烟道气中二氧化硫的干扰消除

烟道气中的二氧化硫干扰因素多，不容易测准．本文通过对比实验认为．影响采样精度和分析准确度的干扰因素有：（１）转子流量计的影响；（２）冷凝水对二氧化硫的吸附；（３）氮氧化物对测定的干扰。严格控制上述实验条件，即可得到准确的二氧化硫浓度值。     

烟气分析仪测试二氧化硫存在的问题

1　问题提出及改进措施在使用ＴＨ - 990型智能烟气分析仪进行烟气测试过程中 ,发现二氧化硫数据偏低 ,有两次监测数据甚至为零。通过仔细观察、分析 ,发现ＴＨ -990型仪器使用的导气管是乳胶管 ,二氧化硫传感器测量范围 0ｍｇ/Ｎｍ3～ 50 0 0ｍｇ/Ｎｍ3。由于乳胶管对二氧化硫有较强的吸附作用 ,以及二氧化硫传感器测量范围太大 ,故造成烟气中低含量二氧化硫测量误差大。建议厂家将烟气分析仪的传感器改成 0ｍｇ/Ｎｍ3～ 2 0 0 0ｍｇ/Ｎｍ3,导气管改成硅胶管 ,然后再将仪器用二氧化硫标气标定。现选择标气浓度为 549ｍｇ/Ｎｍ3,用改进后的…     

二氧化硫的变化规律及监测频率代表性的验证

对１９９２年连续十二个月的二氧化硫监测数据的分析，掌握了二氧化硫随时间的变化规律。对间断采样频率的代表性作出结论。     

烟道气中二氧化硫监测质量控制探讨

通过对碘量法测定烟道气中二氧化硫在布点，采样，样品保存等方面的分析，找出了二氧化硫监测结果产生误差的原因，提出了改进方法，进而提高监测数据的准确性和可靠性。     

平行双样对大气二氧化硫采样样品进行质量控制的应用研究

通过对大气二氧化硫采样平行双样相对偏差变化规律的分析，证明了用平行双样控制大气二氧化硫采样样品的质量是可行的，并确定了平行双样相对偏差的控制指标，为大气二氧化硫采样的质量控制提供了可靠的依据     

环境空气中二氧化硫24 h连续采样存在的问题

针对二氧化硫24h连续采样过程中发现的问题，进行不同方式的模拟实验。结果表明，气样引入方式，空气温，湿度以及气体吸收液的动态稳定性均对采样效率有影响；甲醛吸收液对低浓度二氧化硫的吸收效率较低。对如何提高二氧化硫采样效率提出了几点建议。     

离子色谱法测定二氧化硫

目前测定空气中的二氧化硫普遍使用监酸付玫瑰苯胺比色法,以毒性较大的四氯汞钾作吸收液,有报导使用甲醛为吸收液.文献报导空气中二氧化硫采样时在吸收管前加上一根内贮银粉,硫酸亚铁的洗气管以消除干扰,结果与真实情况较符合.但比色法存在的问题是测量范围较狭,当二氧化硫含量超出标准曲线范围时一经显色就无法弥补.     

大气二氧化硫连续采样与分析中应注意的问题

提出了提高“大气二氧化硫２４ｈ连续采样及实验室分析”监测结果准确度几点注意事项。通过实验证明了样品的稳定性及不同的显色温度下相应的显色时间和稳定时间，探讨了用此监测测定大气中二氧化硫浓度时，测定值偏低的原因并提出了消除方法。     

硫酸盐化速率采样方法的改进

硫酸盐化速率采样方法的改进白强（江苏苏州市环境监测站，２１５００４）测定大气中硫酸盐化速率采用碱片法采样，由于设点方便，设备简单，样品采集时间长，无需动力采样，同时较好地反映出大气中含硫物质（主要是二氧化硫）的污染趋势，因此被国内外所广泛采用。我站于...     

硫酸盐化速率低空垂直分布与二氧化硫采样的最佳高度

研究了硫酸盐化速率低空垂直分布规律，根据Ｑ检验结果和二氧化硫的相关关系，提出了二氧化硫采样的最佳高度为８－１５米。     

环境空气中VOC s 的监测技术新进展

大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)严重威胁着人类的健康,目前对它的监测技术的研究越来越多.文章综述了近年来国内外在VOCs的采样及测试技术上的进展,重点介绍了固相微萃取、罐取样、吸附法等采样技术以及以气相色谱法为主的分析方法,并对一些非色谱法的分析技术进行了简单介绍.     

Effect of sample flow rate and sampling duration on the absorption of NO2 in the sodium arsenite monitoring method

The effect of the two most critical parameters, the sample flow rate and sampling duration, on the absorption efficiency of NO2 in the sodium arsenite method of nitrogen dioxide determination in ambient air was studied. Laboratory experiments showed a high sensitivity to these parameters, which were subjected to variation during actual field monitoring. The reported NO2 absorption efficiency of the method of 82% at a flow rate of 0.2 l min-1 was found to be as low as 33% at a flow rate of 1.0 l min-1 for a sampling duration of 24 h. Similarly, a considerable decrease in absorption efficiency with increasing sampling duration from 2 to 24 h was observed at a particular flow rate. Correction factors for the absorption efficiency were evolved that can be used to update the existing database, as well as future NO2 data generated using this manual monitoring method.     

