共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 116 毫秒
1.
在全球气候变暖的背景下,我国极端天气气候事件趋多趋强,由此引发的灾难性事件的发生频率增加,气候风险水平呈上升趋势,加强气候风险管理势在必行。城市作为人口和产业的聚集地,在这一领域更应先行一步、加强探索。青岛市近些年来以海绵城市建设、气候适应性城市规划的编制以及气候保险等措施为抓手,提高了城市的气候韧性,其实践经验值得借鉴。“十四五”乃至更长时期,我国城市需要进一步提高气候韧性,管控气候风险。建议:城市作为应对气候变化的中坚力量,应从政策角度展开系统性研究,不断加深对气候韧性的理解;将风险管控理念纳入治理体系,明确治理的主体、内容和机制;结合城市特征和发展阶段,选择适宜的措施。 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
作为美国人,我对我们国家在处理全球气候变暖问题上缺乏领导作用感到惊讶、羞愧以及尴尬。有关气候变暖风险的科学证据与日俱增。最近,英国权威的斯特恩报告也作出了记载。但是,尽管在全球人造碳排放中美国占大约25%,美国人对改变他们的消费并没有表现出什么意愿或倾向。尽管出于错误的理由,布什当局在第一个任期拒绝签署 相似文献
5.
6.
气候变暖背景下西南地区干旱灾害风险评估 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
论文利用全国基准基本站地面气温、降水资料,NCAR/NCEP土壤湿度资料及各类经济数据,采用加权综合评价法对西南地区干旱灾害风险因子进行分析,结果表明:四川和云南致灾因子危险性较高,气候变暖后四川东南部、云南和贵州西部危险性增加;西南地区中部到东南部成灾环境敏感性较高,气候变暖后四川东部、贵州及云南东部敏感性增加;承灾体易损性主要分布于西南中东部地区,人口密度、经济密度、耕地面积比重越高的地区易损性程度越高;四川中部、云南东北部、贵州南部及重庆西部防灾减灾能力较高。西南地区干旱灾害风险最高区域为云南东部、四川东部、贵州西部及重庆大部分地区;气候变暖后四川东南部、云南西部危险性明显增加。 相似文献
7.
阐述了全球气侯变暖的原因及其对人类身体健康的影响。介绍了如疟疾、猩红热、脑炎、血吸虫病、登革热等大量疾病,由于气候变暖加剧传播及其危害。提出了如何应对气候变暖和预防人类疾病的对策。 相似文献
8.
当前,温室气体的排放使全球气候正向变暖 的方向发展,这已经给人类的生存带来了很大的威胁,原有的生产和生活方式正朝着保护环境的道路发生转变.本文主要从人为因素简析了气候变暖的原因及其对人类生存的影响,并提出了节能减排、遏制气候变暖的一些措施,为人类生存方式转变带来的可持续发展提供思考. 相似文献
9.
也谈全球气候变暖问题 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
全球气候变暖问题已成为一个人们热议的话题。通过分析全球气候变暖影响因素,得出全球气候变暖是众多因素共同影响的结果。其中自然因素是基本的影响因素,而人为因素则为主导性的影响因素。认为目前人类能够做到的也只能是提高环保意识,尽量减少温室气体的排放量和增加温室气体的吸收量,而对自然因素是无能为力的。中国应采取适合自己的措施应对全球变暖问题。同时分析了全球气候变化对人类以及生物圈的影响,认为全球气候变暖问题给人类带来更大的是灾难,而不是利益,因此要尽一切努力减缓气候变暖趋势甚至解决气候变暖问题。 相似文献
10.
《中国ISO14000认证》2007,(2):F0004-F0004
国家发展和改革委员会主任马凯6月4日在国务院新闻办新闻发布会上表示,气候变暖是人类共同面临的挑战,需要国际社会共同应对,中国政府历来重视气候变化问题,愿意与世界各国为应对气候变化、减缓气候变暖共同努力。 相似文献
11.
