砷浓度、形态及碳酸氢盐对蜈蚣草吸收砷的影响

大同盆地是典型的高砷地下水分布区。利用从地方性砷中毒严重病区山阴县采集的高砷地下水样品,用稀释培养法实验研究了外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量的影响;同时基于生物学可培养法和16S rDNA序列比对法,选取代表性高砷水样,研究了耐砷菌的种群特征。结果表明,外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量影响显著,高浓度砷会抑制大部分微生物生长,使微生物数量减少;低浓度砷对微生物生长具有一定促进作用。通过多次分离、纯化从3个不同砷含量地下水样中分离到多株砷抗性菌,经鉴定属于主要为Bacillus、Pseudomonas、Paenibacillus、Aeromonas、Enterobacter5个属。从RDP(Ribosomal Database Project)分析显示3个水样可培养微生物组成不同,都有生存能力强能够耐低浓度NaAsO₂的Bacillales,优势耐砷菌是γ-proteobacteria,其中Enterbacter具有耐高浓度NaAsO₂的能力。     

磷、砷双重胁迫对不同耐低磷水稻苗期生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

以1个耐低磷和1个低磷敏感水稻为材料,通过土培试验研究磷、砷双重胁迫对水稻苗期生物学特性及磷、砷吸收的影响,并比较不同品种之间的差异.结果表明,相同磷水平下,外加砷浓度为小于25 mg/kg时,水稻的生物量、叶宽、株高、SPAD值及磷吸收量均随砷浓度的增加而增加,当砷浓度达到50 mg/kg时开始下降,两个品种表现相同趋势.说明少量砷可以刺激水稻生长,促进磷的吸收,砷用量过多则抑制水稻的生长及磷的吸收.相同砷水平下,水稻生物学性状及磷、砷吸收量随磷用量的增加而增加,两个品种亦表现相同趋势.说明适当施磷肥可以缓解砷对水稻生长的抑制作用.上述结果表明,低浓度的磷、砷具有协同效应,高浓度的磷、砷表现拮抗作用.此外,相同磷、砷水平下,供试耐低磷水稻的生物学性状及其相对值较低磷敏感水稻大;但相对磷吸收量(除磷处理为150 mg/kg外)比低磷敏感水稻小,而砷吸收量及其相对值均比低磷敏感水稻多,这可能与二者的磷营养特性及水稻对磷和砷的竞争吸收有关.图7表1参19     

内蒙古河套地区水体中砷的地球化学特征

采样分析典型地砷病区域——内蒙古河套地区地下水、地表水和自来水中砷含量和形态,研究河套地区水体中砷分布状况,并采集山西山阴县大营村(地下水)和山东招远地区水样(地表水、地下水),以用于污染特性比较和源解析。结果发现,内蒙古河套地区和山西省山阴县大营村作为生活饮用水的地下水中砷含量超标率较高,其中内蒙古临河区狼山镇先锋七社和山西大营村地下水砷含量平均值分别为368.9和443.5μg.L-1,分别有75%和100%的水样超过GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》中农村小型集中和分散式供水砷含量限值。内蒙古五原县乃日乡的175个水样中,也有59%的地下水样砷含量高于50μg.L-1,且砷形态主要以无机砷为主。河套地区地表水水样砷含量大部分在50μg.L-1以下,部分自来水(水源为地下水)样砷含量超过生活饮用水标准。     

土壤中耐砷细菌的筛选和砷还原基因多样性分析

采用琼脂平板培养法从湖南富砷土壤中筛选出43株耐砷细菌。16SrRNA序列分析结果表明所筛选菌分属于四个门：Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria、Firmicutes、Bacteroidetes,其中71．1％为革兰氏阳性菌。通过PCR和克隆测序等方法检测耐砷菌的砷还原相关基因（arrA、arsC、arsB／ACR3）及其基因多样性。检测结果显示：43株菌中,6．9％含异化砷还原基因arrA,30．2％含细胞质砷还原基因arsC,27．9％含As（Ⅲ）运载蛋白基因arsB／ACR3,这些基因在细菌中的出现频率较低。通过Mega软件构建系统发育树发现arrA基因的多样性可能受一定的地域差异影响,arsC基因在一些菌株中存在着基因水平转移现象,同时表明a变形菌可能更倾向于拥有Acr3型As（Ⅲ）载体蛋白,而arsB则多出现在芽孢杆菌中。     

