The biological responses and metal phytoaccumulation of duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza to manganese and chromium

The phytoaccumulation ability of duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza on manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr) was assessed by exposing the plant to various concentrations of single or dual metals (5–70 mg L^?1 Mn, 2–12 mg L^?1 Cr(VI)) under laboratory conditions. The results showed that S. polyrhiza can tolerate Mn at high concentrations of up to 70 mg L^?1, and its growth rate was barely affected by Mn. The effects of Cr on S. polyrhiza growth were dose-dependent, and the growth was completely inhibited in the presence of 12 mg L^?1 Cr. Analysis of metal content in the plant biomass revealed a high accumulation of Mn (up to 15.75 mg per g of duckweed dry weight). The Cr bioaccumulation (from below detection limit to 2.85 mg Cr (11.84 mg Cr₂O₇ ^2?) per g of duckweed dry weight) increased with cultivation time and metal concentration in the medium. Further study with the concurrence of Mn and Cr showed increased toxicity to plant growth and photosynthesis. The metal accumulations in the dual metal treatments were also significantly decreased as compared to the single metal treatments. Nevertheless, the phytoaccumulation of these two metals in S. polyrhiza in the dual metal treatments were still comparable to or higher than in previous reports. Thus, it was concluded that duckweed S. polyrhiza has the potential to be used as a phytoremediator in aquatic environments for Mn and Cr removal.

     

电极-SBBR处理含铜有机污水

采用电极一SBBR系统去除Cu^2＋，考察了电流强度，IA竞争离子（阴离子SO4^2-、NO3^-、CL^-和阳离子Zn^2＋、Ph^2＋）、初始含Cu^2＋量及溶液pH值对除铜效除果的影响。结果表明，当电流强度为40mA时Cu^2＋去除率最高为98％。投加阴（SO4^2-、NO3^-、Cl^-）、阳（Zn^2＋、Pb^2＋）离子均会引起出水Cu^2＋浓度的增加，且Cl^-和Ph^2＋含量分别为45mg／L和30mg／L时对Cu^2＋去除的影响更为显著。进水Cu^2＋浓度为30mg／L时，Cu^2＋去除率最高为98．48％，当进水Cu^2＋≥70mg／L时，出水Cu^2＋浓度不能达标。酸性（pH4．0～4．5）与碱性（pH9．0～10．0）条件均不利于Cu^2＋的去除，且酸性条件的负面影响更显著．当pH为4．5～7．5时．Cu^2＋去除率最高为97．78％。     

4A沸石分子筛处理中低浓度氨氮废水

利用天然沸石、采用水热合成法制备4A沸石分子筛,用XRD和SEM进行了表征。通过考察吸附剂用量、pH、共存金属阳离子、吸附时间、氨氮废水初始浓度、温度对吸附性能的影响,结合动力学方程、吸附等温线、热力学函数等研究了吸附性能和机理。结果表明,当4 g/L的4A沸石分子筛在废水pH值为4~8的条件下对中低浓度氨氮吸附120min后,去除率可达88%;废水中共存单一金属阳离子(Pb2+、Cu2+、Ca2+和Mg2+)浓度大于100 mg/L时,对中低浓度的NH+4有强烈的竞争吸附;氨氮的吸附过程较好地符合准二级动力学方程、Freundlich模型,是一种混乱度增加、自发的放热过程。     

核桃壳粉对水溶液中Pb2＋的吸附

实验通过间歇吸附方式研究了核桃壳粉对水溶液中Pb^2＋的吸附特性，探讨了核桃壳粉粒径及用量、溶液pH、Pb^2＋初始浓度等参数对吸附的影响，并讨论了吸附过程的热力学和动力学特征。结果表明，核桃壳粉对Pb^2＋吸附的最佳pH为5．0，去除率随吸附剂粒径的减小、用量的增加、Pb^2＋初始浓度的减小而增加。优化实验条件下，0～0．3mm15g／L的吸附剂在298K时，对pH=5的50mL50mg／LPb^2＋溶液的去除率达96．98％。核桃壳粉对Pb^2＋的吸附等温线符合Sips模型，在283、293和303K的最大吸附量分别为18．25、18．27和20．94mg／g。吸附过程是放热的、混乱度减小的自发过程，且符合准二级动力学模型。吸附速率常数随温度升高而减小，在293和303K时分别在90和120min基本达到平衡。结合FTIR和SEM手段发现核桃壳对Pb^2＋的吸附以物理吸附为主，同时包括离子交换、螯合等化学吸附以及颗粒内扩散步骤，是一个复杂的过程。     

