The effects of GMHT crops on bird abundance in arable fields in the UK

Bird surveys were carried out in summer 2000 and winter 2000/2001 on 24 sugar beet fields, 11 maize fields, 10 spring rape fields and (for winter-only) 23 winter rape fields divided into conventional and genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) treatments. These fields were a sub-sample of those used in the farm scale evaluation (FSE [Firbank, L.G, Heard, M.S., Woiwod, I.P., Hawes, C., Haughton, A.J., Champion, G.T., Scott, R.J., Hill, M.O., Dewar, A.M., Squire, G.R., May, M.J., Brooks, D.R., Bohan, D.A., Daniels, R.E., Osborne, J.L., Roy, D.B., Black, H.I.J., Rothery, P., Perry, J.N., 2003. An introduction to the farm-scale evaluations of genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops. J. Appl. Ecol. 40, 2–16.]). The study aimed to compare bird abundance between GMHT and conventional crop treatments. In the summer, the abundance of yellowhammers Emberiza citrinella and of granivores collectively was significantly greater on conventional than GMHT sugar beet. Abundance of granivores and species richness was significantly greater on conventional than GMHT maize, but only after the application of herbicides to the GMHT treatment. No significant differences were detected in spring oilseed rape. No significant differences were detected prior to herbicide application in any crop. In winter, granivores were more abundant on bare plough following conventional sugar beet treatment than following GMHT treatment. Woodpigeon Columba palumbus, blackbird Turdus merula and corvids were more abundant on maize stubbles following GMHT treatment. These differences were in accord with likely differences in food availability ascertained from previous research carried out under the FSE.     

Plants with phytotoxic potential: Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis)

Herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass (ARG, Lolium rigidum) threatens the quality and yield of winter wheat crops in Australia, prompting research to discover novel natural plant compounds with herbicidal properties. Due to its novel nature and potentially interesting chemistry, the Australian native, Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis), was tested for its ability to suppress ARG growth and its feasibility for use in weed control strategies. The leaf extract of Wollemi pine significantly inhibited the growth of ARG and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) in laboratory bioassays at concentrations above 1% extract. In soil trials, the 100% extract (100 g dried plant material/L) inhibited the dry weight of ARG by 25%. The addition of a wetting agent to the extract increased the suppression of ARG to 80% which was as phytotoxic as a 4-fold increase in the extract concentration (“400%” extract). Using bioassay-guided fractionation, the most phytotoxic fraction was identified and further analysed via GC/MS. Several compounds not previously identified in Wollemi pine leaf extracts have been identified, namely, 2-propylphenol, 3,4-dimethoxyphenol, 2-methoxybenzoic acid, vanillyl alcohol and isovanillic acid. These results suggest that Wollemi pine is an important potential source of compounds for the control of ARG and wild radish in winter crops.     

Eight years of annual no-till cropping in Washington's winter wheat-summer fallow region

The tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) cropping system has dominated dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest USA for 125 years. We conducted a large-scale multidisciplinary 8-year study of annual (i.e., no summer fallow) no-till cropping systems as an alternative to WW-SF. Soft white and hard white classes of winter and spring wheat, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were grown in various rotation combinations. Annual precipitation was less than the long-term average of 301 mm in 7 out of 8 years. Rhizoctonia bare patch disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 appeared in year 3 and continued through year 8 in all no-till plots. All crops were susceptible to rhizoctonia, but bare patch area in wheat was reduced, and grain yield increased, when wheat was grown in rotation with barley every other year. Remnant downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) weed seeds remained dormant for 6 years and longer to heavily infest recrop winter wheat. There were few quantifiable changes in soil quality due to crop rotation, but soil organic carbon (SOC) increased in the surface 0–5 cm depth with no-till during the 8 years to approach that found in undisturbed native soil. Annual no-till crop rotations experienced lower average profitability and greater income variability compared to WW-SF. Yellow mustard and safflower were not economically viable. Continuous annual cropping using no-till provides excellent protection against wind erosion and shows potential to increase soil quality, but the practice involves high economic risk compared to WW-SF. This paper provides the first comprehensive multidisciplinary report of long-term alternative annual no-till cropping systems research in the low-precipitation region of the Pacific Northwest.     

