谈工业企业环境保护几项措施

当前我国环境污染严重状况,主要是工业“三废”造成的,而且与能源的浪费密切相关。我们过去在治理工业“三废”时,只考虑“废”物的无害化处理,后来,又考虑改革生产工艺以压缩“三废”排放量,从“三废”中回收有用物料。近几年来,才从合理布局出发,进行全面考虑,由点的分别解决发展到面的综合治理,最近又重视了环境保护的科学管理问题。这说明,工业“三废”治理的发展过程是由消极处理到控制污染来源、回收利用、科学管理的过程。     

采用零排放新工艺处理蚀刻废液

广州市某化工厂开发出一套对线路板蚀刻废液进行大规模集中资源化处理的零排放处理新工艺,该工艺通过在固相条件下生成氧化铜并用重力分选的方法将其分离出来,克服了原有工艺的缺陷,使废液中所有的成分能够在较低的处理成本下全部分离回收,无三废排出,达到了清洁生产的要求.对其工艺条件进行深入研究,通过正交试验优化了工艺条件.     

钛白水解废酸治理工艺

提出了利用钛白粉生产排放的２０％Ｈ２ＳＯ４与废铁皮制备ＦｅＳＯ４这一新的钛白废酸治理原理和工艺，为国内Ｈ２ＳＯ４生产钛白粉生产治理废酸污染，提供了一条途径。     

废硫酸和废白泥制取二水石膏

利用废硫酸和废白泥制取二水石膏的技术于1988年12月24日在杭州通过鉴定。这项技术解决了钛白废酸和废白泥变废为宝的出路,所制取的石膏可作为水泥缓凝剂。杭州硫酸厂生产钛白粉过程中产生了4％浓度的废硫酸25000吨,与相邻的华丰造纸厂碱回收中所产     

工业废铝渣制备聚合硫酸铝及其絮凝性能研究

以一家金属材料厂生产过程中产生的废铝渣作为研究对象,通过对溶解条件和聚合工艺的优化,制备了聚合硫酸铝。将制备的聚合硫酸铝分别用于模拟浊度水及高色度高浓度有机工业废水的处理,实验结果表明,利用工业废渣所制得的聚合硫酸铝具有较好的除浊、脱色、去除COD效果。此工艺不仅可回收利用废铝渣,又可省去废渣处置费用,为废铝渣的综合利用提供了实用技术。     

环丙胺生产中工艺废气的治理

遂昌精细化工厂是一家生产环丙沙星药物中间体环丙腔的企业,年生产能力300t环丙胺,产品80％左右外销。在生产环丙胺过程中排放出二氧化硫、氯化氢和氨等大量工艺废气。该厂虽然采用碱性废水进行吸收处理,但由于废水pH值变化较大,二氧化硫和氨等废气治理效果不理想。笔者对环丙胺生产过程中产生的工艺废气排放情况、回收利用等问题进行研究,设计了一套环丙胺生产工艺废气的治理与利用方案。根据设计方案建成的治理设施已在选昌精细化工厂投入运行。实践证明,采用该治理方案能有效地解决环丙胺生产过程中工艺废气对周围环境的污染。1环…     

利用低品位硼矿治理硫酸尾气

提出利用低品位硼矿脱除硫酸生产中废气ＳＯ２，并使硼矿得到富集的新工艺。研究了硼矿脱硫的工艺条件。以贫治废，为硫酸生产的废气治理开辟了新的途径。     

垃圾渗滤液资源化处理及超临界水气化产氢研究进展

回顾了垃圾渗滤液(简称渗滤液)末端处理,利用渗滤液生产有机肥料、燃料,回收渗滤液中氨氮和腐殖酸,厌氧发酵制沼气,生物制氢气等渗滤液资源化利用技术的研究进展;提出了超临界水气化(SCWG)技术具有气化效率高、反应速度快、气体产物中氢含量高等特点,被广泛应用于生物质制氢的研究;指出了利用SCWG技术处理渗滤液不仅能对渗滤液进行有效治理,并且能回收反应产生的氢气资源,实现渗滤液污染治理和资源回收的有机结合。     

废旧家用电器回收利用及处理处置技术

随着大量家用电器进入报废期,废旧家用电器的资源化回收利用成为一个新的环境问题。介绍了国内外废旧家电的回收利用状况、处理方法和工艺流程,重点介绍了废印刷线路板的处理工艺和废塑料的再生利用,并针对我国的实际问题提出了相应的措施和办法。     

造纸黑液资源化处理回收木糖粉

本文通过对造纸制浆黑液资源化处理回收木糖粉技术应用的实例分析 ,系统介绍了其技术工艺、设备特点 ,详细分析了它的环境效益和社会效益。本技术对中小型制浆造纸企业治理黑液提供了有益的借鉴     

