奎屯河及玛纳斯河流域平原区地下水中氮素对砷迁移富集的影响

研究奎屯河及玛纳斯河流域氮素对地下水中As浓度的影响,可以深入了解研究区高砷地下水的迁移富集机理.通过对奎屯河和玛纳斯河流域的34个地下水样品的采集和测试,分析了研究区地下水的水化学成分以及地下水中硝酸盐、氨氮与砷浓度之间的关系,并探讨了地下水系统中氧化还原环境对砷迁移富集的影响.结果表明,奎屯河和玛纳斯河流域高砷地下水水化学类型分别主要为SO_4·HCO_3-Na和HCO_3·SO_4-Na型.研究区高砷地下水赋存于低Eh和NO_3~-,高NH_4~+/NT、Fe、Mn的还原性环境中,在水平上主要分布于流域的地下水排泄区、湖积平原处,奎屯河流域地下水样中砷浓度都超标且明显高于玛纳斯河流域;在垂直方向上,主要集中在80—200 m.地下水中砷浓度和NO_3~-浓度呈负相关关系,这是因为在由NO_3~-指示的处于氧化环境的地下水系统中,铁锰化合物未被还原,因此其吸附的砷的化合物也没有释放.地下水中砷浓度随着NH_4~+/NT增大而增大,NH_4~+/NT可以指示地下水系统的还原环境的强弱程度,NH_4~+/N_T越大,地下水系统还原环境越强,含砷化合物越容易产生还原性溶解,将其吸附的砷释放到地下水中,且五价砷被还原成三价砷.     

新疆阿克苏地区平原区高砷地下水分布特征及富集因素分析

地下水砷污染是全球化环境问题.本文基于阿克苏地区平原区2017年75个地下水砷实测含量进行分析.结果表明,研究区地下水砷含量变化范围为ND—98.70μg·L^-1,平均值为9.42μg·L^-1,超标率达26.7%.水平方向上,高砷地下水主要集中在研究区的中部偏南一带;垂直方向上,山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原潜水区地下水砷含量平均值表现为深层潜水>浅层潜水,中下游河流冲积平原区承压水区地下水砷含量平均值表现为深层承压水>浅层承压水>潜水.采用绘制Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例图等方法对研究区地下水砷的富集因素进行研究.结果表明,研究区地下水砷主要为自然来源;封闭的地质构造和造山带与河流等沉积环境相结合的水文地质条件有利于研究区地下水砷的富集;研究区高砷地下水水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Na,还原性-弱碱性环境利于地下水砷富集;研究区地下水砷受强烈的蒸发浓缩作用进一步浓缩,同时地下水阴离子浓度增大加剧了地下水中阴离子与砷酸根、亚砷酸根之间的竞争吸附,利于地下水砷的富集.     

16S rDNA克隆文库解析江汉平原高砷地下水系统中的细菌多样性

为研究江汉平原高砷地下水系统中细菌多样性和种群结构,以2011年11月采自江汉平原仙桃市沙湖镇高砷含水层沉积物为研究对象,沉积物采自同一50m钻井,分别选取埋深9.9～10.1m和15.7～16.0m样品。提取沉积物中总DNA,采用16SrDNA克隆文库方法,分析高砷含水层沉积物中土壤细菌的多样性。结果发现,伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)、假单胞杆菌目(Pseudomonadales)和肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)构成了高砷系统中抗砷的优势菌群。结果表明,高砷含水层中生活有大量微生物,这些微生物在砷的地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色。     

呼和浩特盆地西部大面积富砷地下水水质检测分析

经对呼和浩特盆地西部深层水１０００ｋｍ￣２、浅层水６００ｋｍ￣２范围内进行水质检测分析，发现其深、浅两层地下水均富砷，浅水有１８．８％、深水有４０．９％的水样砷含量超过国家饮用水卫生标准。测得水体总砷中以三价砷为主。溶解氧含量低，铁、锰离子为痕量，硫酸盐、亚硝酸盐氮含量也均低，同时有低硒、高氟现象，提示该地区为富含有机质的强还原环境，有利于砷的迁移富集，对饮水型砷中毒起着促进作用。     

