亚热带稻田生态系统CO2通量特征分析

为评价稻田生态系统大气CO2的收支状况,2008-2009年江西省农业气象试验站利用涡度相关技术对稻田生态系统的CO2通量进行了为期一年的连续观测.对观测的数据进行处理和分析表明:在生长季,稻田生态系统CO2通量总体表现为负值,为CO2的汇.稻田生态系统CO2通量具有明显的日变化特征,白天净吸收CO2的量大于夜间呼吸释...     

氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡的影响

以小叶章沼泽化草甸为对象,利用静态箱-气相色谱法,在三江平原进行野外原位试验,研究氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡及其各分量的影响.氮素输入后,沼泽湿地生态系统总初级生产力提高,生物量增大,分别比对照处理增加了10%和26.8%.同时,CH₄和生态系统呼吸CO₂排放量提高,而生态系统CO₂净交换(NEE)和净碳(CO₂和CH₄都转化成对应的碳)交换降低,CO₂、CH₄和NEE的季节变化动态未改变.2004年整个生长季氮输入处理的CO₂和CH₄排放量分别比对照处理升高了34%和145%,NEE和净碳交换分别降低了70%和81.6%,但整个生长季2个处理仍然表现为碳的净吸收.氮输入没有改变沼泽湿地碳“汇”的功能,只是减弱了其作为碳“汇”的功能.     

Carbon balance of an intensively grazed temperate pasture in two climatically contrasting years

Grazed grasslands occupy 26% of the earth's ice free land surface and are therefore an important component of the global C balance. In New Zealand, pastoral agriculture is the dominant land use and recent research has shown that soils under intensive dairy pastures have lost large amounts of carbon (∼1000 kg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) during the past few decades. The objective of this research was to determine the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) of an intensively grazed dairy pasture in New Zealand. Net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) was measured using an eddy covariance (EC) system from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2009. Other C imports (feed) and exports (milk, methane, leaching, and harvested biomass) were calculated from farm production data and literature values. During 2008 there was a one in 100 year drought during summer/autumn, which was followed by a very wet winter. There were no prolonged periods of above or below average rainfall or soil moisture in 2009, but temperatures were consistently lower than 2008. The severe summer/autumn drought during 2008 caused a loss of CO₂ to the atmosphere, but annual NEE remained negative (a CO₂ sink, −1610 ± 500 kg C ha⁻¹), because CO₂ lost during the drought was regained during the winter and spring. The site was also a net CO₂ sink during 2009 despite the colder than usual conditions (−2290 ± 500 kg C ha⁻¹). Including C imports and exports in addition to CO₂ exchange revealed that the site was a C sink in both years, with a NECB of 590 ± 560 kg C ha⁻¹ in 2008, and 900 ± 560 kg C ha⁻¹ in 2009. The C sequestration found in this study is in agreement with most other Northern Hemisphere EC studies of grazed pastures on mineral soils, but is not consistent with the large C losses reported for soils under dairy pastures throughout New Zealand. In the current study (like many other EC studies) the influence of climatic conditions and management practices on the annual C balance was only semi-quantitatively assessed. An extended period of EC measurements combined with modelling is required to more accurately quantify the effect of different climatic conditions on the annual C balance, and the influence of different management practices needs to be quantified using specifically designed studies (such as paired EC towers), so that practices which minimise C losses and maximise C sequestration can be identified.     

长江口崇西湿地生态系统的二氧化碳交换及潮汐影响

河口湿地具备不同于其他生态系统的典型的生物化学特征. 利用开路式涡度相关系统,对长江口崇西湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了初步研究. 结果表明,生长季CO₂交换呈V字型特征,平均CO₂交换量为-0.06 mg/(m2>/sup>·s);非生长季无明显特征,平均CO₂交换量为0.025 mg/(m2>/sup>·s). 这与其他生态系统CO₂交换特征相符合,主要是生长季的植被光合固碳作用所致. 非生长季的净生态系统CO₂交换比生长季受土壤温度的影响更大. 大潮期和小潮期的CO₂交换表明,无论是生长季还是非生长季,小潮期从生态系统释放到大气的CO₂均高于大潮期,潮汐高度与CO₂释放量呈负相关,暗示着高水位抑制生态系统呼吸和阻碍CO₂的传输,从而减少了CO₂的释放. 通过分析大潮期和小潮期的植被净光合速率发现,同一地点的植被固碳过程受潮汐的影响不很明显. 潮汐对净生态系统CO₂交换的影响主要是减少了土壤呼吸释放CO₂的过程. 总体而言,崇西湿地在年周期内表现为CO₂的汇.      