固定化小球藻与活性污泥的共生系统处理含锌废水

研究固定化小球藻与活性污泥的共生系统对含锌废水中Zn2+的去除效果,分析菌藻状态、初始Zn2+浓度、pH、固定化菌藻小球投加量和菌藻体积比等5个因素对固定化菌藻共生系统去除Zn2+的影响。结果表明,固定化活性污泥、固定化小球藻和固定化菌藻对Zn2+的去除效果均优于悬浮小球藻,其中固定化菌藻对Zn2+的去除效果最好;废水中初始Zn2+浓度小于100 mg/L时,固定化菌藻系统对废水中Zn2+的去除率达到90.5%;固定化菌藻系统去除废水中Zn2+的最佳条件是:初始Zn2+浓度为80 mg/L,pH=7,固定化小球投加量为80 mL,菌藻体积比为1∶2。     

Biosorption of divalent Pb, Cd and Zn on aragonite and calcite mollusk shells

The potential of using mollusk shell powder in aragonite (razor clam shells, RCS) and calcite phase (oyster shells, OS) to remove Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ from contaminated water was investigated. Both biogenic sorbents displayed very high sorption capacities for the three metals except for Cd on OS. XRD, SEM and XPS results demonstrated that surface precipitation leading to crystal growth took place during sorption. Calcite OS displayed a remarkably higher sorption capacity to Pb than aragonite RCS, while the opposite was observed for Cd. However, both sorbents displayed similar sorption capacities to Zn. These could be due to the different extent of matching in crystal lattice between the metal bearing precipitate and the substrates. The initial pH of the solution, sorbent’s dosage and grain size affected the removal efficiency of the heavy meals significantly, while the organic matter in mollusk shells affected the removal efficiency to a lesser extent.     

三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂制备的高吸水树脂对重金属的吸附

以前期工作中合成的树脂PAANa-TE为吸附剂进行重金属吸附测试,考察吸附剂用量、丙烯酸中和度、吸附时间、溶液pH、初始浓度和吸附温度对树脂吸附重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+、Cr3+和Co2+性能的影响,用原子吸收分光光度计测定了树脂吸附Cu2+、Pb2+、Cr3+和Co2+后的残留浓度,树脂对4种金属离子的吸附容量分别为21.59、2.39、5.66和4.98 mmol/g,吸附容量大小为Cu2+Cr3+Co2+Pb2+,吸附速率顺序为Cr3+Pb2+Cu2+Co2+。结果表明,该树脂对高浓度重金属离子有较快速,高效率的吸附,吸附过程在100 min左右吸附容量达到最大,并用不同浓度的酸对吸附重金属离子的树脂进行脱附处理,脱附量很小,据此可考虑进一步对金属离子进行回收处理。且脱附率较低,因此,可对工业化和城市化进程所产生的各种化学形态的重金属水体污染物造成的生态环境和质量问题起到重要的改善作用。     

Adsorptive removal of Pb2+ form aqueous solution by macrocyclic calix[4]naphthalene: kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm analysis

Background

The adsorption characteristics of Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions onto calix[4]naphthalene have been investigated.

Method

Calix[4]naphthalene was prepared by the condensation of 1-naphthol and formaldehyde (1:2) in presence of hydrochloric acid at 80°C. The effect of various operation parameters, such as solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, contact time, and temperature, on the adsorption capacity of calix[4]naphthalene for Pb²⁺ have been investigated.

Result

Experimental results showed that the adsorption of Pb²⁺ ions increased with the increase in solution pH and temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models were used to describe the adsorption behavior of Pb²⁺ by calix[4]naphthalene. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity of calix[4]naphthalene for Pb²⁺ at 30°C was found to be 29.15 mg g^?1. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption followed pseudo-second order model and the thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The obtained results demonstrated that calix[4]naphthalene can be used as an effective adsorbent for Pb²⁺ ions removal from water.     