16S rDNA克隆文库解析江汉平原高砷地下水系统中的细菌多样性

为研究江汉平原高砷地下水系统中细菌多样性和种群结构,以2011年11月采自江汉平原仙桃市沙湖镇高砷含水层沉积物为研究对象,沉积物采自同一50m钻井,分别选取埋深9.9～10.1m和15.7～16.0m样品。提取沉积物中总DNA,采用16SrDNA克隆文库方法,分析高砷含水层沉积物中土壤细菌的多样性。结果发现,伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)、假单胞杆菌目(Pseudomonadales)和肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)构成了高砷系统中抗砷的优势菌群。结果表明,高砷含水层中生活有大量微生物,这些微生物在砷的地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色。     

大同盆地富砷地下水的水化学与地球化学研究

为弄清大同盆地地下水中影响砷的迁移、富集的主要地球化学与生物地球化学过程,为区域供水安全提供指导作用,针对高砷地下水系统开展了水文地球化学与含水层沉积物全岩地球化学研究;并在此基础上探讨了研究区高砷地下水成因。结果表明,研究区高砷地下水为偏碱性、强还原环境,砷含量为0.31～452μg·L-1,主要以砷酸盐形式存在,地下水中砷与三价铁的浓度有显著的相关性。高砷含水层沉积物中有机质、铁与砷含量表现出显著相关性。以上结果说明,碱性还原环境有利于地下水中砷的富集;微生物参与下,沉积物相有机质的氧化和Fe氧化物/氢氧化物的还原过程是本区高砷地下水形成的主控因素。     

砷浓度、形态及碳酸氢盐对蜈蚣草吸收砷的影响

为了探讨超富集植物蜈蚣草在处理高砷地下水方面的可行性,研究了水培条件下砷的浓度、形态和碳酸氢盐(HCO-3)对超富集植物蜈蚣草吸收砷的影响。实验中使用了浓度为0.1～100mg·L-1的As(III)和As(V)溶液。HCO-3处理中,HCO-3浓度范围为0.5～20mmol·L-1,As(III)或As(V)的浓度为5mg·L-1。结果表明,在水培条件下,蜈蚣草具有明显的耐高砷特征。当介质砷含量高达100mg·L-1时,砷的去除率可达到80%,且对As(III)的吸收效率高于As(V)。植物体内砷形态研究表明,蜈蚣草体内2种形态砷的含量与外源砷形态有一定的关系,As(V)处理条件下,植物体中的As(V)比例较As(III)处理高。高浓度的HCO-3(20mmol·L-1)处理对蜈蚣草地上部分生物量没有明显影响,但是抑制了地下部分的生长,并且对砷的吸收表现出明显的抑制作用。     

土著细菌对江汉平原浅层含水层沉积物中砷迁移的影响

对江汉平原水文地质调查发现,该地区地下水砷含量已远超国家饮用水标准。以沉积物培养的土著细菌混合液为生物材料,以江汉平原高砷含水层沉积物为研究对象,在实验室内模拟地下水系统,研究厌氧环境条件下,不同生物量土著细菌和pH值对沉积物中砷迁移转化的影响,以及土著细菌活动下砷在不同沉积物中的迁移转化。结果表明,不同生物量菌悬液都能促进沉积物中As的释放,增加总As和As(III)的浓度,但150mL处理组,在研究后期,总As和As(III)的浓度呈现减缓趋势;在初始生物量一定的条件下,沉积物中As含量越高,细菌活动下总As相对释出量就越低,而且As(III)占所释出总As的比值就越高,但两个高砷含量沉积物组的差异较小;在初始pH值为5、7和9的培养条件下,细菌都能加速砷的迁移,但pH值为5的处理组(简称pH5处理组)最弱,在前8天,pH9处理组较pH7处理组的低,随后超过pH7处理组。研究表明,土著细菌悬液能加速As从沉积物中释出,并且释出的As以As(III)为主;在耐受的弱碱性环境条件下,细菌对砷的迁移和转化随环境的pH值增加而增强。     

