攀枝花市道路空气中挥发性有机物污染特征及对策研究

采用SUMMA罐采样,空气预浓缩与气相色谱/质谱联用技术,对攀枝花市11个道路点位的空气挥发性有机物进行了分析。定性检出挥发性有机物68种,其中烃类占47.1%,卤代烃类占32.4%,含氧化合物占19.1%,其它化合物占1.5%。其中检出的烃类以烷烃为主,烷烃占检出总数量的20.6%,烯烃占11.8%,芳香烃占14.7%。定量二甲苯的平均质量浓度为6.65μg/m~3,甲苯6.05μg/m~3,三甲苯4.71μg/m~3,苯3.65μg/m~3,乙苯1.52μg/m~3。VOCs检出种类数量顺序为隧道主干路快速路支路对照点。     

便携式GC-MS在选钛废气挥发性有机物监测中的应用

采用便携式GC-MS现场测定了某选钛厂废气中挥发性有机物。结果表明,选钛废气中检出了苯系物、丙酮、环己烷、二硫化碳等具有异味的挥发性有机物,浮选工序挥发性有机物浓度水平为0.032~1.02mg/m~3,烘干工序排气筒废气中挥发性有机物浓度水平为0.004~0.518mg/m~3。本方法操作简便,获得数据快速,为管理部门及时处理环境投诉,企业优化选钛废气处理工艺参数提供依据。     

十堰市汽车涂装VOCs污染状况及变化趋势分析

通过调查,初步摸清了十堰市汽车涂装行业的规模、产生VOCs的原辅材料消耗情况及污染治理情况,在此基础上,冬季、春季采样监测十堰市VOCs的环境背景值及污染现状。结果表明,VOCs在十堰各点位均有检出,但不同季节VOCs的浓度不同,总VOCs平均浓度1月份为2 113.29μg/m3,5月份为1 816.70μg/m3。各采样点VOCs质量浓度排序是:工业区商业区办公居住区。十堰市VOCs的日变化情况与工业区内工厂生产作业情况密切相关,通过对苯系物相关性的研究,得知涂料喷涂行业是十堰大气中苯及VOCs的重要来源。     

滕州市木石镇秋季大气VOCs污染特征及来源解析

使用大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)在线连续自动监测系统,对滕州市木石镇2019年11月环境空气中VOCs进行观测,并分析了VOCs的浓度状况、组成特征、光化学影响和来源。结果表明：观测期间,木石镇大气中TVOC平均体积分数为(32.75±28.96)×10^-9,各物种体积分数从大到小顺序依次为烷烃>烯烃>OVOC>芳香烃>卤代烃>乙炔>含硫化合物;日变化规律呈双峰型,峰值在6:00～7:00时与0:00～1:00时出现。大气VOCs的平均臭氧生成潜势(OFP)为102.02×10^-9,烯烃对臭氧生成潜势贡献率最大,为69.5%;乙烯、丙烯、正丁烯、萘和1,3-丁二烯等是臭氧生成潜势较高的物种。对OH自由基消耗速率(L_OH)贡献最大的为烯烃,其次为芳香烃,两者贡献率占到76.8%。VOCs对二次气溶胶(SOA)浓度的贡献值为0.85μg/m³,其中芳香烃对SOA生成贡献占比为92.8%,对SOA生成贡献最大的前5个物种为萘、甲苯、苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯。利用PMF模型...     