Structure and diversity of small mammal communities in agriculture landscape

Small mammal communities were snaptrapped for six years in agricultural landscapes to establish their relationship to various crop habitats in southern Moravia, Czech Republic. The presence of 14 small mammals was documented; 77% of the community found in crops consisted of three rodents, namely Microtus arvalis, Apodemus microps and A. sylvaticus, whereas in woody habitats, 89% of the community was represented by Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis and A. sylvaticus. In permanent habitats (windbreaks, small woods and fallow land), the community was more abundant and diversified. Among the crop fields, the lowest abundance was found in cereal fields whereas the lowest diversity was observed in alfalfa. Soil-cultivating practices affected abundances especially in sugar beat and maize. Seasonal variation in numbers was lowest in forest and fallow land. Species richness decreased from spring and summer to autumn and winter in annual crops (cereal, maize, sugar beet and other crops), increased in alfalfa and fallow land, and remained relatively stable in windbreaks and forests. Based on similarity indices, two groups of small mammal communities were identified: one for field crops and another for permanent habitats. The fallow land assemblages in spring and summer were more similar to field crop species assemblages and in autumn and winter to permanent habitats one. Trophic requirements of small mammals and the food supply available in the various habitats are discussed.     

上海大气颗粒物中糖类的组成、粒径分布及来源

为更好地理解大气颗粒物中糖类的来源及其环境影响,利用微孔撞击式采样器(MOUDI)采集了上海市宝山区2012年11月—2013年8月四季节代表性时段18 μm以下11个不同粒径段的大气颗粒物样品,利用硅烷化衍生和GC-MS对10种脱水糖、单糖和糖醇类化合物进行了分析. 结果表明:上海大气颗粒物中所检测的10种糖类化合物的质量浓度之和在春、夏、秋、冬四季采样期的平均值分别为120.3、104.0、292.9和206.0 ng/m3,脱水糖在秋、冬季占主导地位,单糖和糖醇的质量浓度在冬季最低. 绝大部分脱水糖存在于粒径≤1.8 μm的颗粒中,冬、夏季质量浓度最高的粒径段(峰值粒径)为>0.32~0.56 μm,而春、秋季峰值粒径为>0.56~1.0 μm. 单糖和糖醇类化合物在春、夏季时主要存在于粒径>1.8 μm的颗粒中,而秋、冬季时在粒径≤1.8 μm的颗粒中质量浓度较高. 应用PMF(正定矩阵因子分析法)解析出了大气颗粒物中糖类的3个来源——生物质燃烧、植物源土壤有机质和微生物源土壤有机质. 脱水糖全部来源于生物质燃烧,单糖主要来源于植物源土壤有机质,而糖醇主要来源于微生物源土壤有机质;秋、冬季时生物质燃烧对山梨糖醇之外的单糖和糖醇有较大贡献.      

不同地表条件下生物炭对土壤氨挥发的影响

为了探究生物炭对不同地表条件下土壤氨挥发的作用及其效应,通过田间小区试验的方法,探讨生物炭与作物种植覆盖双重影响下,土壤氨的产生、土壤铵态氮含量、土壤脲酶活性的响应性变化.试验设置了6个处理,分别为CK+(未施生物炭+种植作物)、BC0.5+[施用生物炭0.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+种植作物]、BC4.5+[施用生物炭4.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+种植作物]、CK-(未施生物炭+裸地)、BC0.5-[施用生物炭0.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+裸地]、BC4.5-[施用生物炭4.5 kg·(m~2·a)~(-1)+裸地].结果表明在作物种植条件下,相对于CK+处理,BC4.5+、BC0.5+处理的土壤氨挥发随时间呈现先增加(前4 d内)后显著下降的态势,降幅分别为9.95%~61.80%、7.97%~50.52%(P0.05);但同期裸地条件下的BC4.5-、BC0.5-处理的土壤氨挥发较CK-处理则增加了40.02%~93.15%、28.09%~57.45%(P0.05).在等量生物炭施用条件下,作物种植土壤的氨挥发量明显低于裸地土壤,BC4.5+、BC0.5+较BC4.5-、BC0.5-处理分别降低了27.10%~92.10%、13.17%~83.45%(P0.05),但是CK+与CK-处理间的土壤氨挥发量差异不显著.上述结果说明作物种植覆盖地表对生物炭介导的土壤氨挥发具有一定的抑制效应.作物种植条件下,BC4.5+、BC0.5+处理较CK+处理的土壤铵态氮和脲酶含量的最大增幅依次为69.25%、72.73%和93.61%、90.56%(P0.05),但同期土壤氨挥发降低;而裸地条件下,BC4.5-、BC0.5-处理的土壤铵态氮和脲酶含量较CK-呈下降趋势明显,最大降幅依次为63.78%、95.70%和78.38%、92.64%(P0.05),同时土壤氨的挥发量上升.可见生物炭影响下的土壤氨挥发不仅与土壤铵态氮和脲酶含量的变化密切相关,且作物种植覆盖地表的影响更为深刻.     