The relationship between adaptation and mitigation in managing climate change risks: a regional response from North Central Victoria,Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roger N. Jones Paul Dettmann Geoff Park Maureen Rogers Terry White 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):685-712
This two-part paper considers the complementarity between adaptation and mitigation in managing the risks associated with
the enhanced greenhouse effect. Part one reviews the application of risk management methods to climate change assessments.
Formal investigations of the enhanced greenhouse effect have produced three generations of risk assessment. The first led
to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), First Assessment Report and subsequent drafting of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The second investigated the impacts of unmitigated climate change
in the Second and Third IPCC Assessment Reports. The third generation, currently underway, is investigating how risk management
options can be prioritised and implemented. Mitigation and adaptation have two main areas of complementarity. Firstly, they
each manage different components of future climate-related risk. Mitigation reduces the number and magnitude of potential
climate hazards, reducing the most severe changes first. Adaptation increases the ability to cope with climate hazards by
reducing system sensitivity or by reducing the consequent level of harm. Secondly, they manage risks at different extremes
of the potential range of future climate change. Adaptation works best with changes of lesser magnitude at the lower end of
the potential range. Where there is sufficient adaptive capacity, adaptation improves the ability of a system to cope with
increasingly larger changes over time. By moving from uncontrolled emissions towards stabilisation of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere, mitigation limits the upper part of the range. Different activities have various blends of adaptive and mitigative
capacity. In some cases, high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity may lead to large residual climate risks; in other cases,
a large adaptive capacity may mean that residual risks are small or non-existent. Mitigative and adaptive capacity do not
share the same scale: adaptive capacity is expressed locally, whereas mitigative capacity is different for each activity and
location but needs to be aggregated at the global scale to properly assess its potential benefits in reducing climate hazards.
This can be seen as a demand for mitigation, which can be exercised at the local scale through exercising mitigative capacity.
Part two of the paper deals with the situation where regional bodies aim to maximise the benefits of managing climate risks
by integrating adaptation and mitigation measures at their various scales of operation. In north central Victoria, Australia,
adaptation and mitigation are being jointly managed by a greenhouse consortium and a catchment management authority. Several
related studies investigating large-scale revegetation are used to show how climate change impacts and sequestration measures
affect soil, salt and carbon fluxes in the landscape. These studies show that trade-offs between these interactions will have
to be carefully managed to maximise their relative benefits. The paper concludes that when managing climate change risks,
there are many instances where adaptation and mitigation can be integrated at the operational level. However, significant
gaps between our understanding of the benefits of adaptation and mitigation between local and global scales remain. Some of
these may be addressed by matching demands for mitigation (for activities and locations where adaptive capacity will be exceeded)
with the ability to supply that demand through localised mitigative capacity by means of globally integrated mechanisms. 相似文献
12.
Len Wright Paul Chinowsky Kenneth Strzepek Russell Jones Richard Streeter Joel B. Smith Jean-Marc Mayotte Anthony Powell Lesley Jantarasami William Perkins 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(8):939-955
We assessed the potential impacts of increased river flooding from climate change on bridges in the continental United States. Daily precipitation statistics from four climate models and three greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios (A2, A1B, and B1) were used to capture a range of potential changes in climate. Using changes in maximum daily precipitation, we estimated changes to the peak flow rates for the 100-year return period for 2,097 watersheds. These estimates were then combined with information from the National Bridge Inventory database to estimate changes to bridge scour vulnerability. The results indicate that there may be significant potential risks to bridges in the United States from increased precipitation intensities. Approximately 129,000 bridges were found to be currently deficient. Tens of thousands to more than 100,000 bridges could be vulnerable to increased river flows. Results by region vary considerably. In general, more bridges in eastern areas are vulnerable than those in western areas. The highest GHG emissions scenarios result in the largest number of bridges being at risk. The costs of adapting vulnerable bridges to avoid increased damage associated with climate change vary from approximately $140 to $250 billion through the 21st century. If these costs were spread out evenly over the century, the annual costs would be several billion dollars. The costs of protecting the bridges against climate change risks could be reduced by approximately 30% if existing deficient bridges are improved with riprap. 相似文献
13.