南通市典型臭氧污染过程VOCs特征及来源分析

利用在线挥发性有机物自动监测仪TH300B对2020年8月12—17日南通市典型臭氧污染过程中VOCs排放进行监测。结果表明,南通市此次臭氧污染过程主要受VOCs排放影响,污染中VOCs体积浓度均值为23.44 ppb,较污染前下降了12.0%,其中芳香烃体积浓度占比下降幅度最大,较污染前下降23.4%,OVOCs体积浓度绝对值下降最大,较污染前下降1.42 ppb。污染中,VOCs总OFP贡献为162.0μg/m3,较污染前下降22.2%,OPF与臭氧的日变化呈明显的相反关系,关键活性物种为甲苯、乙烯和异戊烷等。PMF模型解析结果显示,机动车尾气、工业排放、油气挥发、涂料和溶剂使用、天然气源对VOCs的贡献占比分别为38.6%,35.4%,9.5%,8.8%和7.8%。     

大庆地区总悬浮微粒中苯溶物及多环芳烃的测定与评价

通过对大庆地区总悬浮微粒（TSP）中主要化学组成──苯溶物、多环芳烃的测定分析得知：苯溶物占TSP的百分含量，年均值为10．31％，在空气中的平均浓度为12．5μg／m3。与北京燕山地区1983～1984年3个生活区（迎风、东风、东炼）苯溶物年平均值比较，大庆地区苯溶物含量较低。而对总悬浮微粒中多环芳烃的测定结果可明显看出各点采暖期苯并（a）芘、多环芳烃总量的浓度虽都明显高于非采暖期，但其致癌强度和浓度都比北京市、太原市及兰州市弱、低。     

土壤中挥发性芳香烃顶空气相色谱的测定研究

本文采用顶空-气相色谱法测定土壤中的苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、异丙苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯8种挥发性芳香烃。结果表明,8种挥发性芳香烃在1.23μg/L~250μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9 997~0.9 998,方法检出限(LOD,S/N=3)为0.37μg/L~0.52μg/L,回收率为80.18%~114.14%,RSD为0.82%~8.96%。该方法操作简单,检出限低,且适用性强,可用于土壤中挥发性芳香烃的快速定性定量测定。     

捕集阱顶空-气相色谱/质谱法检测地表水中25种挥发性有机物

建立了捕集阱顶空-气相色谱/质谱法检测地表水中25种挥发性有机物的分析方法。采用正交实验设计对捕集阱顶空条件进行了优化,该方法相关系数0.995,加标回收率为90%~110%,方法检出限为0.08~0.39μg/L,相对标准偏差(n=7)为0.7%~4.8%,仪器检出限低于0.04μg/L。方法准确度和灵敏度较好,可以满足对地表水中25种挥发性有机物的检测要求。     

便携式质谱联用仪快速定量测定水中7 种苯系物

针对地表水、地下水和饮用水中苯系物的快速定量测定建立方法,该方法适用于水体中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、苯乙烯和邻-二甲苯等苯系物的快速定量结果测定,样品浓度在5~50μg/L的浓度范围内定量检测相对标准偏差低于10%。通过对标准样品测定,其回收率在96.16%~101.50%之间,在快速测定的同时,其定量测定数据具有很高的可靠性。     

大庆地区总悬浮微粒乙醇溶物和水溶物污染状况分析

通过对大庆地区总悬浮微粒（TSP）中主要化学组成─—乙醇溶物和水溶物的测定分析得知，乙醇溶物占TSP的年均值为12．25％，高于北京市（6．41％），在空气中的平均浓度为0．0148mg／m3。乙醇溶物中有机物平均占58.6％，多为含羟基的有机物；无机物主要是控的硫酸盐和硝酸盐。水溶物占TSP的平均值为27.93％，高于北京市（11．29％），在空气中的平均浓度为0．0324mg／m3。从TSP中乙醇溶物和水溶物的测定结果可以看出各测点采暖期乙醇溶物、水溶物的浓度显著高于非采暖期，但其致突变强度比北京市弱。     

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN GROUND WATER FROM RURAL PRIVATE WELLS, 1986 TO 19991