草地退化对三江源区高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响及其原因

为了揭示草地退化对三江源地区高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的影响,利用涡度相关技术,于2006年12月1日~2007年11月30日对三江源地区的退化高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量及生物和环境因子进行观测.结果发现:草地退化对高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量产生了深刻影响,与未退化的高寒草甸生态系统相比,退化高寒草甸生态系统全年总初级生产力(GPP)下降了36.6%,全年生态系统呼吸(Reco)下降了7.9%,全年净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)也由退化前的负值(碳吸收)转变为正值(碳排放),二者相差132.5gC/(m2·a),生态系统由原来的碳汇转变为目前的碳源.这些变化与高寒草甸退化后,生态系统植物地上生物量锐减、植物生长期缩短(NEE<0的天数)、植物多样性下降、土壤含水量降低等因素密切相关.     

青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量及其水分利用效率特征

以涡度相关技术为基础,研究了青藏高原当雄县高寒草甸生态系统2003-2005年共3个生长季的潜热通量L(E)、CO2通量F(c)和水分利用效率W(UE)的变化特征。结果表明:①该地区2004和2005年的太阳总辐射最高值可分别达到1563和1640Wm/2,瞬时净辐射最高值分别为896和925Wm/2,瞬时潜热通量最高值分别为592和597Wm/2。净辐射能量的转化形式季节变化特征明显,6-8月份,净辐射能量多用于潜热蒸发,5月和10月净辐射则多用于显热交换。就2004年5-10月份所选6个代表性晴天来说,LE占Rn的比例分别为0.355%、0.916%、0.738%、0.818%、0.609%、0.456%。②该地区的LE从早上8:30左右开始增加,在下午15:00左右达到最大值,而后逐渐下降;CO2通量从早上8:00左右通过零值开始上升,在10:30左右达到峰值后下降;水分利用效率的日变化特征是日出后迅速增加或直接达到全天的最高值,其后在一天内呈现下降趋势;2004年和2005年生长季的CO2吸收峰值都刚接近-0.3mgCO2.m-2.s-1F(c为负值时表示碳吸收),水分利用效率瞬时最大值接近8gCO2k/gH2O。③2004年当雄高寒生态系统白天CO2通量平均值从6月份初就开始表现为净碳吸收,而2005年在6月下旬才表现为碳吸收F(c为负值),但两者均在10月初就表现为碳排放F(c为正值);2004的水分利用效率日平均值从6月初通过零点开始上升,在7月中下旬左右达到最大值。相比之下,2005年的水分利用效率日平均值在6月底通过零点开始上升。另外,2004年的水分利用效率在总体水平上要高于2003年和2005年。就水分利用效率的日平均值而言,2003年和2005年的最大值分别为2.0gCO2k/gH2O和2.7gCO2k/gH2O,而2004年可以达到3.2gCO2k/gH2O。④当雄高寒草甸生态系统在2004年和2005年生长季(5月1日到10月31日)净CO2吸收量分别为0.257kgCO2.m-2和0.153kgCO2.m-2;2004年和2005年整个生长季的水分利用效率分别为0.496gCO2k/gH2O和0.365gCO2k/gH2O,与降雨量呈现正相关关系。     