生物炭输入对城郊农业区农田地表反照率及土壤呼吸的影响

为了探究生物炭输入对地表反照率及土壤呼吸的影响,通过田间小区试验的方法,在不同生物炭用量[0（CK）、0.5 kg·（m²·a）^-1（BC0.5）、4.5 kg·（m²·a）^-1（BC4.5）]不同地表条件下[种植作物（以+表示）、裸地（以-表示）],对农田地表反照率、土壤温湿度、土壤CO₂排放通量、土壤有机碳组分等指标进行了测定分析.结果表明,在作物生长前期（玉米的苗期至拔节期、小麦苗期至越冬期）,BC4.5+、BC0.5+的地表反照率相较CK+处理均有显著下降（P<0.05）,小麦季最大降幅分别为23.7%、17.9%,玉米季最大降幅分别为44.5%、44.9%.随叶面积指数增加,地表反照率在3个处理间的差异随之逐渐消失,作物覆盖可有效缓解生物炭输入导致的地表反照率的降低效应;裸地条件下,生物炭处理的地表反照率较对照处理在全部的观测中均有显著下降（P<0.05）;生物炭在输入初期可显著增加土壤CO₂释放量（P<0.05）,但其增幅随时间逐渐减小,其中BC4.5+较CK+的增幅从276.7%逐步降低至36.1%,BC4.5-较CK-的增幅从163.5%明显减弱至39.8%.生物炭处理较对照处理增加的CO₂释放量主要来自生物炭-土壤共存体系中的易分解碳组分,其土壤CO₂释放通量与土壤水溶性有机碳含量呈显著相关（P<0.05）;生物炭输入导致的地表反照率变化未对土壤呼吸产生直接的影响,而且生物炭输入可降低土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值,表明生物炭具有一定的化学和生物学稳定性.     

Cover crop effects on nitrous oxide emission from a manure-treated Mollisol

Agriculture contributes 40–60% of the total annual N₂O emissions to the atmosphere. Development of management practices to reduce these emissions would have a significant impact on greenhouse gas levels. Non-leguminous cover crops are efficient scavengers of residual soil NO₃, thereby reducing leaching losses. However, the effect of a grass cover crop on N₂O emissions from soil receiving liquid swine manure has not been evaluated. This study investigated: (i) the temporal patterns of N₂O emissions following addition of swine manure slurry in a laboratory setting under fluctuating soil moisture regimes; (ii) assessed the potential of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop to decrease N₂O emissions under these conditions; and (iii) quantified field N₂O emissions in response to either spring applied urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) or different rates of fall-applied liquid swine manure, in the presence or absence of a rye/oat winter cover crop. Laboratory experiments investigating cover crop effects N₂O emissions were performed in a controlled environment chamber programmed for a 14 h light period, 18 °C day temperature, and 15 °C night temperature. Treatments with or without a living rye cover crop were treated with either: (i) no manure; (ii) a phosphorus-based manure application rate (low manure): or (iii) a nitrogen-based manure application rate (high manure). We observed a significant reduction in N₂O emissions in the presence of the rye cover crop. Field experiments were performed on a fine-loamy soil in Central Iowa from October 12, 2005 to October 2, 2006. We observed no significant effect of the cover crop on cumulative N₂O emissions in the field. The primary factor influencing N₂O emission was N application rate, regardless of form or timing. The response of N₂O emission to N additions was non-linear, with progressively more N₂O emitted with increasing N application. These results indicate that while cover crops have the potential to reduce N₂O emissions, N application rate may be the overriding factor.     