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected or compiled data on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in samples of untreated ground water from 1,926 rural private wells during 1986 to 1999. At least one VOC was detected in 12 percent of samples from rural private wells. Individual VOCs were not commonly detected with the seven most frequently detected compounds found in only 1 to 5 percent of samples at or above a concentration of 0.2 microgram per liter (μg/l). An assessment level of 0.2 μg/l was selected so that comparisons of detection frequencies between VOCs could be made. The seven most frequently detected VOCs were: trichloromethane, methyl tert‐butyl ether, tetrachloroethene, dichlorodifluoromethane, methylbenzene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, and 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane. Solvents and trihalomethanes were the most frequently detected VOC groups in private wells. The distributions of detections of gasoline oxygenates and fumigants seemed to be related to the use patterns of compounds in these groups. Mixtures were a common mode of occurrence of VOCs with one‐quarter of all samples with detections including two or more VOCs. The concentrations of most detected VOCs were relatively small and only 1.4 percent of samples had one or more VOC concentrations that exceeded a federally established drinking water standard or health criterion.     

Experimental study of benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene,and xylene (BTEX) contributions in the air pollution of Tehran,Iran

Urbanization and development are associated with air pollution, including emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). For this study, we measured and investigated the outdoor concentrations of BTEX in Tehran, Iran. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, 1996) methods were applied to measure the concentrations of BTEX in winter and spring of 2015 at 46 air monitoring stations. BETX concentrations were also measured at 19 monitoring stations in June and July of 2003. In 2003, BTEX compound pollutants were observed at greater concentration in the eastern, central, and southern zones of Tehran than in other zones. The average concentrations of the BTEX compounds were 238 parts per billion (ppb), 130 ppb, 69 ppb, and 118 ppb, respectively, for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. The benzene to toluene (B/T) ratios ranged from 0.8 to 3.2, which indicated that the gasoline used in the city was of poor quality at that time. In 2015, the BTEX concentrations in District 19 (south of Tehran) were higher than in the eastern and central regions, which included restricted “traffic zones” and the extensive development of public transportation systems. In the restricted traffic zones, only public vehicles, such as buses, taxis, ambulances, etc., and other authorized vehicles are allowed to operate. By ameliorating the quality of gasoline, encouraging the use of late model private cars, and development of subway and public transportation during the years between 2003 and 2015, the BTEX concentrations have fallen to levels that comply with Iran's air quality standards. The 2015 measurements revealed that the average concentrations of the BTEX compounds were 5.3, 9.2, 1.5, and 2.6 ppb, respectively. The B/T ratio fluctuated from 0.39 to 0.76, demonstrating the remarkable role that vehicle traffic plays in BTEX pollution.     

Combining steam injection with hydraulic fracturing for the in situ remediation of the unsaturated zone of a fractured soil polluted by jet fuel

A steam injection pilot-scale experiment was performed on the unsaturated zone of a strongly heterogeneous fractured soil contaminated by jet fuel. Before the treatment, the soil was stimulated by creating sub-horizontal sand-filled hydraulic fractures at three depths. The steam was injected through one hydraulic fracture and gas/water/non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) was extracted from the remaining fractures by applying a vacuum to extraction wells. The injection strategy was designed to maximize the heat delivery over the entire cell (10 m × 10 m × 5 m). The soil temperature profile, the recovered NAPL, the extracted water, and the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the gas phase were monitored during the field test. GC-MS chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples allowed for the quantitative assessment of the remediation efficiency. The growth of the heat front followed the configuration of hydraulic fractures. The average concentration of total hydrocarbons (g/kg of soil) was reduced by ～ 43% in the upper target zone (depth = 1.5-3.9 m) and by ～ 72% over the entire zone (depth = 1.5-5.5 m). The total NAPL mass removal based on gas and liquid stream measurements and the free-NAPL product were almost 30% and 2%, respectively, of those estimated from chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples. The dominant mechanisms of soil remediation was the vaporization of jet fuel compounds at temperatures lower than their normal boiling points (steam distillation) enhanced by the ventilation of porous matrix due to the forced convective flow of air. In addition, the significant reduction of the NAPL mass in the less-heated deeper zone may be attributed to the counter-current imbibition of condensed water from natural fractures into the porous matrix and the gravity drainage associated with seasonal fluctuations of the water table.     

