Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO₃- fertilization effect was discovered.     

模拟酸雨对马尾松和杉木幼树的影响

本实验模拟酸雨pH值为6.63(对照),4.5,3.0和2.0。实验结果表明,杉木针叶汁液pH值和土壤pH值随模拟酸雨pH值下降而降低,土壤比叶汁液更容易被酸化,也更难恢复。模拟酸雨对马尾松和杉木单位叶干重净光合速率影响不显著,最高酸度的模拟酸雨由于减少光合组织而显著降低单株净光合速率。模拟酸雨显著增大了马尾松和杉木呼吸速率。模拟酸雨对茎生物量没有影响,主根和叶生物量有减少的趋势,但不显著,须根生物量有显著减少,模拟酸雨抑制植物生长的机制是增大呼吸速率使物质消耗增加和减少光合组织,导致物质生产减少。     

森林凋落物对土壤酸化缓冲作用的初步研究

阔叶树木荷凋落物的灰分元素含量以及分解速率大大高于针叶树杉木凋落物。相比之下,木荷凋落物具有较高的缓冲酸化的潜在能力。覆盖木荷凋落物的土壤,其下渗液盐基含量和PH值与对照相比显著较高,而土壤本身的盐基饱和度和有机质含量也显著较高,土壤酸度和Al/Ca显著较低,即太荷凋落物对土壤酸化有较高的缓冲能力,而杉木凋落物则不然。     

酸雨对红色石灰土壤中Ca2+迁移及岩溶土壤生态系统的影响

为探讨酸雨对粤北岩溶区岩溶土壤中Ca迁移和流失的影响,选择酸雨频率和酸雨程度较高的我国广东省佛山市,开展自然降雨对红色石灰土壤中Ca2+的流失影响试验,于2011—2013年共收集到61次有效降雨产生的渗漏液,分析渗漏液中ρ(Ca2+)的变化情况,并间隔0.5 a左右测定供试土壤中的w(水溶性Ca)和w(TCa)(TCa为全钙),将试验3 a后供试土壤的w(有机质)、w(TN)、pH与供试源地土壤进行比较. 结果表明:①单位降雨造成的红色石灰土壤中Ca2+流失量与渗漏液中ρ(Ca2+)呈极显著正相关,与降雨量、渗漏液pH均呈正相关,而与雨水pH呈负相关,但不显著;单位降雨造成的土壤Ca2+净流失量达到2.16×10-5 g/(mm·kg),61次有效降雨造成的Ca2+净流失总量为0.05 g/kg. ②与蒸馏水及石灰岩采样点所在的坡麓洼地积水比较,酸雨明显增加了红色石灰土壤Ca2+流失量,但其影响因素复杂. pH为4.50~<5.65的轻度酸雨造成的土壤Ca2+流失量最大,其次是pH为5.65~6.29的非酸雨和pH<4.50的重度酸雨. ③降雨使石灰土壤中的w(TCa)呈持续减少趋势,2011—2013年供试石灰土壤中w(水溶性Ca)减少量为0.36 g/kg,并且呈明显的由上至下的减少迁移过程. ④与供试源地土壤相比,历经3 a酸雨淋溶的红色石灰土壤的w(有机质)和w(TN)均极显著增加,表层pH也极显著升高,意味着酸雨加速了土壤的分解转化,存在潜在的养分流失风险. 研究显示,酸雨不仅造成石灰土壤中Ca2+的加速流失和迁移,也加速了土壤中各类养分的分解转化,同时还会对岩溶地形、岩溶植物、流域水环境产生潜在或直接的影响.      

模拟3种类型酸雨对木荷光合生理特性的影响

我国酸雨类型正在由硫酸型酸雨(Sulfuric acid rain,SAR)逐步向混合型酸雨(Mixed acid rain,MAR)、硝酸型酸雨(Nitricacid rain,NAR)转变,由此将产生各种未知环境效应。以木荷(Schima superba)为试验材料,在试验大棚内测定其在此3种光合生理特性参数。结果表明,在酸雨胁迫下木荷都受到不同程度的伤害。在同酸雨类型不同pH值处理下,3种酸雨类型均以pH 2.5处理各类光合参数数值较低,但是在pH 4.0时MAR处理的光饱和点(LSP)值最高,达到508.3μmol/(m²·s),此时对应的表观量子效率(AQE)值最低,为0.023 CO_2/photon;对照组(CK,pH 5.6)在3种类型酸雨处理中,以SAR处理数值最低。不同酸雨类型同pH值处理下,SAR和MAR处理的光响应曲线pH 4.0组均低于pH 2.5组和CK组,而NAR处理的光响应曲线pH 4.0组高于pH 2.5组和CK组;而且,3种酸雨类型处理pH 2.5组的最大光合速率(A_(max))始终低于CK组。这说明植物的A_(max)在一定程度上随着酸雨浓度的增加而减小。     