小麦与不同作物多样化轮作对土壤真菌群落的影响

为明确华北平原冬小麦与不同作物多样化轮作下的土壤真菌群落差异,为生态可持续种植制度的构建和优化提供理论依据,采用实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术研究了连续冬小麦-夏玉米M、冬小麦-夏花生(夏玉米)PM和冬小麦-夏大豆(夏玉米)SM轮作处理的土壤真菌群落丰度、组成和多样性.结果表明,与连续冬小麦-夏玉米处理相比,轮作花生PM2和大豆SM2处理显著降低了土壤真菌ITS序列拷贝数,轮作花生或大豆处理增加了土壤真菌群落丰富度和多样性.非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)结果显示,不同轮作茬口之间土壤真菌群落存在明显分离,轮作作物对土壤真菌群落结构的影响达显著水平.华北平原砂壤质潮土中不同作物轮作处理的土壤真菌群落均以Ascomycota为优势菌门,以Sordariomycetes和Eurotiomycetes为优势菌纲.不同轮作茬口土壤真菌群落组成存在差异显著的类群,Neocosmospora、Plectosphaerella和Gibellulopsis等潜在病原真菌在冬小麦-夏花生(夏玉米)轮作处理中显著富集,而Penicillium和Zopfiella等潜在有益真菌在冬小麦-夏大豆(夏玉米)轮...     

不同前茬冬小麦土壤呼吸特征及影响因子分析

以不同蔬菜前茬处理的冬小麦田为对象,研究土壤呼吸变化特征、各影响因子对土壤呼吸的响应的通径分析以及计算全生长季农田碳汇强度.结果表明：①温度对土壤呼吸速率的响应随深度增加具有滞后性;土壤呼吸与土壤水分呈显著二次相关.②有效磷、速效钾、土壤脲酶、土壤温度、土壤水分对土壤呼吸变化的贡献较大,为主要影响因子.5种主要因子中土...     

模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤酸化及K，Na，Ca，Mg溶出的影响

在油菜大田栽培的自然生态环境条件下,通过喷淋和土柱淋溶试验,研究不同pH模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤K,Na,Ca和Mg等盐基离子溶出的影响. 结果表明:酸雨喷淋和淋溶后油菜大田土壤和淋滤液的pH明显高于酸雨pH;酸雨pH<3.5时,土壤pH主要受酸雨酸度控制,酸雨胁迫起主要作用;酸雨pH>3.5时,土壤pH主要由土壤盐基量制约,缓冲起主要作用;随着喷淋次数和淋溶量的增加,通过缓冲作用可使油菜大田土壤生态环境有所恢复并趋向一致. K,Na,Ca和Mg的溶出量随酸雨pH,淋溶量和淋溶时间的增加而减小,随油菜群体生长量的增大而增大;4种元素中,Ca溶出量最大且变化最明显,相比之下酸雨对油菜大田中K,Na,Mg的释放影响较微弱.      

Competition between maize and pigeonpea in semi-arid Tanzania: Effect on yields and nutrition of crops

Productivity of maize–pigeonpea cropping systems is dependent on facilitative and competitive interactive effects on resource availability. Controlling these interactions may benefit farmers through increased productivity associated with optimized crop yields. Previous research on maize–pigeonpea culture in Sub-Saharan Africa has focused on yield and soil fertility, but provided inadequate information on the mechanisms of possible interspecific competition. We employed a factorial field experiment to examine yield and nutritional responses of maize and pigeonpea to cropping systems (sole maize, intercropping, and improved fallow), N and P fertilizer additions, and cattle manure additions in Dodoma, Tanzania. The study objectives were to assess competition between crops and to determine how manure or fertilizer inputs may mitigate such interactions to improve yields. Intercropping enhanced maize yield over sole maize only when fertilized, reflecting probable nutrient competition. Improved fallows alone or with fertilizers (1.2–1.6 Mg ha⁻¹) increased maize yields over sole maize (0.6 Mg ha⁻¹). These increases were attributed to pigeonpea facilitation through soil nutrient replenishment, reduced competition associated with sequential cropping arrangements, and added nutrients from fertilization. Combined fertilizer and manure applications also improved maize and pigeonpea yields. Plant nutrient diagnosis indicated primary and secondary P and Ca deficiencies, respectively associated with P-fixation and leaching of cations due to high soil acidity and exchangeable Al. Maize competed strongly in mixture suppressing biomass and grain yields of the unfertilized pigeonpea by 60% and 33%, respectively due to limited soil nutrients and/or moisture. These yield reductions suggest that the intercropped pigeonpea did not recover from competition after maize harvesting that reduced competition. Optimizing yields of both maize and pigeonpea would require the addition of prescribed fertilizer when intercropped, but applications can be reduced by half under the improved fallow system due to alleviating interspecific competition.     