Aerobic Treatment of a Nitrogen-Limited Chemical Process Waste water

Abstract

Nitrogen transformations and their effect on aerobic suspended growth treatment of an industrial wastewater were studied in three parallel bench-scale reactors operated at 5 "C at mean cell residence times (MCRT) of 15, 30, and 60 days. In normal process wastewater, the bulk of influent nitrogen was in organic form, and the fraction transformed was almost totally incorporated into synthesized biomass. Assimilative control by heterotrophs maintained ammonianitrogen levels below permitted effluent levels, and nitrification was not significant. Although volatile suspended solids had a nitrogen content of only 5% to 8%, effective organics removal was maintained, and total organic carbon and filtered daily average five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODS) were below permitted effluent levels. A marked improvement in settleability and lower effluent total suspended solids was achieved by adding ammonia-nitrogen to the wastewater in excess of stoichiometric growth requirements.

During a batch production cycle of a cationic chemical, the ratio of nitrogen to chemical oxygen demand and the fraction of the total influent nitrogen in soluble form increased in the wastewater. Reactor effluent ammonia levels increased to above permit levels at all three MCRTs during treatment of wastewater containing cationic production effluents. The magnitude of ammonia increase was greater for longer MCRTs, suggesting that synthesis of cell mass was not capable of assimilating the increased ammonia supply under these non-steady conditions. The experimental results suggest several potential strategies for operating the aerobic process at the treatment facility, including adding nitrogen to improve settleability and discontinuing these additions when wastewater contains a high ratio of nitrogen to chemical oxygen demand and an elevated soluble nitrogen fraction     

Ammonia removal from pretreated methane fermentation effluent through a soil trench system: a column experiment

In order to find the optimal running conditions and mechanisms of ammonia removal through a soil trench system that is designed for treating pretreated methane fermentation effluent, a soil column whose structure was similar to the soil trench system was prepared, and irrigated with wastewater below 30 °C. At the beginning, ammonia was mainly adsorbed by the soils, and the ammonia adsorption capacity of soils gradually saturated. After the 12th day, nitrification began in the soil column; the ammonia in the soil column decreased sharply, and the nitrite and nitrate peak appeared sequentially as the wastewater application rate decreased from 0.74 to 0.37 l h⁻¹. When the nitrification in the soil column reached a steady-state, 98% of all the ammonia in the influent was transformed into nitrate.

By changing the running conditions such as temperature, aeration, and wastewater application rate, it was found that the ammonia removal efficiency can be improved by aeration and impeded by low temperature. In these three variables, wastewater application rate has much greater affect on the ammonia removal efficiency; a lower wastewater application rate can increase the ammonia removal efficiency substantially because of the longer travel time.     

偶氮二异庚腈生产废水处理试验和工程调试

偶氮二异庚腈的生产过程中产生大量的废水,其有机物和氨氮含量高,生化性差.为解决其处理达标问题,采用氨氮吹脱-上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)-A/O- NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化的组合工艺对其进行了试验研究.结果表明,该工艺对COD、氨氮的去除率分别达到99％、98％以上.并在此试验研究的基础上,投资建设了一个污水处理站,采用氨氮吹脱-UASB-A/O-二级好氧-NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化-气浮池的组合工艺,经过一年多的运行,出水水质稳定,对COD、氨氮的去除率分别为99％、98％以上,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准.     

Feed-forward dose control of wastewater chlorination using on-line pH and ORP titration

In this study, a simple automatic pH-ORP titration device was developed for identifying the various ammonia concentrations and chlorine dose requirements for wastewater chlorination by identifying the peaks in the ORP-slope profiles and knees/valleys in the pH profiles. In addition, breakpoint chlorination experiments have shown that the ORP values at the monochloramine humps and breakpoints are linearly correlated with the ammonia concentrations. Therefore, a feed-forward control strategy, based on the chlorine/ammonia weight ratio (Cl/N), is proposed in this paper, to control the chlorine doses for a continuous wastewater chlorination experiment in a laboratory-scale reactor. The result of this continuous wastewater chlorination experiment has shown that the pH-ORP titration was able to precisely determine the variations of ammonia concentrations in the chlorination influent. Under this control strategy, effective and stable disinfection efficiencies in terms of total coliform count were obtained.     