土著细菌对江汉平原浅层含水层沉积物中砷迁移的影响

对江汉平原水文地质调查发现,该地区地下水砷含量已远超国家饮用水标准。以沉积物培养的土著细菌混合液为生物材料,以江汉平原高砷含水层沉积物为研究对象,在实验室内模拟地下水系统,研究厌氧环境条件下,不同生物量土著细菌和pH值对沉积物中砷迁移转化的影响,以及土著细菌活动下砷在不同沉积物中的迁移转化。结果表明,不同生物量菌悬液都能促进沉积物中As的释放,增加总As和As(III)的浓度,但150mL处理组,在研究后期,总As和As(III)的浓度呈现减缓趋势;在初始生物量一定的条件下,沉积物中As含量越高,细菌活动下总As相对释出量就越低,而且As(III)占所释出总As的比值就越高,但两个高砷含量沉积物组的差异较小;在初始pH值为5、7和9的培养条件下,细菌都能加速砷的迁移,但pH值为5的处理组(简称pH5处理组)最弱,在前8天,pH9处理组较pH7处理组的低,随后超过pH7处理组。研究表明,土著细菌悬液能加速As从沉积物中释出,并且释出的As以As(III)为主;在耐受的弱碱性环境条件下,细菌对砷的迁移和转化随环境的pH值增加而增强。     

云南阳宗海沉积物-水界面铁、锰、硫的循环特征

阳宗海是一季节性含氧湖泊，是云南宜良的水源地。对阳宗海沉积物中铁、锰、硫的分布特征进行了分析，说明阳宗海沉积物早期成岩过程中铁、锰的循环受到氧化还原边界层和沉积物-水界面的双重控制。湖泊中铁、锰围绕着沉积物-水界面形成循环。有机质降解是这一过程的主要驱动力。在水体含氧性较好时，铁、锰循环导致沉积物表层铁、锰的富集；在水体含氧性较差时，铁、锰由沉积物大量释放进入上覆水体中，从而导致水体浓度增大。锰的氧化还原循环比铁激烈，铁的循环还受到硫酸盐还原的制约。锰指标不能指示沉积物氧化还原环境的变化；而输入沉积物中的铁绝大部分都保存于沉积物中，所以铁指标可以很好地来指示沉积物的氧化还原环境，具有良好的示踪价值。     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中铁氧化氨作用及其脱氮贡献

铁氧化氨反应是最近发现的一种新型氮转化途径,在林地、水稻田和湿地土壤氮循环过程中具有重要作用。然而,鲜有研究关注富营养化湖泊沉积物中的铁氧化氨过程。该研究在调查太湖梅梁湾沉积物理化性质和主要铁还原菌丰度的基础上,采用同位素示踪技术和C_2H_2抑制法研究了沉积物的铁还原速率和铁氧化氨过程,以实验过程中~(30)N_2和~(29)N_2的产生速率核算了沉积物的铁氧化氨速率。通过考察沉积物相关理化性质、铁还原菌丰度与铁氧化氨速率之间相关性,确定了这些因子对铁氧化氨的影响。结果表明:在太湖梅梁湾4个采样点的沉积物中均存在铁氧化氨过程,该过程能够在厌氧条件下将NH_4~+直接氧化为N_2,或者将NH_4~+氧化为NO_2~-、NO_3~-,然后厌氧氨氧化或反硝化过程将NO_2~-、NO_3~-转化为N_2导致沉积物氮损失。梅梁湾沉积物铁氧化氨速率范围为0.28~0.43 kg~(-1)·d~(-1),占太湖人为输入无机氮的6.1%~9.4%。沉积物Fe(Ⅲ)含量和TOC含量与铁氧化氨速率之间呈显著相关性(P0.05),在铁氧化氨过程中起重要作用。相反,pH与铁氧化氨之间无显著相关性(P0.05)。地杆菌属(Geobacteraceae spp.)、希瓦氏茵属(Shewanella spp.)、酸微菌科(Acidimicrobiaceae)及微酸菌A6属(Acidimicrobiaceae A6)与铁氧化氨呈显著相关性(P0.05),表明铁还原菌可能直接参与铁氧化氨过程。综上,铁氧化氨是富营养化湖泊沉积物中氮素迁移转化的重要途径之一。     