Soil loss due to harvesting of various crop types in contrasting agro-ecological environments

Soil erosion studies on cropland usually only consider water, wind and tillage erosion. However, significant amounts of soil are also lost from the field during the harvest of crops such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.), cassava (Manihot spp.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). During the harvest soil adhering to the crop, loose soil or soil clods and rock fragments are exported from the field together with these crops.This soil erosion process is referred to as ‘soil losses due to crop harvesting’ (SLCH). Most of the studies investigated SLCH variability and its controlling factors for one crop type in similar agro-ecological environments and for comparable harvesting techniques. In this study, a compilation of SLCH studies was made in order to investigate the effect of crop type, agricultural systems, ecological conditions and harvesting technique on SLCH variability. SLCH rates ranged from few to tens of Mg ha⁻¹ harvest⁻¹ and SLCH was highly variable both in space and time. Comparison of four studies on SLCH for sugar beet revealed that harvesting technique and soil moisture content at harvesting time can be equally important for SLCH variability. The occurrence of soil clods harvested with the crop explained why SLCH was significantly larger for mechanically harvested potato in Belgium compared to manually harvested potato in China. SLCH values for manually harvested sugar beet, potato, cassava and sweet potato in China and Uganda were in general smaller than SLCH values for mechanically harvested sugar beet, potato and witloof chicory roots measured in Belgium and France. However, SLCH may also vary significantly within Europe due to differences in harvesting techniques. Soil moisture content at harvesting time was besides harvesting technique one of the key factors controlling SLCH variability. There were no systematic differences in SLCH between crop types, although the soil–crop contact area–crop mass ratio could explain more than 40% of the means from several SLCH studies.     

塌陷地粉煤灰充填复垦土壤的污染性分析

从粉煤灰的污染潜势分析入手,通过复垦土壤的测试分析、淋溶试验和种植试验,揭示了粉煤灰充填复垦土壤的污染性.研究表明,粉煤灰中重金属的水溶性差,同时因pH值高,抑制了作物对高含量污染重金属的吸收;淋溶试验也表明重金属元素的淋溶性弱;温室盆栽与大田作物籽实样品分析表明,样品中重金属含量符合国家有关标准,说明尽管复垦土壤存在重金属污染,仍然可以种植某些作物.     

纳米碳及其复合材料对油菜生长和土壤氮素保持效应的影响

采用盆栽种植实验及淋溶试验方法,研究了纳米碳及其与沸石、保水剂等材料复合对油菜生长和土壤氮素淋溶情况的影响.结果表明,在各处理中,纳米碳与沸石和保水剂复合材料处理(N4)对油菜的株高和干重影响最明显,较空白对照组(CK)分别增加21.12%和16.51%;在土壤淋溶试验中,各处理的土壤总氮淋出量较CK减少25.00%~39.21%,其中,累积淋溶中NH+4-N量占总氮量的4.44%~6.73%,各处理间无显著差异,NO-3-N量占总氮量的49.33%~60.05%,但各处理间差异显著;纳米碳和沸石复合处理能有效延缓NO-3-N峰值出现时间,减少NO-3-N流失.因此,N4处理在促进作物生长和氮素保持增效利用方面效果最佳.     