链霉菌的抗砷特性及其对蜈蚣草富集砷的作用

本文研究了链霉菌Streptomyces sp.的耐砷特性及其对蜈蚣草富集砷的影响。结果表明,Streptomyces sp.可在100mmo·lL-1的砷酸盐溶液中生长,具有较强的抗砷毒害能力,且在48h内对As(Ⅴ)的还原率达96.5%。施用Streptomyces sp.能促进植物对砷的吸收,蜈蚣草地上部砷浓度为930mg·kg-1,地上部砷累积量达到对照组的2.09倍。加入Streptomyces sp.后,能促进根际土壤中As(Ⅴ)还原成As(Ⅲ),大幅度降低根际土壤残渣态砷含量,从48.15mg·kg-1下降至28.75mg·kg-1。Streptomyces sp.通过影响蜈蚣草根际环境,提高根际土壤pH,增加DOC含量,促使砷形态变化,从而增加砷生物可利用性。该菌可作为强化蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的材料。     

微生物砷还原机制的研究进展

砷是一种剧毒物质,环境中的砷对人体健康存在潜在威胁,因此长期以来备受关注.微生物的各种代谢过程对砷在环境中的归趋起着重要作用,其中砷还原微生物能将吸附于固体矿物中的As(Ⅴ)还原为可溶性强的As(Ⅲ),使砷进入液相,从而加剧了地下水等饮用水源的砷污染.论文主要介绍了两种微生物砷还原机制(异化砷还原和细胞质砷还原)在作用...     

新疆阿克苏地区平原区高砷地下水分布特征及富集因素分析

地下水砷污染是全球化环境问题.本文基于阿克苏地区平原区2017年75个地下水砷实测含量进行分析.结果表明,研究区地下水砷含量变化范围为ND—98.70μg·L^-1,平均值为9.42μg·L^-1,超标率达26.7%.水平方向上,高砷地下水主要集中在研究区的中部偏南一带;垂直方向上,山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原潜水区地下水砷含量平均值表现为深层潜水>浅层潜水,中下游河流冲积平原区承压水区地下水砷含量平均值表现为深层承压水>浅层承压水>潜水.采用绘制Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例图等方法对研究区地下水砷的富集因素进行研究.结果表明,研究区地下水砷主要为自然来源;封闭的地质构造和造山带与河流等沉积环境相结合的水文地质条件有利于研究区地下水砷的富集;研究区高砷地下水水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Na,还原性-弱碱性环境利于地下水砷富集;研究区地下水砷受强烈的蒸发浓缩作用进一步浓缩,同时地下水阴离子浓度增大加剧了地下水中阴离子与砷酸根、亚砷酸根之间的竞争吸附,利于地下水砷的富集.     

Arsenic bioaccumulation in rice and edible plants and subsequent transmission through food chain in Bengal basin: a review of the perspectives for environmental health

Arsenic (As) is a metalloid that poses serious environmental threats due to its behemoth toxicity and wide abundance. The use of arsenic-contaminated groundwater for irrigation purpose in crop fields elevates arsenic concentration in surface soil and in the plants. In many arsenic-affected countries, including Bangladesh and India, rice is reported to be one of the major sources of arsenic contamination. Rice is much more efficient at accumulating arsenic into the grains than other staple cereal crops. Rice is generally grown in submerged flooded condition, where arsenic bioavailability is high in soil. As arsenic species are phytotoxic, they can also affect the overall production of rice, and can reduce the economic growth of a country. Once the foodstuffs are contaminated with arsenic, this local problem can gain further significance and may become a global problem, as many food products are exported to other countries. Large-scale use of rainwater in irrigation systems, bioremediation by arsenic-resistant organisms and hyperaccumulating plants, and the aerobic cultivation of rice are some possible ways to reduce the extent of bioaccumulation in rice. Investigation on a complete food chain is urgently needed in the arsenic-contaminated zones, which should be our priority in future researches.     