方解石对水中磷的去除效果研究

以60~100目天然方解石为实验材料,通过对不同浓度磷的去除效果实验和动态实验研究了其对磷的去除性能,并研究不同pH值下方解石对磷的去除效果。对不同pH值下方解石对800 mg/L磷的去除效果研究结果表明,pH对去除效果影响较大,在初始pH值为4.9(平衡pH值为6.4)时去除率最高,对磷的去除率达到31%;对pH范围4.5~4.8内不同浓度的磷的去除效果实验表明,方解石对高浓度的磷去除效果较好,对100 mg/L的磷去除率为20%,对1 600 mg/L的磷去除率达到49%。在酸性条件下,方解石对磷的去除机理为Ca2+与HPO24-的化学沉淀过程。动态实验表明,填充高度为25.4 cm及填充直径为10 cm时,方解石对流速为66.85 mL/min,浓度为100 mg/L磷的去除效果较差,5 min时出水去除率为64%,再生后对磷的去除效果较好,前10 min去除率在90%以上,理论最大去除量提高了53%。     

Application of pier waste sludge for catalytic activation of proxy-monosulfate and phenol elimination from a petrochemical wastewater

This investigation aimed to remove phenol from real wastewater (taken from a petrochemical company) by activating peroxy-monosulfate (PMS) using catalysts extracted from pier waste sludge. The physical and chemical properties of the catalyst were evaluated by FE-SEM/EDS, XRD, FTIR, and TGA/DTG tests. The functional groups of O–H, C–H, CO₃^2?, C–H, C–O, N–H, and C–N were identified on the catalyst surface. Also, the crystallinity of the catalyst before and after reaction with petrochemical wastewater was 103.4 nm and 55.8 nm, respectively. Operational parameters of pH (3–9), catalyst dose (0–100 mg/L), phenol concentration (50–250 mg/L), and PMS concentration (0–250 mg/L) were tested to remove phenol. The highest phenol removal rate (94%) was obtained at pH=3, catalyst dose of 80 mg/L, phenol concentration of 50 mg/L, PMS concentration of 150 mg/L, and contact time of 150 min. Phenol decomposition in petrochemical wastewater followed the first-order kinetics (k> 0.008 min^?1, R²> 0.94). Changes in pH factor were very effective on phenol removal efficiency, and maximum efficiency (≈83%) was achieved in pH 3. The catalyst stability test was performed for up to five cycles, and phenol removal in the fifth cycle was reduced to 42%. Also, the energy consumption in this study was 77.69 kW h/m³. According to the results, the pier waste sludge catalyst/PMS system is a critical process for eliminating phenol from petrochemical wastewater.

     

高压电弧放电处理偶氮染料废水

用高压电弧放电产生的低温等离子体对含偶氮染料的废水进行了处理，以甲基橙为例研究了电压幅值、处理时间、溶液初始浓度、溶液初始pH值、投加Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋对染料脱色的影响。实验结果表明，甲基橙浓度为50mg／L时其降解率随时间和电压幅值的增加而增加。溶液初始浓度对染料去除效果影响较为明显，同等条件下初始浓度越低降解率越高。酸性条件下有利于低温等离子体处理甲基橙。Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋对低温等离子体降解甲基橙有一定的催化作用。电压8kV处理3min，Fe^2＋为20mg／L时去除率由89．64％增至99．72％。Fe2（SO4），的最佳投加量为5mg／L（以Fe^3＋计），而FeCl，的最佳投加量为80mg／L（以Fe^3＋计）。     