平顶山市煤矿矿区土地复垦煤灰充填后土壤的污染性分析

从粉煤灰的污染潜势分析入手,通过复垦土壤的测试分析、淋溶试验和种植试验,揭示了粉煤灰充填复垦土壤的污染性.研究表明,粉煤灰中重金属的水溶性差,同时因pH值高,抑制了作物对高含量污染重金属的吸收;淋溶试验也表明重金属元素的淋溶性弱;温室盆栽与大田作物籽实样品分析表明,样品中重金属含量符合国家有关标准,说明尽管复垦土壤存在重金属污染,仍然可以种植某些作物.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on soil nitrate distribution

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｓｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｒａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ,ｂｕｔｕｎｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｙａｐｐｌｙｉｎｇｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓｃｏｕｌｄｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｓｕｃｈａｓｃｒｏｐｑｕａｌｉｔｙｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ,ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｕｓｅｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅ,ｒｅｓｉｄｕａｌｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ ｇｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｒｉｖｅｒｓａｎｄｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｅｄ …     

GeneSys: a model of the influence of cropping system on gene escape from herbicide tolerant rapeseed crops to rape volunteers: I. Temporal evolution of a population of rapeseed volunteers in a field

The aim of model GeneSys is to rank cropping systems according to their risk of gene escape from genetically modified, herbicide tolerant winter oilseed rape cultivars to rapeseed volunteers. The model integrates the effects of crop succession and crop management at the level of a region. The first part of the model presented in this paper describes the temporal evolution of rapeseed volunteers in a field, using an annual life-cycle comprising stages such as seed bank, seedlings, adult plants, flowers or freshly produced seeds. The relationships between the various stages depend on the crops grown each year and the cultivation techniques (stubble breaking, soil tillage, sowing date and density, herbicides, cutting and harvesting). Parameter values were either deduced from existing models and literature, or estimated from experimental studies and field surveys. The extension of the temporal sub-model to include the genetic evolution of rapeseed volunteers and the spatial dimension is presented in a second paper [Colbach, N., Clermont-Dauphin, C., Meynard, J.M., 2001. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.].     

基于人工神经网络多源数据融合的子像元冬油菜提取——以两湖平原为例

油菜是我国第五大农作物和重要的油料作物。获取油菜的种植分布信息对食用油市场的发展和粮食安全具有重要意义。两湖平原泛指包括湖北江汉平原和湖南洞庭湖平原在内的广大平原区域,是我国重要的粮棉油生产基地,“湖广熟,天下足”指的就是这一地区。由于耕地破碎,种植结构复杂,两湖平原轮作和间作的现象非常普遍,传统的遥感监测方法难以准确地获取冬油菜的空间分布。本文提出了一种基于人工神经网络ANN的子像元冬油菜提取方法,将时间序列MODIS-EVI和GF-1数据结合以提取两湖平原的冬油菜丰度信息。首先采用顺序前向选择SFS算法从时间序列MODIS-EVI数据集中进行物候特征优选;然后构建融合多源数据的ANN模型估算两湖平原的冬油菜丰度。结果表明：基于ANN方法获取的冬油菜分布具有较高的精度（ANN估算结果与GF-1和统计数据的验证精度分别为91.54%和74.70%）,在利用中分辨率影像进行大尺度冬油菜精细制图方面显示出巨大潜力,可为我国冬油菜的空间分布制图和时空格局分析提供技术方法。     

Influence of conservation tillage on winter bird use of arable fields in Hungary

Bird use of conservation tillage-established (CT—seedbed preparation without soil inversion) crops was assessed at two adjacent sites in western Hungary, in comparison with conventionally established (mouldboard ploughed—P) fields. Bird abundance was assessed in a typical rotation of spring-sown maize and winter wheat in three consecutive winters. In the first winter, several species and the guild of seed-eating passerines were significantly more abundant on CT established plots, in both crop types. In the second winter, only starlings were more abundant on CT plots. In the third winter, only skylarks favoured CT over P plots. In combination with agri-environment scheme measures designed to provide resources for biodiversity, conservation tillage could play a role in softening the impact of agriculture on farmland birds in Hungary and elsewhere in Eastern Europe, in addition to its potential for reducing soil erosion and diffuse pollution.