基于核磁共振技术的滆湖沉积物有机磷垂直分布特征

选取滆湖湖区3处生态类型不同的代表性沉积物柱状样,采用液相31P核磁共振技术(31P NMR)研究不同形态有机磷的垂直分布,并研究有机质的垂直分布。结果表明,滆湖沉积物有机质含量明显呈由表层至底层逐渐降低的趋势,不同生态类型湖区有机质含量从大到小依次为渔业养殖区、入湖河口区和草型湖区。沉积物可提取有机磷形态含量大小依次为残渣态磷、钙结合态有机磷(HCl-Po)、铁铝结合态有机磷(Na OH-Po)和弱吸附态有机磷(Na HCO3-Po),Na HCO3-Po和Na OH-Po表现出表层富集现象,有机质与有机磷存在显著相关性(P0. 05),表明绝大部分有机磷来源于有机质组分。31P-NMR分析表明,沉积物中以正磷酸盐为主,磷酸单酯在有机磷中占比最大,磷酸二酯含量随不同生态类型湖区变化显著。     

水稻土中铁的厌氧生物氧化还原循环对砷的影响（The Effect of Anaerobic Redox Cycling of Iron on Arsenic Mobility in Paddy）

应用砷污染水稻土的厌氧富集培养,探讨水稻土中潜在存在铁厌氧生物循环及其对氮和砷的耦合作用.富集培养直接证明了水稻土中铁的厌氧生物循环:三价铁(人工合成针铁矿)在厌氧条件下被逐渐还原成二价铁;铁还原过程结束并外源添加硝酸根时,培养基中新生的二价铁在依赖于硝酸根的铁氧化菌的作用下被氧化;当提供新的电子供体乙酸时,生物合成的铁矿重新被还原.在铁氧化还原循环过程中,随着铁的还原,培养基中砷的浓度不断增加,反之,当铁逐渐氧化的同时不断地吸附固定培养基中的砷.在铁的厌氧氧化阶段,铁氧化的同时硝酸根被还原,培养基中积累了NH4+和NO2-.因此,厌氧水稻土中可以进行完整的铁氧化还原循环,同时这个循环过程耦合了氮和砷的迁移转化.     

北塘河口沉积物中汞,砷,铬的污染现状和富集特征

由于受上游河流污染的影响,北塘河口沉积物中普遍积累了一定量的汞.本文通过该区域沉积物中汞、砷、铬与有机碳、粘土和铁、铝、锰含量的回归分析,看出这三种元素在沉积物中的富集和分布,主要与水体悬浮物、沉积物中所含有机质,粘土矿物和铁、铝、锰的水合氧化物的含量密切相关.河口淡-咸水界面的水环境中胶体的吸附作用是这些金属离子从溶液转入沉积物的主要途径,水体中的这些金属离子通过悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中有机胶体,无机胶体(粘土矿物和水合氧化物)的吸附,是水体自净的一个极为重要的方面.     

Sediment geochemistry and arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Datong basin,northern China

Understanding the mechanism of arsenic (As) mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Datong basin in northern China. The bulk geochemistry analysis of sediment samples from three 50-m boreholes drilled specifically for this study at As-contaminated aquifers, the groundwaters of which have an As concentration up to 1060 μg/l, revealed that the average bulk concentrations of major and trace elements of the samples are similar to those of the average upper continental crust. The average As content of the sediment samples (18.7 mg/kg) is higher than that of modern unconsolidated sediments (5–10 mg/kg). Moreover, the abundance of elements varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments, such as silt and clay. The concentration of NH₂OH–HCl-extracted iron (Fe) strongly correlated with that of extracted As, suggesting that Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. The results of microcosm experiments showed that As mobilization from sediments to groundwater is probably mainly related to changes in the redox conditions, with moderately reducing conditions being favorable for As release from sediments into groundwater.     

大同盆地高砷地下水中可培养耐砷微生物的群落结构

大同盆地是典型的高砷地下水分布区。利用从地方性砷中毒严重病区山阴县采集的高砷地下水样品,用稀释培养法实验研究了外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量的影响;同时基于生物学可培养法和16SrDNA序列比对法,选取代表性高砷水样,研究了耐砷菌的种群特征。结果表明,外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量影响显著,高浓度砷会抑制大部分微生物生长,使微生物数量减少;低浓度砷对微生物生长具有一定促进作用。通过多次分离、纯化从3个不同砷含量地下水样中分离到多株砷抗性菌,经鉴定属于主要为Bacillus、Pseudomonas、Paenibacillus、Aeromonas、Enterobacter5个属。从RDP(RibosomalDatabaseProject)分析显示3个水样可培养微生物组成不同,都有生存能力强能够耐低浓度NaAsO2的Bacillales,优势耐砷菌是γ-proteobacteria,其中Enterbacter具有耐高浓度NaAsO2的能力。     