Annegret H. Thieken Holger Cammerer Christian Dobler Johannes Lammel Fritz Schöberl 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(3):343-376
Flood damage has increased significantly and is expected to rise further in many parts of the world. For assessing potential changes in flood risk, this paper presents an integrated model chain quantifying flood hazards and losses while considering climate and land use changes. In the case study region, risk estimates for the present and the near future illustrate that changes in flood risk by 2030 are relatively low compared to historic periods. While the impact of climate change on the flood hazard and risk by 2030 is slight or negligible, strong urbanisation associated with economic growth contributes to a remarkable increase in flood risk. Therefore, it is recommended to frequently consider land use scenarios and economic developments when assessing future flood risks. Further, an adapted and sustainable risk management is necessary to encounter rising flood losses, in which non-structural measures are becoming more and more important. The case study demonstrates that adaptation by non-structural measures such as stricter land use regulations or enhancement of private precaution is capable of reducing flood risk by around 30 %. Ignoring flood risks, in contrast, always leads to further increasing losses—with our assumptions by 17 %. These findings underline that private precaution and land use regulation could be taken into account as low cost adaptation strategies to global climate change in many flood prone areas. Since such measures reduce flood risk regardless of climate or land use changes, they can also be recommended as no-regret measures. 相似文献
14.
Managing climate change risks in New York City’s water system: assessment and adaptation planning 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Cynthia Rosenzweig David C. Major Kate Demong Christina Stanton Radley Horton Melissa Stults 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(8):1391-1409
Managing risk by adapting long-lived infrastructure to the effects of climate change must become a regular part of planning
for water supply, sewer, wastewater treatment, and other urban infrastructure during this century. The New York City Department
of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP), the agency responsible for managing New York City’s (NYC) water supply, sewer, and wastewater
treatment systems, has developed a climate risk management framework through its Climate Change Task Force, a government-university
collaborative effort. Its purpose is to ensure that NYCDEP’s strategic and capital planning take into account the potential
risks of climate change—sea-level rise, higher temperature, increases in extreme events, changes in drought and flood frequency
and intensity, and changing precipitation patterns—on NYC’s water systems. This approach will enable NYCDEP and other agencies
to incorporate adaptations to the risks of climate change into their management, investment, and policy decisions over the
long term as a regular part of their planning activities. The framework includes a 9-step Adaptation Assessment procedure.
Potential climate change adaptations are divided into management, infrastructure, and policy categories, and are assessed
by their relevance in terms of climate change time-frame (immediate, medium, and long term), the capital cycle, costs, and
other risks. The approach focuses on the water supply, sewer, and wastewater treatment systems of NYC, but has wide application
for other urban areas, especially those in coastal locations. 相似文献
15.
Daniel Kouloukoui Sônia Maria da Silva Gomes Marcia Mara de Oliveira Marinho Ednildo Andrade Torres Asher Kiperstok Pieter de Jong 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2018,23(8):1251-1279
The risks related to global climate change are seen as threats to companies, taking into consideration their impact on the return on investment. In order to mitigate climate risk and introduce new opportunities to financiers, companies need to identify, manage, and report climate risks. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the climate risks disclosed by the 100 largest companies in the world, according to the Bloomberg and Price Waterhouse Coopers (PwC 2015) classification, and identify some characteristics of these companies that explain the disclosure level of such information. Preliminary results revealed that of the companies investigated, 14% did not disclose any climate risk information in the Carbon Disclosure Program (CDP) report. Also, from the companies that disclosed information according to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 9.9% did not provide information regarding policies, actions, and strategies for mitigating the risks related to climate change. The results shown by the content analysis suggested that, in general, there is still a low level of disclosure about climate risks by these companies. The final results through econometric instruments and statistical tests indicate that the size of the company or the fact that corporations are from developed countries do not necessarily explain the level of information disclosed. However, the activity sector, the continent, and the efficiency of the Board of Directors are factors that strongly explain the level of climate risk disclosure. We conclude that more effort is needed to encourage an engaging attitude from corporations to develop actions, policies, and strategies to mitigate climate change risks and threats. In addition, the world’s largest companies should make a greater investment in climate risk disclosure. 相似文献
16.