Attenuation of methane and volatile organic compounds in landfill soil covers

The potential for natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in landfill covers was investigated in soil microcosms incubated with methane and air, simulating the gas composition in landfill soil covers. Soil was sampled at Skellingsted Landfill at a location emitting methane. In total, 26 VOCs were investigated, including chlorinated methanes, ethanes, ethenes, fluorinated hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The soil showed a high capacity for methane oxidation resulting in very high oxidation rates of between 24 and 112 microg CH4 g(-1) h(-1). All lower chlorinated compounds were shown degradable, and the degradation occurred in parallel with the oxidation of methane. In general, the degradation rates of the chlorinated aliphatics were inversely related to the chlorine to carbon ratios. For example, in batch experiments with chlorinated ethylenes, the highest rates were observed for vinyl chloride (VC) and lowest rates for trichloroethylene (TCE), while tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was not degraded. Maximal oxidation rates for the halogenated aliphatic compounds varied between 0.03 and 1.7 microg g(-1) h(-1). Fully halogenated hydrocarbons (PCE, tetrachloromethane [TeCM], chlorofluorocarbon [CFC]-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113) were not degraded in the presence of methane and oxygen. Aromatic hydrocarbons were rapidly degraded giving high maximal oxidation rates (0.17-1.4 microg g(-1) h(-1)). The capacity for methane oxidation was related to the depth of oxygen penetration. The methane oxidizers were very active in oxidizing methane and the selected trace components down to a depth of 50 cm below the surface. Maximal oxidation activity occurred in a zone between 15 and 20 cm below the surface, as this depth allowed sufficient supply of both methane and oxygen. Mass balance calculations using the maximal oxidation rates obtained demonstrated that landfill soil covers have a significant potential for not only methane oxidation but also cometabolic degradation of selected volatile organics, thereby reducing emissions to the atmosphere.     

成都市城区环境大气中典型特征VOCs示踪物种分析

VOCs排放来源较多且成分复杂,通过某些特征物种的浓度比值可以获得相应的VOCs来源信息,2018年12月至2019年11月使用TH-300B大气挥发性有机物快速在线监测系统在成都市内进行监测,并用比值法对VOCs的示踪物种进行分析,研究表明,在监测时间范围内,乙烷、丙烷、正戊烷、异戊烷、异戊二烯、乙炔、苯、甲苯、乙苯、间(对)二甲苯的平均浓度分别为5.49ppb、3.60ppb、0.54ppb、1.14ppb、0.1ppb、3.87ppb、0.53ppb、0.87ppb、0.25ppb和0.87ppb;甲苯/苯和异戊烷/正戊烷的比值分别为1.17和1.67,表明市区VOCs的排放受机动车尾气影响较为显著,需继续加强机动车的管控;对二甲苯/乙苯和苯/甲苯的比值分别为3.7和0.85,市区气团有一定老化,春季和冬季气团老化程度较大,光化学年龄较长。     