干旱对克氏针茅草原碳循环的影响

本文以中国北方克氏针茅草原为研究对象,以涡度相关法为主要技术手段,利用克氏针茅草原观测站2008年碳通量观测数据,探讨了干旱对克氏针茅草原生态系统呼吸（Reco）、生态系统总初级生产力（GPP）和生态系统净碳交换（NEE）的影响。研究发现：干旱是克氏针茅草原2008年Reco、GPP和NEE的限制因子。1）在半小时尺度和日尺度上,Reco均随干旱的增加呈降低趋势,呈现出明显的相关关系,Reco最大值出现在降雨过后的7月3日,为3．58gCm^-2d^-1;2）温度适宜时,半小时尺度和日尺度上的GPP均随土壤含水量（SWC）的减小而降低,呈现出明显的正相关关系,GPP最大值出现在7月4日,其值为7．89gCm^-2d^-1;3）在干旱的影响下,NEE随SWC的减小呈减弱趋势,在半小时尺度和日尺度上同样呈现正相关关系,在水分不足时,NEE明显减小,降雨前10天NEE平均值为-0．33gCm^-2d^-1,降水后10天增大为-2．21gCm^-2d^-1,后20天为-2．46gCm^-2d^-1,之后随SWC的降低,NEE开始减小,最后降至一0．12gCm^-2d^-1。干旱通过影响Reco、GPP和NEE进而影响生态系统碳循环,是2008年克氏针茅草原生态系统碳循环的限制因子。     

Evaluating climate impacts on carbon balance of the terrestrial ecosystems in the Midwest of the United States with a process-based ecosystem model

The Midwest of the United States includes 12 states and accounts for about a quarter of the total United State land area. In recent years, there is an increasing interest in knowing the biomass potential and carbon balance over this region for the past and the future. In this study, we use the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to evaluate these quantities in the region from 1948 to 2099. We first parameterize the model with field data of major crops, including corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and wheat (Triticum spp); then the model is applied to the region for the historical period (1948–2000). Next, we evaluate the simulated forestry biomass with forest inventory data, the agricultural net primary production (NPP) with agricultural statistics data, and the regional NPP with a satellite-based product at the regional scale. Our results show that the simulated annual NPP for the Midwest increased by 1.75% per year and the whole Midwest terrestrial ecosystem acted as a carbon sink during 1948–2005. During the 21st century, vegetation and soil carbon fluxes and pools show an increase trend with a great inter-annual variability. The ecosystems serve as a carbon sink under future climate scenarios. NPP in the Midwest will increase and net ecosystem production (NEP) will also increase and show an even larger interannual variability. This study provides the information of the biomass and NEP at a state- level in the Midwest, which will be valuable for the region stakeholders to better manage their land for the purpose of increasing carbon sequestration on the one hand and meeting the increasing demand of biomass on the other.     

辽河口芦苇湿地净生态系统CO2交换及其环境调控

采用涡度相关法,对2018年下半年辽河口国家级自然保护区内滨海芦苇湿地的净生态系统CO₂交换（NEE）、总初级生产力（GPP）和生态系统呼吸（R_eco）进行测量分析,研究海洋保护区内典型芦苇湿地生态系统-大气CO₂交换的变化规律及其环境调控。结果表明,有芦苇生长的7月－10月,各月NEE日变化曲线呈相似的“U”形,但变化幅度存在较大差异;非芦苇生长季的11月－12月,生态系统表现为微弱的净CO₂释放,NEE日变化轨迹与温度波动一致。该芦苇湿地生态系统的GPP、R_eco和NEE均呈现7月－10月数值较大、11月－12月数值较小的规律。7月－10月,白天CO₂交换主要受芦苇光合作用的影响,各月白天NEE与光合有效辐射（PAR）之间呈直角双曲线关系,PAR可以解释白天NEE变化的45%～54%。7月－12月,夜间R_eco与气温呈指数关系,气温可以解释R_eco变化的62%,生态系统呼吸敏感性（Q₁₀）为2.20。2018年下半年,辽河口国家级自然保护区内芦苇湿地生态系统累计GPP总值达到359.67 g C/m2,累计R_eco达到278.29 g C/m2,总净固碳量为81.38 g C/m2。     

亚热带稻田生态系统CO2通量的季节变化特征

为估算和评价稻田生态系统碳源/汇强度及其对大气CO₂浓度变化的贡献,研究了稻田生态系统与大气间CO₂交换通量的季节变化特征及其影响因素.采用涡度相关技术对我国亚热带稻田生态系统CO₂交换通量进行了连续监测,在数据剔除、校正和差补的基础上,对瞬时CO₂通量值进行计算求得日CO₂通量值和年CO₂通量值,并对CO₂通量季节变化及其与主要气象因子的关系进行了探讨.结果表明,稻田生态系统光合吸收CO₂通量（GPP）、呼吸排放CO₂通量（R_eco）和净吸收CO₂通量（NEE）的季节变化均呈6～9月较高,1～5月和10～12月较低的对称分布.其中5～9月水稻生长时期的NEE总量占年总量的80%以上,对年NEE总量起决定性作用.光合有效辐射（PAR）和日平均气温（T_a）是GPP与NEE季节变化的最主要影响因子,二者与GPP和NEE分别存在显著的二元线性关系.年净吸收CO₂总量为2?475.6 g/(m²·a),这表明我国亚热带稻田生态系统是大气CO₂的汇.     

