阴离子洗涤剂乙基紫—甲苯萃取分光光度法测定

本文采用乙基紫——甲苯革取分光光度法测定阴离子表面活性剂。该法比常规的方法具有灵敏度高,背景吸收小,分析流程短,选择性高,重现性好。其线性范围在0～25μg/ml内。最低检出量0.009mg/l,回收率95～99％,变异系数2.1％。适用于环境监测分析。     

二氯甲烷替代三氯甲烷在流动注射法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂中的应用

采用二氯甲烷替代三氯甲烷作为萃取溶剂,用流动注射法对水中阴离子表面活性剂进行测定分析.研究结果表明:该法具有良好的准确度和精密度,适用于清洁水和废水样品测定,同时降低了试剂对环境、人员的危害.相关系数为0.999,检出限为0.009mG/L,加标回收率为87.8％ ～ 103％,相对标准偏差为1.3％.     

页岩气压裂返排液处理效果影响因素研究

以昭通页岩气示范区的A、B两种类型压裂返排液为研究对象,研究和优选了适用于压裂返排液的混凝剂和促凝剂,并考察了温度、沉降时间、pH值及表面活性剂对SS(固体悬浮物)去除效果的影响,为工程应用提供了较好的指导。结果表明:聚合氯化铝与聚丙烯酰胺1 600对两种类型压裂返排液均有良好的絮凝效果,对A型压裂返排液:聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺1 600浓度分别为400 mg/L和4 mg/L、温度为25℃、pH值为6～8、沉降30 min,SS去除率为98%;对B型压裂返排液:聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺1 600浓度分别为480 mg/L和12 mg/L、温度为25℃、pH值为6.5～8、沉降30 min,SS去除率为97%。细菌含量对压裂返排液SS去除率无显著影响。4种类型表面活性剂对絮凝效果的影响大小排序为:阴离子非离子两性≈阳离子。     

含油污泥化学热洗技术研究

以新疆油田含油污泥为研究对象开展化学洗涤实验,以自制的表面活性剂为主洗涤剂,复配碱性无机盐,确定了最优的洗涤剂配方,并在此基础上研究了温度、洗涤时间、固液比、搅拌速度在单因素和正交试验情况下对含油污泥除油率的影响。结果表明,最优配方为磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂QH501和聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂DE02配比1?2,浓度2 000 mg/L,碱性无机盐Na₂SiO₃浓度为900 mg/L;各因素对洗涤效果的影响大小依次为：温度>固液比>搅拌速度>洗涤时间;最佳工艺条件为：洗涤温度70℃、固液比1?4、洗涤时间40 min、搅拌速度70 r/min,在该工艺条件下洗涤后污泥含油率可由12.56%降低至1.34%,除油率高达89.3%,含油率满足新疆维吾尔自治区DB65/T 3998—2017《油气田含油污泥综合利用污染控制要求》。     

絮凝-纳氏试剂法测定地表水中的氨氮

使用微孔滤膜过滤,能有效降低絮凝预处理的实验室空白值,该方法满足地表水中氨氮的测定。当标准物质浓度为0.100～1.60 mg/L时,测定平均值为0.086～1.63 mg/L,RSD值4.01%～8.85%。水样加标回收率为85.4%～106%。实验结果表明,该方法准确可靠、灵敏度好、操作简便,适用于地表水中氨氮分析要求。     

电位滴定法测定水中高锰酸盐指数

提出实验室用电位滴定测定水中高锰酸盐指数的方法。在国标法的基础上研究及优化了标定方法和实验方法,用电位滴定仪测定水中高锰酸盐指数,方法的检出限约为0.15mg/L,测定下限为0.60mg/L。实验证明,标准样品测量值均在推荐值范围内,对0.6mg/L,5.0mg/L,8.0mg/L浓度的NaC2O4标准溶液进行5次测定,得到的相对标准偏差分别为1.59%,0.97%,0.73%。在做低浓度的水样时,高锰酸钾溶液的浓度可以选择0.005mol/L。     

某菌株所产表面活性剂对原油乳化性能研究

为验证菌株所产生的表面活性剂的乳化增效作用,以菌株Da-6产生的表面活性剂BH为研究对象,采用薄层层析(TLC)分析确定BH为脂肽类物质。对BH、鼠李糖脂、吐温80和SDS的临界胶束浓度(CMC)、乳化性能、排油能力和洗脱效果进行了对比实验;并研究温度、NaCl浓度以及pH值对BH表面活性的影响。实验结果表明:BH的CMC为25 mg/L;在72 h内乳化指数仍保持在70%,乳化性能较稳定;同一浓度下,排油直径最大为81.0 mm,均优于其他3种表面活性剂,排油能力较强;并且在12 h时达到最大洗脱率(90.23%),对油泥洗脱效果优异;在温度10～80℃、NaCl浓度0～16%、pH值4～13,BH仍保持较高表面活性,表面张力保持约26 mN/m,具有良好的稳定性。     