膜吸收法处理高氨氮废水的研究

对影响膜吸收过程的几个因素进行了正交实验和其他相关实验 ,结果表明 ,在一般情况下 ,废水中的pH为显著影响因素 ,而温度、废水流速和废水中氨氮浓度都不是显著影响因素 ;吸收液 (H2 SO4 )浓度在 0 .5mol/L以上时 ,传质系数K值变化很小。     

改良型AB生化法在味精废水处理中的应用

AB生化法是城市污水和多种工业废水处理最佳的新型实用技术之一。文章以AB生化法和离交废水苛化脱氨制硫酸铵相结合的工艺处理味精废水的工程实例，阐明改良型AB生化法的原理和设计中应注意的问题。     

Toxicity of leather tanning wastewater effluents in sea urchin early development and in marine microalgae

This study was designed to investigate the composition and the toxicity of leather tanning wastewater and conditioned sludge collected at the leather tanning wastewater treatment plant (CODISO) located in Solofra, Avellino (Southern Italy). Samples were analyzed for their conventional parameters (COD, TSS, chromium and ammonia) and for metal content. Effluent samples included raw wastewater, and samples collected following coagulation/flocculation process and biological treatment. A set of toxicity endpoints were tested using sea urchin and marine microalgal bioassays by evaluating acute embryotoxicity, developmental defects, changes in sperm fertilization success and transmissible damage from sperm to the offspring, and changes in algal growth rate. Dose-related toxicity to sea urchin embryogenesis and sperm fertilization success was exerted by effluent or sludge samples according to the following rank: conditioned sludge > coagulated effluent > or = raw influent > effluent from biological treatment. Offspring quality was not affected by sperm exposure to any wastewater or to sludge samples. Algal growth was inhibited by raw or coagulated effluent to a similar extent and, again, the effluent from the biological treatment resulted in a decreased toxicity. The results suggest that coagulated effluent and conditioned sludge result in higher toxicity than raw influent in sea urchin embryos and sperm, whereas the biological wastewater treatment of coagulated effluent, in both sea urchins and algae, cause a substantial improvement of wastewater quality. Hence a final biological wastewater treatment should be operated to minimize any environmental damage from tannery wastewater.     

Plackett-Burman法筛选污水中氨氮去除的主要影响因素

结合生产实际运行数据,分析了深圳市某污水处理厂A2O生物处理单元、AB生物处理单元、微絮凝过滤单元和次氯酸钠消毒单元等对氨氮的去除效果,采用基于蒙特卡罗(Monte-Carlo)模拟的概率统计方法对该厂再生水中氨氮符合相应标准的概率(保障率)进行了定量计算。结果表明,氨氮存在较大的超标风险,对此采用Plackett-Burman设计对全流程处理工艺中影响氨氮去除效果的因素进行了研究,筛选出了主要控制因子:混合液回流比、过滤池聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量和接触池中次氯酸钠投加量,为进一步优化工艺参数提供了重要理论依据和实践基础。     

两级常温厌氧—好氧—固定化微生物组合工艺处理酿酒废水

酿酒废水是一种典型的高氨氮浓度的有机废水.采用两级常温厌氧-好氧-固定化微生物组合工艺对酿酒废水进行中试研究,重点考察了各级工艺对有机物和氨氮的去除效果,并且对影响系统稳定运行的主要因素进行分析.试验结果表明,稳定运行状态下,一级厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器对有机物去除率可达到70%～90%,处理效果受环境温度影响较大;二级EGSB反应器可以同时去除有机物和氮氧化物;三级好氧接触氧化反应器对有机物的去除率可达到70%,氨氮去除率维持在50%;包埋硝化菌流化床反应器最终能有效地去除水中的氨氮,出水氨氮质量浓度低于15 mg/L.     

Removal of ammonia solutions used in catalytic wet oxidation processes

Ammonia (NH(3)) is an important product used in the chemical industry, and is common place in industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater containing ammonia is generally either toxic or has concentrations or temperatures such that direct biological treatment is unfeasible. This investigation used aqueous solutions containing more of ammonia for catalytic liquid-phase oxidation in a trickle-bed reactor (TBR) based on Cu/La/Ce composite catalysts, prepared by co-precipitation of Cu(NO(3))(2), La(NO(3))(2), and Ce(NO(3))(3) at 7:2:1 molar concentrations. The experimental results indicated that the ammonia conversion of the wet oxidation in the presence of the Cu/La/Ce composite catalysts was determined by the Cu/La/Ce catalyst. Minimal ammonia was removed from the solution by the wet oxidation in the absence of any catalyst, while approximately 91% ammonia removal was achieved by wet oxidation over the Cu/La/Ce catalyst at 230 degrees C with oxygen partial pressure of 2.0 MPa. Furthermore, the effluent streams were conducted at a liquid hourly space velocity of under 9 h(-1) in the wet catalytic processes, and a reaction pathway was found linking the oxidizing ammonia to nitric oxide, nitrogen and water. The solution contained by-products, including nitrates and nitrites. Nitrite selectivity was minimized and ammonia removal maximized when the feed ammonia solution had a pH of around 12.0.