青海湖东北岸天然草地CO2 通量变化特征

采用涡度相关法对青海湖东北岸地区草甸化草原生态系统的CO₂ 通量进行了观测,结果表明： 在生长季节(5~9 月),就日变化,08:00~19:00 为CO₂ 净吸收,20:00~07:00 为CO₂ 净排放,CO₂ 通量 净吸收峰值一般出现在12:00 时,7 月份12:00 时CO₂ 净吸收峰值为1.41 g·(m2·h)^-1;就月变化,7 月 是生长季CO₂ 净吸收最高月份,月CO₂ 净吸收量达到162.70 g·m^-2,整个生长季CO₂ 净吸收的总量达 468.07 g·m^-2。非生长季节(1~4 月及10~12 月),CO₂ 通量日变化振幅极小,最大CO₂ 净排放通量出现 在3 月,为0.29 g·(m2·h)^-1,除12 月和1 月各时段CO₂ 通量接近于零,其余月份各时段CO₂ 净排放在 0.02~0.29 g·(m2·h)^-1;3 月是全年CO₂ 净排放的最高月份,全月CO₂ 净排放量为72.33 g·m^-2,整个非生 长季CO₂ 净排放为319.78 g·m^-2。结果表明,无放牧条件下青海湖东北岸地区草甸化草原,全年CO₂ 净吸收量达148.30 g·m^-2,是显著的CO₂ 汇。     

Net Ecosystem Production of Boreal Larch Ecosystems on the Yenisei Transect

The study was carried out in the Turukhansk Research Station of Yenisei Transect (65^°46^′N, 89^°25^′E). Larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.) is the dominant overstory tree species. The research has been conducted on four permanent test plots in same-age mature (110-year old) and overmature (380-year old) post-fire larch stands of green moss and lichen groups of forest type. Carbon cycle parameters were assessed based on a biometric method. Quantitative analysis of carbon pools and fluxes shows that net ecosystem production of north taiga larch stands averages 32% of net primary production. Sink of atmospheric CO₂ makes 1.22 and 0.74 t C ha^{− 1} year^{− 1} for mature and overmature green moss larch stands, and 0.65 and 0.35 t C ha^{− 1} year^{− 1} for lichen type. Net carbon sink in the tree layer make up 9% of net primary production carbon, ground vegetation – 15%, and dead plant residues accumulation – 8% of atmospheric carbon uptake via photosynthesis.     

Soil emissions of NO, N2O and CO2 from croplands in the savanna region of central Brazil

In the last 40 years, a large area of savanna vegetation in Central Brazil (Cerrado) has been converted to agriculture, with intensive use of fertilizers, irrigation and management practices. Currently, the Cerrado is the main region for beef and grain production in Brazil. However, the consequences of these agricultural practices on NO, N₂O and CO₂ emissions from soil to atmosphere are still poorly investigated. The objectives of this study were to quantify soil emissions of NO-N, N₂O-N and CO₂-C in different no-till cultivation systems in comparison with native savanna vegetation. The agricultural areas included: (a) the maize and Brachiaria ruzizienses intercropping system followed by irrigated bean in rotation; (b) soybean followed by natural fallow; and (c) cotton planting over B. ruzizienses straw. The study was performed from August 2003 to October 2005 and fluxes were measured before and after planting, after fertilizations, during the growing season, before and after harvesting. NO-N fluxes in the soybean field were similar to those measured in the native vegetation. In the cornfield, higher NO-N fluxes were measured before planting than after planting and pulses were observed after broadcast fertilizations. During Brachiaria cultivation NO-N fluxes were lower than in native vegetation. In the irrigated area (bean cultivation), NO-N fluxes were also significantly higher after broadcast fertilizations. Most of the soil N₂O-N fluxes measured under cultivated and native vegetation were very low (<0.6 ng N₂O-N cm⁻² h⁻¹) except during bean cultivation when N₂O-N fluxes increased after the first and second broadcast fertilization with irrigation and during nodule senescence in the soybean field. Soil respiration values from the soybean field were similar to those in native vegetation. The CO₂-C fluxes during cultivation of maize and irrigated bean were twice as high as in the native vegetation. During bean cultivation with irrigation, an increase in CO₂-C fluxes was observed after broadcast fertilization followed by a decrease after the harvest. Significantly lower soil C stocks (0-30 cm depth) were determined under no-tillage agricultural systems in comparison with the stocks under savanna vegetation. Fertilizer-induced emission factors of N oxides calculated from the data were lower than those indicated by the IPCC as default.     