离子色谱-衍生-分光光度法同时测定水中三价铬和六价铬

本文建立了离子色谱法同时测定水中三价铬和六价铬的方法。样品中的三价铬经柱前衍生后,泵入分析柱,与样品中的六价铬分离,分离后的样品经在线柱后衍生,流入可变波长检测器,分别在365 nm和540 nm检测。利用正交实验找出最佳分析条件:水浴加热2 min,加热温度80℃,柱后衍生液流速1.1 ml/min。方法在10 min内完成水中三价铬和六价铬分析,三价铬和六价铬线性范围分别为0.05～10 mg/L和0.005～1 mg/L,方法检出限低,分别为18.1μg/L和0.267μg/L,精密度分别为1.16%(0.4 mg/L Cr3+,n=7)和3.07%(0.08 mg/L Cr6+,n=7),样品分析时的加标回收率在96%～102%之间。     

不同表面活性剂对土壤中BaP的去除研究

将非离子型表面活性剂Brij35、阳离子型表面活性剂CTAB、阴离子型表面活性剂SDBS、生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂Rhamnolipid对苯并芘(BaP)的增溶能力和对BaP污染土壤的洗脱效果进行了对比研究,当表面活性剂浓度为10g/L时,其洗脱效果:Brij35(71.3%)Rhamnolipid(49.9%)SDBS(43.2%)CTAB(13.1%)。通过计算与比较临界胶束浓度(CMC)、摩尔增溶比(MSR)、表面活性剂在土壤表面的饱和吸附量,几种表面活性剂中确定Brij35为最佳清洗剂。同时探究了液固比、表面活性剂浓度、温度、洗脱时间对土壤中BaP去除率的影响。结果表明最佳的洗脱条件为:液固比101,Brij35 10g/L,反应温度20℃,洗脱时间24h。此条件下BaP的去除率最高可达72.4%。研究证实了Brij35能促进土壤中BaP的分离以达到修复目的。     

超声波萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中酚类化合物

建立了超声波提取-气相色谱法测定土壤中酚类化合物的方法。采用二氯甲烷/正己烷混合液萃取土壤中的酚类化合物,提取液经净化、浓缩后,经气相色谱进行分离测定。通过提取方式、提取时间、检出限、精密度及准确度的测定,结果表明:间歇式提取2次,效果最佳;酚类化合物含量在1.00～100 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.996～0.999。以10g土壤样品计,方法检出限为0.01～0.03 mg/kg,相对标准偏差为1.0%～10.2%,土壤标准样品测定结果均在可接受范围内。     

异烟酸-吡唑啉酮光度法测定地表水中氰化物的质量控制指标研究

通过对大量监测数据进行统计分析,获得异烟酸-吡唑啉酮光度法（HJ484—2009）测定水中氰化物质量控制评定指标。研究表明：样品浓度在0．05～0．3mg／L范围内时,建议控制室内相对标准偏差≤3％,室间相对标准偏差≤10％;样品浓度小于等于0．05mg／L时,建议控制相对偏差≤10％;样品浓度大于0．05mg／L时,...     

Differences in the effects of simulated sea aerosol on water relations, salt content, and leaf ultrastructure of rock-rose plants

White-leaf rock-rose (Cistus albidus L.) and Montpellier rock-rose (C. monspeliensis L.) plants were sprayed 2 to 3 min per day over a 7-d period, in an unheated plastic greenhouse, with different aqueous solutions containing deionized water alone (control); an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 82.5%, 50 mg L(-1)) (S1); a solution simulating the composition of sea aerosol (S2); and a solution simulating sea aerosol with anionic surfactant (S3). White-leaf rock-rose was more sensitive to sea aerosol, showing greater leaf damage and markedly decreased growth, and the presence of surfactant enhanced the phytotoxic effect leading to greater increases in mortality. Montpellier rock-rose did not appear to be more adversely affected when surfactant was used in combination with sea aerosol, and manifested slight or less severe symptoms than white-leaf rock-rose. There was a significant increase in leaf turgor potential in the plants treated with both sea aerosol treatments by osmotic adjustment effect. The decrease in photosynthesis level seems to be due to both stomatal and nonstomatal factors. The results of microscopical analysis of Montpellier rock-rose plants show that sea aerosol treatment caused alterations in the chloroplast structure, reducing the starch grain and swelling the thylakoid membranes. The results of this study indicated that Montpellier rock-rose was more tolerant to sea aerosol than white-leaf rock-rose, showing a lower reduction in plant growth and less leaf damage, probably because of its ability to compartmentalize the toxic ions at the intracellular level.     