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation release in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 3.0 or 3.5. Compared with the leaching of K+ and Na+, the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al3+ increased. The H+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected notonly by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.     

南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅶ——盐基淋溶与缓冲机理

研究了模拟酸雨对我国南方主要土壤类型盐基离子淋溶的影响,结果表明,ＰＨ低于３．０或３．５时,盐基离子淋溶总量明显增加,但ＰＨ高于３．５时,则影响不明显。     

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation release in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 3.0 or 3.5. Compared with the leaching of K+ and Na+, the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al3+ increased. The H+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected notonly by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.     

酸雨对水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发的影响

采用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0与5.0模拟酸雨处理水稻、小麦和油菜种子的实验结果表明,3者在pH 2.0时不发芽,在pH 2.5时只有水稻和小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时,水稻、小麦和油菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数都与pH值显著正相关,水稻和小麦的异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低.部分生理指标的实验结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率和贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,水稻与小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;水稻、小麦和油菜的芽、根长抑制指数都与pH值显著负相关.酸雨胁迫下,种子各项指标变幅为水稻＜小麦＜油菜,这表明抗酸雨胁迫能力为水稻＞小麦＞油菜.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on saplings of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata

The effects of simulated acid rain with pH values of 6.63 (control, 4.5, 3.0, and 2.0 on saplings of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolate, were studied. The results showed that the pH of C.lanceolate, leaf sap and soil decreased as the acidity of rainfall increased. The acid rain with very low pH had significant effects on the photosynthetic rates per plant, but not on that of the per unit weight of dry leaves. The respiration rates of the two species were stimulated. Root and leaf boimass, but not stem biomass, were also reduced tremendously during a seven months period.     

模拟酸雨对蕃茄生长影响的试验

酸雨是当今世界上面临的重要环境污染问题之一,酸雨对森林、农作物的影响已引起人们的关注。在我国,酸雨主要发生在长江以南,尤以四川、贵州为严重。局部地区酸雨发生频率较高,小于pH4的酸雨时有出现,对森林及农作物已产生一定的危害。笔     

会同森林生态实验站磨哨林场森林碳密度及分配特征

我国具有全世界最大面积的人工林,在全球气候变暖的大背景下,人工林的固碳能力越来越引起关注。研究选择具有长期观测数据的会同森林生态实验站磨哨林场作为研究区,对比分析了9种不同森林类型生态系统各组分（乔木层、林下植被层、凋落物层、土壤层）碳密度及分配特征（人工林8种,林龄范围为25~32 a：杉木林、马尾松林、湿地松林、杉木+樟树林、杉木+火力楠林、马尾松+木荷林、木荷林、火力楠林;天然林1种,平均林龄为63 a：红栲+青冈+刨花润楠林）。结果表明：1）磨哨林场生态系统碳密度平均为261.61 t/hm²,固碳能力较高,其中,马尾松+木荷林以及杉木+火力楠林两种人工混交林的生态系统碳密度最高,天然林位于第5位;2）乔木层和土壤层是磨哨林场森林生态系统碳密度的主体,占98.23%,林下植被层和凋落物层对整个生态系统碳密度贡献较小;3）乔木层中树干部分的碳密度占绝对优势,其次为根和枝,皮最小;土壤层碳密度及分配比例随深度增加而降低,0~20 cm碳密度占整个土壤层比例最高。     

贵州地区酸雨作用下典型森林植被冠层淋溶规律研究

选择贵州龙里生态园为研究区域,对当地马尾松林和针阔混交林2种典型植被的冠层穿透水化学特征进行了比较,分析了酸雨作用下植被的冠层淋溶规律.对2007年6月～2008年11月的监测数据的分析结果表明,酸雨经过森林冠层后,pH值明显升高,针阔混交林对酸雨的缓冲性能优于马尾松林.在常年酸沉降作用下,2种冠层对NH4+具有较强的吸收作用,对NO3-也有一定的吸收,对当地土壤酸化起到了一定的缓冲作用.通过雨量加权计算,研究区森林冠层析出量最大是Mg2+、K+、Ca2+等营养元素离子,长期的酸雨影响易造成森林营养亏损.     