Net Carbon Exchange Across the Arctic Tundra-Boreal Forest Transition in Alaska 1981–2000

Shifts in the carbon balance of high-latitude ecosystems could result from differential responses of vegetation and soil processes to changing moisture and temperature regimes and to a lengthening of the growing season. Although shrub expansion and northward movement of treeline should increase carbon inputs, the effects of these vegetation changes on net carbon exchange have not been evaluated. We selected low shrub, tall shrub, and forest tundra sites near treeline in northwestern Alaska, representing the major structural transitions expected in response to warming. In these sites, we measured aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and vegetation and soil carbon and nitrogen pools, and used these data to parameterize the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model. We simulated the response of carbon balance components to air temperature and precipitation trends during 1981–2000. In areas experiencing warmer and dryer conditions, Net Primary Production (NPP) decreased and heterotrophic respiration (R _H ) increased, leading to a decrease in Net Ecosystem Production (NEP). In warmer and wetter conditions NPP increased, but the response was exceeded by an increase in R _H ; therefore, NEP also decreased. Lastly, in colder and wetter regions, the increase in NPP exceeded a small decline in R _H , leading to an increase in NEP. The net effect for the region was a slight gain in ecosystem carbon storage over the 20 year period. This research highlights the potential importance of spatial variability in ecosystem responses to climate change in assessing the response of carbon storage in northern Alaska over the last two decades.     

Changes in soil respiration across a chronosequence of tallgrass prairie reconstructions

Close relationships among climatic factors and soil respiration (R_s) are commonly reported. However, variation in R_s across the landscape is compounded by site-specific differences that impede the development of spatially explicit models. Among factors that influence R_s, the effect of ecosystem age is poorly documented. We hypothesized that R_s increases with grassland age and tested this hypothesis in a chronosequence of tallgrass prairie reconstructions in central Iowa, U.S.A. We also assessed changes in root biomass, root ingrowth, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), and the strength of soil temperature and moisture in predicting R_s. We found a significant increase in total growing season R_s with prairie age (R² = 0.79), ranging from 714 g C m^?2 in the youngest reconstruction (age 4) to 939 g C m^?2 in the oldest prairie (age 12). Soil temperature was a strong predictor of intra-seasonal R_s among prairies (R² = 0.78–0.87) but mean growing season soil temperature and moisture did not relate to total R_s. The increase in R_s with age was positively correlated with root biomass (r = 0.80) and ANPP (r = 0.87) but not with root ingrowth. Our findings suggest that growing season R_s increases with tallgrass prairie age, root biomass, and ANPP during young grassland development.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice–wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments: ambient conditions (CKs), CO₂ concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol (FACE), temperature elevated by ca. 2°C (T) and combined elevation of CO₂ concentration and temperature (FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season (p < 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m²·hr) in the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem (p < 0.05).     

Alternative cropping systems for sustainable water and nitrogen use in the North China Plain