Sediment geochemistry and arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Datong basin,northern China

Understanding the mechanism of arsenic (As) mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Datong basin in northern China. The bulk geochemistry analysis of sediment samples from three 50-m boreholes drilled specifically for this study at As-contaminated aquifers, the groundwaters of which have an As concentration up to 1060 μg/l, revealed that the average bulk concentrations of major and trace elements of the samples are similar to those of the average upper continental crust. The average As content of the sediment samples (18.7 mg/kg) is higher than that of modern unconsolidated sediments (5–10 mg/kg). Moreover, the abundance of elements varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments, such as silt and clay. The concentration of NH₂OH–HCl-extracted iron (Fe) strongly correlated with that of extracted As, suggesting that Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. The results of microcosm experiments showed that As mobilization from sediments to groundwater is probably mainly related to changes in the redox conditions, with moderately reducing conditions being favorable for As release from sediments into groundwater.     

外源洛克沙胂对水生态系统砷蓄积及底泥微生物生长的影响

为探明洛克沙胂(ROX)对水生态系统的毒性效应,采用模拟水生态系统,研究了外源添加不同浓度洛克沙胂(0、10、20、40、80和160 mg·L-1)对水生态系统砷含量及底泥微生物生长的影响。结果表明,水体及底泥砷含量随外源ROX用量增加而增加,但随暴露时间延长水体砷含量降低的同时底泥砷含量逐渐增加。金鱼藻和鲫鱼体内均出现明显砷蓄积现象,且160 mg·L-1ROX处理的水生态系统鲫鱼毒害效应明显,暴露1 d的死亡率为100%。金鱼藻对砷具有较强的富集能力,暴露32 d后砷富集量达398.1~1 538.91 mg·kg-1。不同浓度ROX对底泥真菌、细菌和反硝化细菌生长均具有不同程度的抑制效应,而对放线菌和氨化细菌生长具有一定的促进作用,且低浓度ROX(10 mg·L-1)对放线菌生长的促进作用明显。总体上,外源ROX进入水生态系统导致水体砷污染的同时在生物及非生物媒介中再次迁移、分配和蓄积,进而对鲫鱼及部分底泥微生物生长产生毒害。     

中国饮水型砷中毒区的水化学环境与砷中毒关系

中国各饮水型砷中毒区的水化学特点受沉积环境和气候因素所控制,砷中毒的流行和发病程度与其地下水的水化学环境、水中砷的形态和价态有密切联系。在实地考察监测和对台湾、新疆、内蒙古、山西、吉林饮水型砷中毒病区环境和地下水水化学特征总结的基础上,系统分析了饮水水源中总As、As(III)、甲基胂、腐植酸与砷中毒的关系,揭示了不同病区病情差异的原因。研究表明,除台湾外,各砷中毒区均分布在干旱半干旱区;各病区多分布在沉积盆地中心或平原内相对低洼的地带,饮用的地下水均取自中新生代地层;砷中毒病情不仅与总砷含量有明显的剂量-效应关系,还与As(III)和甲基胂的浓度直接相关。台湾、内蒙古和山西病区地下水为富含有机质的复杂还原环境,水中不仅As(III)含量高,且检出有机物、腐植酸和甲基胂,新疆和吉林病区地下水为以无机砷中As(V)为主的氧化环境,吉林病区未检测出甲基胂,这是新疆与吉林病区患病率较低的主要原因。研究成果可为区域防病改水、砷中毒的预报提供重要技术支撑。     