模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤酸化及K，Na，Ca，Mg溶出的影响

在油菜大田栽培的自然生态环境条件下,通过喷淋和土柱淋溶试验,研究不同pH模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤K,Na,Ca和Mg等盐基离子溶出的影响. 结果表明:酸雨喷淋和淋溶后油菜大田土壤和淋滤液的pH明显高于酸雨pH;酸雨pH<3.5时,土壤pH主要受酸雨酸度控制,酸雨胁迫起主要作用;酸雨pH>3.5时,土壤pH主要由土壤盐基量制约,缓冲起主要作用;随着喷淋次数和淋溶量的增加,通过缓冲作用可使油菜大田土壤生态环境有所恢复并趋向一致. K,Na,Ca和Mg的溶出量随酸雨pH,淋溶量和淋溶时间的增加而减小,随油菜群体生长量的增大而增大;4种元素中,Ca溶出量最大且变化最明显,相比之下酸雨对油菜大田中K,Na,Mg的释放影响较微弱.      

模拟酸雨和Pb复合污染对芥菜型油菜的生理特性和Pb富集的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了模拟酸雨（pH分别为3.5、4.5、5.6）和Pb(0~2000 mg·kg-1）复合污染对芥菜型油菜紫叶芥的生理特性和Pb富集的影响.结果表明,在酸雨和Pb复合污染下,紫叶芥生物量和叶绿素含量均有不同程度的下降,叶和根中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加是先升后降,脯氨酸含量随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加而升高.芥菜型油菜以通过调节抗氧化酶系统和提高脯氨酸含量来应对酸雨和重金属胁迫,芥菜型油菜对酸雨和Pb的复合污染有很强的耐受能力.芥菜型油菜根和地上部分Pb含量随Pb处理含量水平的增大而增加,其中,根对Pb的富集能力大于地上部分,酸雨能够促进芥菜型油菜对Pb的吸收.因此,在酸雨地区可以选用芥菜型油菜作为Pb污染土壤的修复植物.     

模拟酸雨下土壤中铜、镉行为及急性毒性效应

本文论述模拟酸雨下红壤、黄棕壤和黑土中Cu、Cd行为及急性毒性效应.试验表明:(1)模拟酸雨对添加性土壤Cu、Cd的淋溶有一定的影响,随着降水酸度的增大,土壤中Cu、Cd的淋出量增加,但增加的程度与土壤类型、添加金属的浓度和种类有关,相同酸度下,红壤中Cu、Cd的淋出量远大于黄棕壤和黑土,淋出率随着沉降酸度而改变的程度也最显著,酸雨对黑土中Cu、Cd淋溶影响最小.Cd对酸雨淋溶的敏感性大于Cu.(2)模拟酸雨对土壤中Cu、Cd形态影响较为明显,随着酸雨pH的降低,黄棕壤和黑土中部分Cu、Cd形态明显地向着交换态转化,红壤中部分Cu、Cd形态明显地向着水溶态转化.(3)模拟酸雨对土壤中Cu、Cd的生物毒性影响很大,但这种影响同时又受土壤类型相当大的制约,红壤中毒性影响最大,黑土中毒性影响最小,表明三类土壤的抗酸能力顺序为黑土>黄棕壤>红壤.     