木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂对二元重金属离子溶液中Pb2+的吸附

采用自制木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂R1、R2、R3对二元金属离子Cu2 +/pb2和Zn2+/pb2+溶液中的吸附性能进行了较系统考察.pb2+离子溶液中存在竞争离子Cu2+、Zn2+时,随竞争离子浓度增加,3种吸附树脂R1、R2、R3对pb2+的吸附量明显下降,而竞争离子吸附量显著增加.二元溶液中各金属离子浓度相同时,3种树脂对竞争离子Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附量大于对pb2+的吸附量;各溶液中分别加入NaCl及NaNO3、尿素后,对pb2+离子的吸附量下降迅速.随吸附树脂用量增加,竞争离子Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附量逐渐减小,pb2+的吸附量在吸附树脂用量0.10 g/L(Zn2 +/pb2+溶液)或0.15 g/L(Cu2+/pb2+溶液)时出现最大值.溶液pH值对树脂吸附性能有显著影响.3.0＜pH＜5.O时,3种树脂对竞争离子和pb2+的吸附量快速增大;5＜ pH ＜9时,树脂对竞争离子和pb2+的吸附量基本不变;9＜pH＜ll时,树脂对pb2+的吸附量减小,而对竞争离子的吸附量或增大或减小.     

Competitive biosorption of lead, cadmium, copper, and arsenic ions using algae

The present study aims to evaluate the competitive biosorption of lead, cadmium, copper, and arsenic ions by using native algae. A series of experiments were carried out in a batch reactor to obtain equilibrium data for adsorption of single, binary, ternary, and quaternary metal solutions. The biosorption of these metals is based on ion exchange mechanism accompanied by the release of light metals such as calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Experimental parameters such as pH, initial metal concentrations, and temperature were studied. The optimum pH found for removal were 5 for Cd²⁺ and As³⁺ and 3 and 4 for Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺, respectively. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy analysis was used to find the effects of functional groups of algae in biosorption process. The results showed that Pb²⁺ made a greater change in the functional groups of algal biomass due to high affinity to this metal. An ion exchange model was found suitable for describing the biosorption process. The affinity constants sequence calculated for single system was K _Pb > K _Cu > K _Cd > K _As; these values reduced in binary, ternary, and quaternary systems. In addition, the experimental data showed that the biosorption of the four metals fitted well the pseudo-second-order kinetics model.     

催化臭氧氧化染料溶液的研究

采用催化臭氧化技术降解染料废水,以甲基紫溶液为目标污染物,研究了过渡型金属离子的类型,Fe2+的浓度,溶液初始pH值,染料浓度和正丁醇等因素对其降解率的影响。实验结果表明:臭氧氧化甲基紫溶液的过程中,加入一定浓度的过渡型金属离子对甲基紫的去除具有促进作用;当臭氧浓度为16 mg/L,一定浓度范围内,Fe2+催化臭氧化的效果随着浓度的增加而增加,但Fe2+浓度为13 mg/L时,甲基紫的降解率下降;在酸性范围时,pH值增大其降解率会减小;染料浓度增加,甲基紫的降解率减小,但是其绝对降解值会增加;正丁醇的加入抑制氧化反应的进行,甲基紫的降解率下降,说明催化臭氧化过程中有羟基自由基产生。染料降解过程符合一级反应动力学规律。     

Landfill leachate treatment by immediate one-step lime precipitation,carbonation, and phytoremediation fine-tuning

The high pollutant load of sanitary landfill leachates poses a huge challenge in the search for efficient and environment friendly solutions for their treatment. The objective of this work was to study an integrated solution of environmentally friendly technologies — immediate one-step lime precipitation (IOSLP), carbonation (CB), and phytoremediation (Phyt) — to treat a sanitary landfill leachate. In the leachate sample treatment by IOSLP, the influence of CaO concentration (18.2–33.3 g_CaO L^?1) and stirring time (2–60 min) on the sludge sedimentability and pollutant removal was studied. Organic load and ammonia nitrogen (AN) removal increases with CaO added, as well as sludge volume. Stirring time has a small influence on organic load and AN removal, presenting a minimum for sludge volume. Thus, the best operational conditions were chosen as 27.6 g_CaO L^?1, and 40-min stirring time, with 64% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Sludge humidity was 2.1%, making dewatering needless. IOSLP supernatant was submitted to CB by atmospheric CO₂, and 100% removals in AN and hardness were attained. Effluents from IOSLP and IOSLP?+?CB were utilized in Phyt tests, with Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty). The best COD removal (37%) during Phyt was attained for the samples treated by IOSLP?+?CB.