Susanna Reid Barry Smit Wayne Caldwell Suzanne Belliveau 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):609-637
A vulnerability approach to climate change adaptation research is employed to explore prospects of agricultural adaptation
to climatic variability and change. The methodological approach focuses on the system of concern, in this case, farms in Perth
County, Ontario. Twenty-five interviews and four focus groups with farmers were used to identify climate risks on farms, and
to document farmers’ responses to conditions and risks associated with climate and weather. The information collected describes
a complex decision-making environment, with many forces both external and internal to the farm operation influencing management
decisions. Within this environment, climate and weather are consistently referred to as a significant force influencing both
farm operations and management decisions. Farmers have, however, developed a wide-range of anticipatory and reactive management
strategies to manage climate risks. While these have potential to address future climate-related risks and opportunities,
there are limits to adaptation, and an increase in the frequency of extreme events may exceed their adaptive capacities. Farmers
are also generally unaware and/or unconcerned about future climate change, which could constrain opportunities to adopt long-term
climate change adaptations. 相似文献
17.
Local knowledge and adaptation to climate change in natural resource-based societies of the Asia-Pacific 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Louis Lebel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2013,18(7):1057-1076
This paper reviewed 42 studies of how local knowledge contributes to adaptation to climate and climate change in the Asia-Pacific Region. Most studies focused on traditional ecological or indigenous knowledge. Three simple questions were addressed: (1) How are changes in climate recognized? (2) What is known about how to adapt to changes in climate? (3) How do people learn about how to adapt? Awareness of change is an important element of local knowledge. Changes in climate are recognized at multiple time scales from observations that warn of imminent extreme weather through expectations for the next season to identification of multi-year historical trends. Observations are made of climate, its impact on physical resources, and bio-indicators. Local knowledge about how to adapt can be divided into four major classes: land and water management, physical infrastructure, livelihood strategies, and social institutions. Adaptation actions vary with time scale of interest from dealing with risks of disaster from extreme weather events, through slow onset changes such as seasonal droughts, to dealing with long-term multi-year shifts in climate. Local knowledge systems differ in the capacities and ways in which they support learning. Many are dynamic and draw on information from other places, whereas others are more conservative and tightly institutionalized. Past experience of events and ways of learning may be insufficient for dealing with a novel climate. Once the strengths and limitations of local knowledge (like those of science) are grasped the opportunities for meaningful hybridization of scientific and local knowledge for adaptation expand. 相似文献
18.
Climate change, land degradation and drought affect millions of people living in drylands worldwide. With its food security depending almost entirely on irrigated agriculture, Central Asia is one of the arid regions highly vulnerable to water scarcity. Previous research of land and water use in the region has focused on improving water-use efficiency, soil management and identifying technical, institutional and agricultural innovations. However, vulnerability to climate change has rarely been considered, in spite of the imminent risks due to a higher-than-average warming perspective and the predicted melting of glaciers, which will greatly affect the availability of irrigation water. Using the Khorezm region in the irrigated lowlands of northwest Uzbekistan as an example, we identify the local patterns of vulnerability to climate variability and extremes. We look at on-going environmental degradation, water-use inefficiency, and barriers to climate change adaptation and mitigation, and based on an extensive review of research evidence from the region, we present concrete examples of initiatives for building resilience and improving climate risk management. These include improving water use efficiency and changing the cropping patterns that have a high potential to decrease the exposure and sensitivity of rural communities to climate risks. In addition, changes in land use such as the afforestation of degraded croplands, and introducing resource-smart cultivation practices such as conservation agriculture, may strengthen the capacity of farmers and institutions to respond to climate challenges. As these can be out-scaled to similar environments, i.e. the irrigated cotton and wheat growing lowland regions in Central Asia and the Caucasus, these findings may be relevant for regions beyond the immediate geographic area from which it draws its examples. 相似文献
19.