Fuel derived pollutants and boating activity patterns in the Sea of Galilee

MTBE (Methyl tert-Butyl Ether) is a fuel additive that replaced lead as an antiknock compound in internal combustion motors. Few years after its introduction, detectable levels of MTBE were found in various water bodies. MTBE has a very low taste and odor threshold and is a potential carcinogen. Another group of fuel derived toxic compounds that has been detected in water bodies is BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene). Boating activity and allochthonous contributions from watersheds are the major sources of fuel derived pollutants in lakes. Their concentrations in lakes thus vary as a function of boating activity intensity, lake surface area and depth, weather and wind regime, land-use in the watershed, etc. The Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) is the only recreational lake in Israel and an important freshwater source. In the current study, a sampling campaign was conducted in order to quantify MTBE and BTEX concentrations in Lake Kinneret, its marinas and its main contributing streams. In addition, a boating-use survey was performed in order to estimate MTBE and BTEX contribution of recreational boating. The sampling campaign revealed that, as expected, MTBE concentrations were higher than BTEX, and that near shore (i.e., marina) concentrations were higher than in-lake concentrations. Despite the clear contribution from boating, high MTBE concentrations were found following a major inflow event in winter, indicating the importance of the allochthonous contribution. The contribution from boating during summer, as measured indirectly by in-lake concentrations, is likely underestimated due to enhanced MTBE volatilization due to strong winds and high temperatures. May–September was found to be the main recreational boating season, with continued boating year round. On average, a single boat is active 23 d/y, with 84% of the watercrafts being active only during weekends and holidays. The survey further indicated that boats stay in the lake for 4.5 h on average, which conforms to the unique winds regime that limits afternoon activity due to high winds, and have an average fuel consumption of 14 L/h. The annual load of MTBE and BTEX from recreational boating in Lake Kinneret was estimated at 4430 and 6220 kg/y respectively.     

Occurrence of Volatile Organic Compounds in Aquifers of the United States1

Abstract: Samples of ambient ground water were collected during 1985‐2002 from 3,498 wells in 98 aquifer studies throughout the United States. None of the sampled wells were selected because of prior knowledge of nearby contamination. Most of these samples were analyzed for 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to characterize their national occurrence. Volatile organic compounds were found in samples collected from 90 of the 98 aquifer studies. Occurrence frequencies of one or more VOCs for the 98 aquifer studies ranged from 0 to about 77% at an assessment level of 0.2 microgram per liter (μg/l). The aquifer studies with the largest occurrence frequencies were in southern Florida, southern New York, southern California, New Jersey, and Nevada. Trihalomethanes and solvents were the most frequently occurring VOC groups. Of the 55 VOCs included in this assessment, 42 occurred in at least one sample at an assessment level of 0.2 μg/l. Chloroform, perchloroethene, and methyl tert‐butyl ether were the most frequently occurring VOCs. Many factors, such as the hydrogeology of the aquifer, use of VOCs, land use, and the transport and fate properties of VOCs, affect the occurrence of VOCs in ground water.     

Occurrence of antimicrobials in animal manure-amended soils around the breeding farms: The case of the Saigon River (southern Vietnam)

The excessive use of antimicrobials in animal rearing and the associated environmental hazards have become a pressing issue. Animal agriculture is often viewed as a significant contributor to environmental degradation due to the residues of antimicrobials. It is a common practice to use livestock waste as a soil enhancer in farming. Despite some research into antimicrobials, there is room for more comprehensive data regarding these pollutants in animal farming environments. A handful of earlier studies have identified antimicrobials in animal waste. This research undertook the task of examining and evaluating soils amended with animal waste (from chickens, cows, and pigs) for the presence of seven specific antimicrobials. The antimicrobials under scrutiny included trimethoprim (TRI), ormethoprim (ORM), ofloxacin (OFL), norfloxacin (NOR), tetracycline (TET), chlortetracycline (CTE), and tylosin (TLS). Soil samples were collected from areas surrounding breeding farms located upstream of the Sai Gon River. These samples were then subjected to laboratory analysis, which involved solid-phase extraction using ultrasonic waves and the application of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) to identify the antimicrobials. TRI, which had the highest average concentration (2.603–91.304 μg/kg), and OFL, with the second highest average concentration (1.815–15.832 μg/kg), were detected in all soil samples amended with manure. CTE, with the third highest average concentration, was found in soils amended with cow and pig waste (1.625–15.486 μg/kg). ORM and TE, with lower average concentrations (0.595–1.318 μ and 11.537–13.569 μg/kg, respectively), were only detected in soils amended with chicken waste, while NOR was only found in soils amended with cow waste. These findings indicate that the use of antimicrobials in animal farming can negatively impact the soil ecosystem. Consequently, these results can contribute to the creation of guidelines for monitoring antimicrobial residues in agricultural ecosystems.