中国饮水型砷中毒区的水化学环境与砷中毒关系

中国各饮水型砷中毒区的水化学特点受沉积环境和气候因素所控制,砷中毒的流行和发病程度与其地下水的水化学环境、水中砷的形态和价态有密切联系。在实地考察监测和对台湾、新疆、内蒙古、山西、吉林饮水型砷中毒病区环境和地下水水化学特征总结的基础上,系统分析了饮水水源中总As、As(III)、甲基胂、腐植酸与砷中毒的关系,揭示了不同病区病情差异的原因。研究表明,除台湾外,各砷中毒区均分布在干旱半干旱区;各病区多分布在沉积盆地中心或平原内相对低洼的地带,饮用的地下水均取自中新生代地层;砷中毒病情不仅与总砷含量有明显的剂量-效应关系,还与As(III)和甲基胂的浓度直接相关。台湾、内蒙古和山西病区地下水为富含有机质的复杂还原环境,水中不仅As(III)含量高,且检出有机物、腐植酸和甲基胂,新疆和吉林病区地下水为以无机砷中As(V)为主的氧化环境,吉林病区未检测出甲基胂,这是新疆与吉林病区患病率较低的主要原因。研究成果可为区域防病改水、砷中毒的预报提供重要技术支撑。     

Geochemical occurrences of arsenic and fluoride in bedrock groundwater: a case study in Geumsan County, Korea

Bedrock groundwaters in Geumsan County, Korea, were surveyed to investigate the distribution and geochemical behaviors of arsenic and fluoride, mobilized through geogenic processes. The concentrations were enriched up to 113 μg/L for arsenic and 7.54 mg/L for fluoride, and 16% of 150 samples exceeded World Health Organization drinking water guidelines for each element. Simple Ca-HCO(3) groundwater types and positive correlations with pH, Ca, SO(4), and HCO(3) were characteristics of high (>10 μg/L) As groundwaters. The oxidation reaction of sulfide minerals in metasedimentary rocks and locally mineralized zones seems to be ultimately responsible for the existence of arsenic in groundwater. Desorption process under high pH conditions may also control the arsenic mobility in the study area. High (>1.5 mg/L) F groundwaters were found in the Na-HCO(3) type and with greater depth. Fluoride seemed to be enriched by deep groundwater interaction with granitic rocks, and continuous supply to shallow Ca-HCO(3)-type groundwater kept the concentration high. In the study area, drinking water management should include periodic As and F monitoring in groundwater.     

Tracing the factors responsible for arsenic enrichment in groundwater of the middle Gangetic Plain,India: a source identification perspective

Arsenic contamination in groundwater is of increasing concern because of its high toxicity and widespread occurrence. This study is an effort to trace the factors responsible for arsenic enrichment in groundwater of the middle Gangetic Plain of India through major ion chemistry, arsenic speciation, sediment grain-size analyses, and multivariate statistical techniques. The study focuses on the distinction between the contributions of natural weathering and anthropogenic inputs of arsenic with its spatial distribution and seasonal variations in the plain of the state Bihar of India. Thirty-six groundwater and one sediment core samples were collected in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Various graphical plots and statistical analysis were carried out using chemical data to enable hydrochemical evaluation of the aquifer system based on the ionic constituents, water types, hydrochemical facies, and factors controlling groundwater quality. Results suggest that the groundwater is characterized by slightly alkaline pH with moderate to strong reducing nature. The general trend of various ions was found to be Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > NH₄ ⁺; and HCO₃ ⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄ ²⁻ > NO₃ ⁻ > PO₄ ³⁻ > F⁻ in both seasons. Spatial and temporal variations showed a slightly higher arsenic concentration in the pre-monsoon period (118 μg/L) than in the post-monsoon period (114 μg/L). Results of correlation analyses indicate that arsenic contamination is strongly associated with high concentrations of Fe, PO₄ ³⁻, and NH₄ ⁺ but relatively low Mn concentrations. Further, the enrichment of arsenic is more prevalent in the proximity of the Ganges River, indicating that fluvial input is the main source of arsenic. Grain size analyses of sediment core samples revealed clay (fine-grained) strata between 4.5 and 7.5 m deep that govern the vertical distribution of arsenic. The weathering of carbonate and silicate minerals along with surface-groundwater interactions, ion exchange, and anthropogenic activities seem to be the processes governing groundwater contamination, including with arsenic. Although the percentage of wells exceeding the permissible limit (50 μg/L) was less (47%) than that reported in Bangladesh and West Bengal, the percentage contribution of toxic As(III) to total arsenic concentration is quite high (66%). This study is vital considering that groundwater is the exclusive source of drinking water in the region and not only makes situation alarming but also calls for immediate attention.     