Recent interest in sustainable forest management planning in the Yukon has coincided with growing public awareness of climate
change, providing an opportunity to explore how forestry plans are incorporating climate change. In this paper, the Strategic
Forest Management Plans for the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Traditional Territory (CATT) and the Teslin Tlingit Traditional
Territory (TTTT) are examined for evidence of adaptation to climate change. For each plan, management policies and practices
that are also recognized as ways to adapt to climate change are identified to provide information on the incremental costs
and benefits of additional adaptation efforts. A typology for classifying sustainable forest management plans according to
how they address climate change is proposed and applied to the CATT and TTTT plans. This typology, which may be useful to
any future retrospective assessments on how successful these or other sustainable forest management plans have been in addressing
and managing the risks posed by climate change, consists of a matrix that categorizes plans into one of four types; (1) proactive-direct,
(2) proactive-indirect, (3) reactive-direct, and (4) reactive-indirect. Neither of the plans available for the southern Yukon
explicitly identifies climate change vulnerabilities and actions that will be taken to reduce those vulnerabilities and manage
risks. However, both plans have incorporated some examples of ‘best management practices’ for sustainable forest management
that are also consistent with appropriate climate adaptation responses. Even in a jurisdiction facing rapid ecological changes
driven by climate change, where there is a relatively high level of awareness of climate change and its implications, forestry
planning processes have yet to grapple directly with the risks that climate change may pose to the ability of forest managers
to achieve the stated goals and objectives of sustainable forest management plans.
相似文献
J. L. InnesEmail: |
20.
Ching-Hsien Ho Huu-Sheng Lur Ming-Hwi Yao Fang-Ching Liao Ying-Ting Lin Nobuyuki Yagi Hsueh-Jung Lu 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2018,23(3):311-347
According to Food and Agriculture Organization and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, climate change will lead to a severe food-supply problem. In the future, food production will continually decrease because of aggravated effects of climate change, causing food production to continually decrease. Food production will be unable to satisfy the demand of the global population, leading to a food-security crisis. As the world population continues to increase, the shortage of food will become increasingly severe, particularly for those located in “climate impact hotspots” of tropical, subtropical, small-island countries, and countries that are dependent on imports to meet domestic demand such as Taiwan. Numerous Taiwanese studies have suggested that agricultural and fishery productivity has declined because of climate variation, which may cause changes and instability in food quantity and quality, and increase deficiency and uncertainty in the food supply. Therefore, to discuss the risks posed by climate change to the stability of food supply and demand, this paper, taking Taiwan as a case, explored the impact of climate variation on food security and future adaptation strategies. TaiCCAT’s supportive system for decision-making (TSSDA) was adopted here to assess and analyze the current situations of agricultural and fisheries production and supply, as well as future food supply risks, in addition to evaluating the deficiencies in the existing climate adaptation strategies in order to plan and revise feasible future adaptation alternatives. Based on the rule of risk management, the adaptation strategies recommended in this study were differentiated into two categories: proactive adaptation and planned adaptation. Proactive adaptation is emphasized to counter the uncertainty of food production, which increases the difficulty of production and necessity to import food. Conversely, planned adaptation can be used to manage the uncertainty of food supply to implement adjustments in production and marketing, as well as to mitigate the impact of climate variation. 相似文献