Serious water deficits and excessive nitrogen (N) applications are threatening the sustainability of intensive agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). This study examined the possibility of replacing the conventional system (Con.W/M) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.), with an optimized double cropping system (Opt.W/M), a 2-year system (winter wheat/summer maize-spring maize, W/M-M), and a monoculture system (spring maize, M) based on optimal water and N management strategies. From 2004 to 2010, a long-term field experiment conducted in the NCP showed that although >70 mm of irrigation water can be saved with Opt.W/M compared with Con.W/M, annual net groundwater use under Opt.W/M was still 250 mm, 65-90% of which was consumed during the winter wheat season. When wheat production was decreased, 35% and 61% of irrigation water could be reduced in W/M-M and M compared to Con.W/M, respectively. As a result, annual groundwater use was decreased to 190 mm in W/M-M and 94 mm in M. Meanwhile, the N fertilizer rate was reduced 59% and 72% in W/M-M and M compared to Con.W/M, respectively. There were no significant differences in net economic returns between Con.W/M and W/M-M across the 6-year period. In the 6 years, no significant economic loss was observed between Con.W/M and M except in the 2008-2010 rotation. The W/M-M and M systems showed great potential to reduce water and N application and achieve groundwater use balance, and thus should be considered for economic and sustainable agricultural development in the NCP.     

中国农业净碳汇时空演化特征分析

论文以全国范围县级单元为研究对象,对1991—2011年长达21 a的农业净碳汇时空格局变化规律展开了深入分析。研究表明：1）从时间变化角度可以发现,整体上我国农业在长达21 a内均以净碳汇为主,并且总体上处于波动上升趋势,农业净碳汇净增93.7%;2）我国农业碳汇结构相对比较稳定,稻谷、小麦和玉米三者共同占到了80%左右,而碳源结构则在1991—2011年间发生了较大变化,由1991年农药为主,化肥、牛为辅转变成为化肥为主,农药、地膜、牛为辅的结构;3）空间分布方面,我国县域农业净碳汇量地区间差距在不断缩小,存在4种农业碳生态类型区;4）1991—2011年间净碳汇为负值的县级单元数量增多,并且在空间上主要分布于西南地区与内蒙古。农业种植量相对较小,作物生长碳吸收不明显,单位产量农业投入要素多以及农业类型以畜牧业为主是这些地区农业净碳汇为负值的主要原因。     

贵州乌江渡水库沉积速率及碳氮埋藏通量估算

我国西南地区峡谷型梯级水库沉积物的碳汇效应对全球碳循环有着重要意义。为了探明该区域水库的碳汇强度,本研究选择乌江流域的乌江渡水库作为研究对象,于2015年5月对水库沉积物进行采样,并利用210Pbex核素计年技术,结合沉积物碳氮分析,估算乌江渡水库的碳埋藏量。结果表明:乌江渡水库沉积物平均沉积速率为0.155g/(cm~2·a),TOC沉降通量为70.85g/(m~2·a),堆积通量为29.14g/(m~2·a);TN沉降通量为8.22g/(m~2·a),堆积通量为2.79g/(m~2·a)。乌江渡水库沉积物年均TOC总埋藏通量为1.39×10~9g/a,其中82%来自水库内部光合作用形成的有机质。因此,依据保守的估算,乌江渡水库沉积物的净碳汇通量为23.9g/(m~2·a),保存的净碳汇量为1.1×10~9g/a。研究结果表明水库沉积物是一个重要的碳汇。     

A Simulation of Temporal and Spatial Variations in Carbon at Landscape Level: A Case Study for Lake Abitibi Model Forest in Ontario,Canada

Using a case study of the Lake Abitibi Model Forest (LAMF), this study aims to assess the temporal and spatial variability in carbon storage during 1990–2000, and to present a comprehensive estimation of the carbon budget for LAMF's ecosystems. As well, it provided the information needed by local forest managers to develop ecological and carbon-based indicators and monitor the sustainability of forest ecosystems. Temporal and spatial carbon dynamics were simulated at the landscape level using ecosystem model TRIPLEX1.0 and Geographical Information System (GIS). The simulated net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon storage in forest biomass and soil were compared with field data and results from other studies for Canada's boreal forests. The results show that simulated NPP ranged from 3.26 to 3.34 tC ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 1990s and was consistent with the range measured during the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Studies (BOREAS) in central Canada. Modeled NPP was also compared with the estimation from remote sensing data. The density of total above-and belowground biomass was 125.3, 111.8, and 106.5 tC ha⁻¹ for black spruce, trembling aspen, and jack pine in the LAMF ecosystem, respectively. The total carbon density of forested land was estimated at 154.4 tC ha⁻¹ with the proportion of 4:6 for total biomass and soil. The analysis of net carbon balance of ecosystem suggested that the LAMF forest ecosystem was acting as a carbon sink with an allowable harvest in the 1990s.