Investigation and risk assessment modeling of As and other heavy metals contamination around five abandoned metal mines in Korea

Tailings, agricultural soils, vegetables and groundwater samples were collected from abandoned metal mines (Duckum, Dongil, Dongjung, Myoungbong and Songchun mines) in Korea. Total concentrations of arsenic (As) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were analyzed to investigate the contamination level. Several digestion methods (Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), 0.1 N/1 N HCl) and sequential extraction analysis for mine tailings were conducted to examine the potential leachability of As and heavy metals from the tailings. The order of urgent remediation for the studied mines based on the risk assessment and remedial goals was suggested. The Songchun mine tailings were most severely contaminated by As and heavy metals. Total concentrations of As and Pb in the tailings were 38,600–58,700 mg/kg (av. 47,400 mg/kg) and 11,800–16,800 mg/kg (av. 14,600 mg/kg), respectively. Agricultural soils having high As concentrations were found at the all mines. Average concentrations of Cd in the vegetables exceeded the normal value at all mines areas, while As only at the Dongjung, Myoungbong, and Songchun mine area. One groundwater sample each from the Dongil and Myoungbong mines, and 4 groundwater samples from the Songchun mine had values above 10 μg/L of As concentration. The TCLP method revealed that only Pb in the Songchun tailings, 6.49 mg/L, exceeded the regulatory level (5 mg/L). Employing the 1-N HCl digestion method, the concentration of As in the Songchun mine tailings, 4,250 mg/kg, was up to 3,000 times higher than its Korean countermeasure standard. Results from the sequential extraction of As in the tailings showed that the easily releasable fraction in the Myoungbong and Songchun mine tailings was more than 30% and the residual fraction was less than 40%. Based on results showing the exposure health risk employing the hazard quotient and cancer risk of As, Cd and Zn, the Dongil mine needs the most urgent remedial action. The concentration reduction factor (CRF) of As in both soil and groundwater follows the order: Songchun>Dongjung>Dongil>Myoungbong>Duckum mine.     

As(V)-reduction to As(III) by arsenic-resistant Bacillus spp. bacterial strains isolated from low-contaminated sediments of the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon,Italy

Five arsenic-resistant bacterial strains designated MT1, MT2, MT3, V1 and V2 were isolated from sediments of the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon (Italy), which comprises six small lakes whose sediments contain low arsenic concentrations. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences assigned them to the genus Bacillus. Bacillus sp. strain MT3 showed higher tolerance to As(III) and As(V), as indicated by minimum inhibitory concentrations of 14 and 135 mmol^?1, respectively. Bacillus sp. strain V1 showed growth inhibition at 14 mmol^?1 in the presence of As(III) and at 68 mmol^?1 in the presence of As(V), whereas the arsenic resistance of Bacillus sp. strain MT1 was 10 and 27 mmol^?1 for As(III) and As(V), respectively. The strains Bacillus spp. MT2 and V2 showed low levels of As(III) and As(V) resistance, as it was unable to grow at concentrations>7 and 14 mmol^?1, respectively. The isolated arsenic-resistant Bacillus spp. strains were able to reduce As(V) to As(III), especially Bacillus spp. strain MT3. This study suggests that the isolated bacterial strains play a role in the arsenic biogeochemical cycle of arsenic-poor sediments in the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon.     

Factors affecting arsenic concentration in groundwater in West Bengal

Groundwater is the major source of drinking water for the population in Malda district, West Bengal. Holocene sediments from Himalayas have contaminated those places through the river Ganges and arsenic was found a potential groundwater contaminant. Field and laboratory experiments were attempted to identify the relationship between arsenic versus Eh of groundwater and content specific elements (As, Co, Mn, Fe, C and S) in different types of Holocene sediments on a freshly constructed wells. Arsenic versus Eh of groundwater and Holocene clay over Holocene sand were found performing a major role in the aquifers of arsenic affected areas.