Reducing sediment and phosphorus in tributary waters with alum and polyacrylamide

The Salton Sea is the largest inland water body in California, covering an area of 980 km(2). Inflow to the Salton Sea (1.6 km(3) yr(-1)) is predominately nutrient-rich agricultural wastewater, which has led to eutrophication. Because internal phosphorus release from the bottom sediments is comparatively low and external phosphorus loading to the Salton Sea is high, reduction of tributary phosphorus is expected to reduce algal blooms, increase dissolved oxygen, and reduce odors. Removing both dissolved phosphorus and phosphorus-laden sediment from agricultural drainage water (ADW) should decrease eutrophication. Both alum and polyacrylamide (PAM) are commonly used in wastewater treatment to remove phosphorus and sediment and were tested for use in tributary waters. Laboratory jar tests determined PAM effectiveness (2 mg L(-1)) for turbidity reduction as cationic > anionic = nonionic. Although cationic PAM was the most effective at reducing turbidity at higher speeds, there was no observed difference between the neutral and anionic PAMs at velocity gradients of 18 to 45 s(-1). Alum (4 mg L(-1) Al) reduced turbidity in low energy systems (velocity gradients < 10 s(-1)) by 95% and was necessary to reduce soluble phosphorus, which comprises 47 to 100% of the total P concentration in the tributaries. When PAM was added with alum, the anionic PAM became ineffective in aiding flocculation. The nonionic PAM (2 mg L(-1)) + alum (4 mg L(-1) Al) is recommended to reduce suspended solids in higher energy systems and reduce soluble P by 93%.     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛

建立了顶空气相色谱法同时测定水中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛的方法。目标化合物连续测定9次的相对标准偏差分别为0.01,1.89,3.54;检出限分别为0.03μg/L,5.68μg/L,10.3μg/L,实际水样加标回收率在98%~101%。方法简便,快速,灵敏度高,基体干扰小。适用于地表水、地下水和工业废水中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛的同时、快速测定。     

二苯碳酰二肼光度法测定低含量CODCr

本文以二苯碳酰二脐光度法可测1～70mg／LCODCr，最低检出限为0，8mg/L，变异系数为6，2％，可用于污水处理厂出水、纯净水、饮用水、自来水等低含量CODCr。测定。     

重铬酸钾褪色法和硫酸铬显色法直接测定COD_Cr

建立了重铬酸钾褪色法和硫酸铬显色法直接比色测定CODcr的方法，重铬酸钾褪色法测定范围10-700mg／L，检出限7.0mg／L，三次平行测定CODcr值为417mg／L样品，标准差为2.6mg／L，回收率为96.6％；硫酸铬显色法的测定范围30-1200mg／L，检出限为23.0mg／L，三次平行测定CODcr值为987mg／L，标准差为22.3mg／L，回收率为96.3％，两种方法都优于HJ／T399-2007推荐的方法。     

Determination of polyacrylamide in soil waters by size exclusion chromatography

Determination of polyacrylamide (PAM) concentration in soil waters is important in improving the efficiency of PAM application and understanding the environmental fate of applied PAM. In this study, concentrations of anionic PAM with high molecular weight in soil waters containing salts and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were determined quantitatively by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection. Polyacrylamide was separated from interferential salts and DOM on a polymeric gel column eluted with an aqueous solution of 0.05 M KH2PO4 and then detected at a short UV wavelength of 195 nm. Analysis of PAM concentrations in soil sorption supernatants, soil leachates, and water samples from irrigation furrow streams showed that SEC is an effective approach for quantifying low concentrations (0-10 mg L(-1)) of PAM in waters containing soil DOM and salts. The method has a lower detection limit of 0.02 microg and a linear response range of 0.2 to 80 mg L(-1). Precision studies gave coefficients of variation of < 1.96% (n = 4) for > 10 mg L(-1) PAM and < 12% (n = 3) for 0.2 to 3 mg L(-1) PAM.     

离子色谱法同时测定水中的甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸

建立了离子色谱电导同时检测水中甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸的方法,当采用1.0mL/min、1mmol/L KOH淋洗液梯度洗脱时可达到样品中甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸分离分析的目的;乙酸、甲酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸的线性范围分别为0.01～10.0、0.01～20.0、0.01～20.0和0.01～20.0mg/L,检出限分...     

Adsorption of eosin dye on activated carbon and its surfactant based desorption

The performance of activated carbon has been investigated for the adsorption of eosin dye dissolved in water. Eosin is anionic in nature and highly toxic. The effects of initial dye concentration, contact time, pH and temperature on adsorption of eosin by a fixed amount of activated carbon (1.0 g/L) have been studied in batch and column mode. The equilibrium data are successfully fitted to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The adsorption rate data are successfully explained by a pseudo second-order kinetic model. Breakthrough curves for column adsorption have also been studied. The regeneration of spent carbon by desorbing the dye has been experimentally investigated applying a surfactant enhanced carbon regeneration (SECR) technique using both cationic and anionic surfactants. An empirical kinetic model for dye desorption from the commercial activated carbon (CAC) using different surfactant and desorption techniques, viz. change in pH, has been proposed. The comparison between the model and the experimental results is found to be satisfactory.