     

微电解-Fenton深度处理制药废水影响因素与参数控制

采用铁炭微电解-Fenton联合工艺深度处理制药废水生化出水,探讨了初始pH、曝气量、反应时间等因素对微电解出水Fe2+和Fe3+变化规律、COD降解速率以及后续Fenton氧化效果的影响,为优化微电解-Fenton氧化联合工艺提出了微电解间歇加酸的理论。间歇加酸可提高微电解系统中COD降解速率和Fe2+含量,使后续Fenton氧化无需投加FeSO4·7H2O即可达到较好的COD去除效果。结果表明,当初始pH=2.5,曝气量为0.6 m3/h,间歇加酸30 min/次,微电解反应2 h,出水投加1 mL/L的H2O2进行Fenton氧化2 h,COD总去除率可达81.33%;间歇加酸30 min/次可将微电解反应2 h出水Fe2+浓度从50 mg/L提高至151 mg/L,COD降解速率从10.6 mg COD/(L·h)提高至22.2 mg COD/(L·h)。     

聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠固定铜绿微囊藻对磷的吸附

利用聚乙烯醇与海藻酸钠固定包埋铜绿微囊藻,通过正交实验获得聚乙烯醇溶液浓度、海藻酸钠溶液浓度及铜绿微囊藻液量去除磷的最佳配比,研究溶液起始pH值、反应时间、磷初始浓度对固定化小球吸附磷的影响。结果表明,固定化小球的最佳制备条件为聚乙烯醇质量分数6%,海藻酸钠质量分数0.5%及铜绿微囊藻浓度2×107个/mL;固定化小球吸附磷的最适起始pH值为6～8,吸附达到平衡的时间为9～12 d,初始磷浓度为1.00 mg/L时去除率最高,达到79.19%。     

Multi-component adsorption of copper,nickel and zinc from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon prepared from date stones

The removal of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions from their multi-component aqueous mixture by sorption on activated carbon prepared from date stones was investigated. In the batch tests, experimental parameters were studied, including solution pH, contact time, initial metal ions concentration, and temperature. Adsorption efficiency of the heavy metals was pH-dependent and the maximum adsorption was found to occur at around 5.5 for Cu, Zn, and Ni. The maximum sorption capacities calculated by applying the Langmuir isotherm were 18.68 mg/g for Cu, 16.12 mg/g for Ni, and 12.19 mg/g for Zn. The competitive adsorption studies showed that the adsorption affinity order of the three heavy metals was Cu²⁺?>?Ni²⁺?>?Zn²⁺. The test results using real wastewater indicated that the prepared activated carbon could be used as a cheap adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals in aqueous solutions.     

微波-Fenton对沼液中抗生素和激素的高级氧化

采用微波强化Fenton氧化处理系统,研究H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、初始pH、微波辐射时间和微波辐射功率对沼液中喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素及金霉素降解效果的影响.结果发现,采用微波强化Fenton氧化降解沼液中抗生素与激素的最优条件是:H2O2浓度为40 mg/L、Fe2+浓度为12 mg/L、初始pH为4、微波辐射时间为2 min、微波辐射功率为中火(445W),沼液中喹乙醇、土霉素、四环素、金霉素和COD的去除率分别达到67％、93％、91％、88％和46％.在水浴条件下,与单独微波辐射和单独Fenton相比,微波强化Fenton氧化有明显的优越性.     

液/固体系中硅藻土对Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附机制

为了提高硅藻土在重金属废水处理上的应用水平,采用静态吸附实验考察了液/固体系中硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的吸附影响因素、吸附等温线和吸附动力学属性。结果表明,随着投加量的减少,离子初始浓度的提高,pH值的增大,吸附作用时间的延长,硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋吸附量不断上升;硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的等温吸附都符合Langmuir模型,硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋最大吸附量分别为10.428 mg/g和7.916 mg/g,硅藻土对Pb2＋具有更好的吸附能力;Pb2＋具有较低的水合自由能,更容易脱去水膜与硅藻土孔道内的活性基团发生吸附作用;双常数扩散方程可以很好地描述硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的吸附动力学属性,硅藻土对Cd2＋有较快的吸附速率。