Geochemical occurrences of arsenic and fluoride in bedrock groundwater: a case study in Geumsan County,Korea

Bedrock groundwaters in Geumsan County, Korea, were surveyed to investigate the distribution and geochemical behaviors of arsenic and fluoride, mobilized through geogenic processes. The concentrations were enriched up to 113 μg/L for arsenic and 7.54 mg/L for fluoride, and 16% of 150 samples exceeded World Health Organization drinking water guidelines for each element. Simple Ca-HCO₃ groundwater types and positive correlations with pH, Ca, SO₄, and HCO₃ were characteristics of high (>10 μg/L) As groundwaters. The oxidation reaction of sulfide minerals in metasedimentary rocks and locally mineralized zones seems to be ultimately responsible for the existence of arsenic in groundwater. Desorption process under high pH conditions may also control the arsenic mobility in the study area. High (>1.5 mg/L) F groundwaters were found in the Na-HCO₃ type and with greater depth. Fluoride seemed to be enriched by deep groundwater interaction with granitic rocks, and continuous supply to shallow Ca-HCO₃-type groundwater kept the concentration high. In the study area, drinking water management should include periodic As and F monitoring in groundwater.

     

Geochemical interpretation of cancer maps of Finland

In order to reveal possible cause-and-effect relationships and correlations between geochemical variables and the incidences of various forms of cancer, geochemical maps (soil and groundwater) and cancer maps of Finland are compared using standard methods of correlation analysis. The cancer incidence maps published by the Finnish Cancer Registry and soil and groundwater geochemical maps published by the Geological Survey of Finland, both in colour, were decoded to numerical incidence or concentration values by placing a rectangular grid of 684 evenly spaced observation points over each map representing the entire area of the mainland of Finland,i.e. the points were located at intervals of about 25 kilometres on the ground. Bivariate correlation coefficients were calculated between the variables for cancer incidence and the geochemical data matrices. As a general rule, the results show a low degree of correlation between the variables (r = 0.00 – 0.40), which suggests that the types studied of cancer are not related to the geochemical variables. There are a few possible exceptions, however, such as cancer of the colon in males and females in relation to arsenic and uranium in the soil and hardness of the groundwater, where the Spearman product-moment correlation coefficients are 0.59, 0.55 and 0.51 respectively, so that the cancer case may have a geochemical factor implicated in their aetiology, albeit very vaguely. The relatively high correlation coefficients (0.61, 0.62 and 0.63 respectively) recorded for the dependence of total cancer in females on groundwater hardness and uranium and arsenic in till must be regarded as meaningless in view of the multicausative aetiology of total cancer (all forms combined).     

Effect of natural organic matter on arsenic release from soils and sediments into groundwater

Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has received significant attention recently. Natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the worldwide occurrence of As contamination. As speciation is an important factor related to its toxic and mobile behavior. The release of As from soils and sediments into groundwater is governed by several geophysicochemical processes, of which, As sorption behavior is of principle significance. This review paper summarizes existing information regarding the effects of natural organic matter (NOM) on the fate and mobility of As species in the environment. NOM may enhance the release of As from soils and sediments into the soil solution, thereby facilitating As leaching into the groundwater. The main influencing mechanisms include competition for available adsorption sites, formation of aqueous complexes, and/or changes in the redox potential of site surfaces and As redox speciation. NOM may also serve as binding agents, thereby reducing As mobility. However, comparably little research has been performed on this aspect. Since most investigations have been done on purified minerals under laboratory conditions, further research involving various geological materials under natural environmental conditions is required. Development of proper geochemical conceptual models may provide means of predicting the role of NOM in arsenic leaching and/or immobilization.