The release of manganese suggested that manganese oxides played an important role in As(III) oxidation. Determined with the US EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), the leaching risk of As(III) on exhausted FMBO-diatomite was lower than that of As(V).     

新疆阿拉尔市苦咸水水化学特征、分布及成因分析

准确查明苦咸水分布、水化学特征及成因对此类非常规水资源的开发利用及当地水安全保障能力的提高具有重要意义.通过对新疆阿拉尔市地下水进行采样分析,利用水化学图解、描述性统计分析、离子比值法、饱和指数法等方法分析苦咸水的水化学特征及形成机制.结果表明,研究区苦咸水水化学类型以HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg、SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg和SO₄·Cl-Na型为主,苦咸水分布面积2163.45 km²,占总面积的77.26%,主要分布在平原水库下游及塔里木河在该市范围内的后段,苦咸水的形成主要受蒸发-浓缩作用的影响,其次是岩石风化作用,同时,人类活动对研究区苦咸水的空间分布也施加了一定的积极影响.     

广东省土壤砷元素空间变异与环境意义

利用广东省260个土壤剖面数据,开展区域尺度下的土壤砷（As）元素质量分数的空间分布和垂直变异研究。结果显示,研究区土壤砷的几何平均质量分数为10.4 mg.kg-1,高于全国的平均水平9.6 mg.kg-1。表层土壤As的上基线质量分数为23.4 mg.kg-1。土壤As的空间分布特征主要决定其成土母岩的类型,主要表现为A、B、C 3层土壤As的空间展布形式相似,高As背景质量分数主要分布于石灰岩和砂页岩地区。此外,由A层至C层,As质量分数呈逐渐增加的趋势（由低到高依次为10.4 mg.kg-1,10.7 mg.kg-1,11.3 mg.kg-1）,但无底层富集特征,这种垂直变异特征与低有机质含量和强烈的土壤侵蚀作用有关。计算得出,研究区由土壤侵蚀引发的流入周边水体的土壤As每年可高达1 040 t。     

Health risk of arsenic in the alluvial aquifers of Lahore and Raiwind,Punjab Province,Pakistan: an investigation for safer well water

Environmental pollution has generated release of high amounts of arsenic (As) which ultimately are detected in the water of Indus Basin Punjab, Pakistan. The area is characterized by a semiarid climate, and alluvial deposits. This investigation, an extension of previously reported As-affected area in Lahore and Kasur, aimed to (1) assess the extent of water contamination in this area and (2) determine possible safer sites for future water use. In a comparative study, total As contamination of underground water from individual dwellings and community water supply of some villages located at the boundary of the Sheikhopura and Lahore districts, Pakistan were measured to compare with previously published data of villages located at the boundary of the Lahore and Kasur districts. The results showed variable levels of As in shallow drinking water wells and average concentration exceeding WHO guidelines value. As levels ranged from below 5.2 to 80 µg/L and mean 45.5 µg/L. The As concentrations were higher than WHO limits but lower than previous studied area. In addition, high salinity was found to be a serious concern for deteriorating groundwater quality rendering it unsuitable for drinking. Groundwater is predominantly of the Na–HCO₃ type with slightly alkaline pH. High pH values and competition of As with HCO₃ may serve as an important process for mobilization of As in the shallow groundwater of the region. Continuous monitoring and expansion of monitoring systems are necessary to establish safer wells within As-contaminated areas.