化学吸收法采集固定污染源氨气的影响因素探究

固定污染源氨气的手工监测,干扰因素较多,其中采样环节尤为关键。实验通过催化氧化-化学发光法考察不同采样管线材质对氨气的吸附效果,离子色谱法考察化学吸收法采集氨气的吸收瓶类型、采样流量、吸收液种类、吸收液浓度及体积等采样条件对氨气吸收效率的影响。实验表明,316 L不锈钢与聚四氟乙烯对氨气的吸附较小,氨气的采样流量不宜超过1.0 L/min,棕色气泡式吸收瓶更适用于氨气样品的采集,磷酸溶液作吸收液对氨气的吸收效率较好,对于低浓度的氨气样品,应采用低流量长时间采集。     

复合式吸收器采样还原一体化冷原子吸收法测定大气中的汞

目的研制一种高效率采集大气中汞的吸收器.方法利用一种集大泡式与玻砂板式吸收器为一体的复合式吸收器采样,并使采样还原一体化冷原子吸收法测定大气中汞.结果平均吸收率为96%,变异系数在4%～12%之间.结论复合式吸收器采样吸收效率高,适合于大气中微量汞的测定.     

主动采样法采集博物馆空气中微量污染气体

根据博物馆污染气体的种类,对气体主动采样法进行了采样器种类、吸收液种类和浓度、吸收液体积的选择。验证了气体采样流量、采样时间与气体采样浓度的线性关系,确定了酸性和碱性污染气体的主动采样方法,为监测文物保存环境污染气体提供了可行方法。     

湿法脱硫后高湿烟气中SO3酸雾监测方法研究

利用三氧化硫(SO3)发生装置以及模拟烟气湿法脱硫系统,研究了烟气再热温度、恒温水浴温度、采样速率、冷凝管类型规格及吸收瓶个数等不同采样参数对SO3酸雾采集率的影响。结果表明,当烟气再热温度低于烟气酸露点时会导致SO3酸雾收集率下降,采用控制冷凝法采样时应使用大流量(10L/min)采样,冷凝管应选择外套长度为400 mm的蛇形螺旋冷凝管,并将冷凝管置于温度为65℃左右的恒温水浴中;用碱液吸收法采样时应串联3个吸收瓶后,使用小流量(1L/min)采样。烟气温湿度、二氧化硫(SO2)浓度以及烟气中共存组分等对碱性吸收法的采集影响较大,而对控制冷凝法几乎没有影响。因此确立了针对湿法脱硫后高湿烟气环境下SO3酸雾的监测方法为控制冷凝法更为适宜。     

Judging Survey Quality: Local Variances

The present study was undertaken to explore possibilities to judge survey quality on basis of a limited and restricted number of a-priori observations. Here, quality is defined as the ratio between survey and local variance (signal-to-noiseratio). The results indicate that the presented surveys do not permit such judgement. Furthermore, the discussion alsosuggests that the 5-fold local sampling strategies do not merit any sound judgement in about 10% of all cases.The results further imply that surveys will benefit from procedures, controls and approaches in sampling and sample handling, to assess both average, variance and the nature of the distribution of elemental concentrations in local sites. This reasoning is compatible with the idea of the site as a basic homogeneous survey unit, which is implicitly and conceptually underlying any survey performed.     

Patchy Distribution Fields: Sampling Distance Unit of a Spiral Survey and Reconstruction Adequacy

A mathematical model is used to examine the effects of choosing various units of sampling distance of a spiral acoustic survey on the adequacy of reconstructing patchy distribution fields. The model simulates fish or plankton patches (or gaps) of different shapes and spatial orientations, and an acoustic survey by a spiral of Archimedes along which a unit of sampling distance is set. For comparison, surveys are imitated by parallel transects along which the same unit of sampling distance is set. Adequacy of the reconstructed fields to those originally generated is evaluated by calculating their correlations (r). In the case of a spiral survey, the mathematical experiments conducted show that an immovable field can be reconstructed properly (r ² > 0.70) if the ratio of the units of sampling distance to the autocorrelation radius for the field averaged in various directions d/R _av < 1.0–1.5. Regarding immovable fields, the spiral surveys ensure, practically speaking, the same adequacy of the field reconstruction as do surveys by parallel transects with the same unit of sampling distance. In regard to movable fields, a comparison of the results of spiral surveys with those of surveys by parallel transects indicates that the former may ensure even higher adequacy of the field reconstruction than do the latter, provided that the units of sampling distances in these surveys are equal to each other.     

Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediments of selected sites of Yamuna river (India)

The concentration of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn metals in water and sediments of Yamuna river were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the year 1981. The data showed that there was considerable variation in the concentration of elements from one sampling station to the other which may be due to the variation in the quality of industrial and sewage wasters being added to the river at different sampling stations. The sediment samples collected from different sampling stations were also analysed for calcium carbonate, organic matter, potassium, and phosphorus.     

Effect of sampling effort and sampling frequency on the composition of the planktonic crustacean assemblage: a case study of the river Danube

Although numerous studies have focused on the seasonal dynamics of riverine zooplankton, little is known about its short-term variation. In order to examine the effects of sampling frequency and sampling effort, microcrustacean samples were collected at daily intervals between 13 June and 21 July of 2007 in a parapotamal side arm of the river Danube, Hungary. Samples were also taken at biweekly intervals from November 2006 to May 2008. After presenting the community dynamics, the effect of sampling effort was evaluated with two different methods; the minimal sample size was also estimated. We introduced a single index (potential dynamic information loss; to determine the potential loss of information when sampling frequency is reduced. The formula was calculated for the total abundance, densities of the dominant taxa, adult/larva ratios of copepods and for two different diversity measures. Results suggest that abundances may experience notable fluctuations even within 1 week, as do diversities and adult/larva ratios.