酸沉降对马尾松菌根共生蛋白及营养关系影响

研究模拟酸雨及不同Ｃａ／Ａｌ比对马尾松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｍ ａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ Ｌａｍ ｂ．）菌根中真菌与植物共生及营养关系的影响,在分子水平上揭示污染对生物的作用和生物抗性机理．当ｐＨ２０ 的模拟酸雨与铝共同作用时,马尾松菌根中酸性磷酸酶、硝酸还原酶以及海藻糖酶和甘露醇脱氢酶活性明显下降,即ｐＨ２０ 的模拟酸雨及铝离子对马尾松幼苗根的磷、氮吸收以及两共生生物之间的营养物质交换过程产生了影响,且铝离子在ｐＨ值低的情况下毒性作用更强;而钙能有效地缓解铝的毒性⒚在本实验中当Ｃａ／Ａｌ比为１／１ 时,缓解能力最强;在接种外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃（Ｐｉｓｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉｕｓ）后,马尾松幼苗根部酶活性仍能保持一定水平,植物对模拟酸雨及铝毒的抗性增强．菌根形成初期,经等点聚焦电泳后分离出在植物及真菌纯培养中均不存在的共生蛋白,其等电点为４７０,经ｐＨ２０的模拟酸雨处理后该蛋白仍存在     

模拟酸雨对太湖地区土壤-植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响

以太湖地区两种典型的水稻土（乌泥土和白土）为供试土壤，在盆栽条件下种植多年生黑麦草，并配制不同pH值的模拟酸雨浇灌。通过多次刈割鲜草，研究模拟酸雨对土壤－植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响。结果表明：对植物体内铜含量的影响是模拟酸雨和“稀释效应”两种影响综合作用的结果。试验初期，表现为处理黑麦草体内铜含量低于对照；随收割茬次的增加，表现出随处理pH的降低，黑麦草体内铜含量的增加，且对缓冲能力弱的白土影响强度大于缓冲能力较强的乌泥土；对土壤pH有明显影响，随模拟酸雨作用时间增长，土壤pH下降，其降幅随处理pH的降低而增大；模拟酸雨主要影响交换态铜，表现为随处理pH的降低交换态铜的分配系数增高，在处理pH＝3．0时影响到碳酸盐结合态铜，只有强酸化条件下（处理pH＝2．0）才影响到铁锰氧化物结合态铜，对有机物结合态及残渣态铜几乎无影响。     

模拟酸雨对红壤中硅铝铁释放的影响

通过模拟酸雨对湖南红壤的淋溶实验,分析了淋溶液pH值和硅铝铁离子动力学释放规律和特点.结果表明,在一定淋溶范围时,酸雨酸度是决定红壤矿物溶解及离子释放的主要因素,且硅、铝、铁对酸雨响应存在差异.在pH<5.6的各酸度酸雨淋溶下,硅均有大量释放,铁基本无释放.pH在3.0～5.6时铝的释放量很小,只有在酸雨pH值较低时才会有大量溶出.随酸雨淋溶的进行,酸雨pH在3.0～5.6的硅铝释放能力总体呈下降趋势.pH 2.5的酸雨可使红壤矿物的风化作用加强,硅铝释放量均明显增加,铝的增幅更大,但随淋溶量增加硅铝释放能力的增长速度趋缓.实验结果还表明,红壤受酸雨影响pH值降到一定程度后,淋出液中铝浓度与其pH值及DOC都呈线性负相关,酸沉降可破坏固相有机络合铝并使其溶出,但强酸性酸雨作用下红壤溶解而释放的铝主要来自铝硅酸盐的溶解.     

Effects of simulated acidic rain applied alone and in combination with ambient rain on growth and yield of field-grown snap bean

Field-grown snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar ‘Provider’) plants were treated with simulated acidic rain applied either alone or in combination with ambient rain and the effects on growth and yield were determined. In plots where ambient rain was excluded, a retractable canopy was activated to shield the crop. Four levels of acidity at pH values of 5.0, 4.2, 3.4 and 2.6 were applied in four replicate treatments and the experiment was conducted in two successive years (1981 and 1982).In plots that received only simulated rain, yield was not adversely affected by acidic rain; in 1981, a positive linear relationship was present between acidity of simulated rain and yield, but in 1982, no effect was found. In contrast, in plots that received both simulated and ambient rain, a negative linear relationship between acidity in simulated rain and yield was observed in both years. Changes in yield were due to effects on the number of pods per plant. Vegetative mass and size of pods were unaffected by acidity in simulated rain in either experimental condition. Apparently, acidic rain has no detrimental effect on growth or yield of snap bean, especially under conditions of normal water supply. Plant response to acidic rain, however, was altered by the presence of ambient rain. Consequently, previous research performed without exclusion of ambient rain should be re-evaluated, and current research should provide for control of water supply as well as deposition of hydrogen ions and other components in rain.