高氯、高铵废水COD测定误差及方法适用性分析

以0.25mol/L与0.025mol/L的重铬酸钾法基础方法作比较,通过Cl-干扰影响、Cl-、NH4共存时,NH4的干扰影响及实例分析试验,得知:Cl-对0.25mol/L与0.025mol/L的重铬酸钾法干扰影响基本一致;Cl-浓度≤500mg/L时,Hg2SO4的络合较为理想,Cl-的干扰影响相对较小,COD测定结果相对误差≤5.1%;Cl-、NH+4共存时,NH4对0.25mol/L重铬酸钾法COD测定值有较大的干扰影响,且当NH4浓度≤1500mg/L l时,其COD贡献值与NH4浓度有良好线性关系,并随着Cl-的浓度的增加对应同浓度NH4的贡献值越大;NH4干扰影响是0.25mol/L与0.025mol/L重铬酸钾法COD测定差异的主要原因。在目前还没有有效消除NH4干扰方法的情况下,高氯、高铵、低COD废水样的测定,宜采用0.025mol/L重铬酸钾法。     

氯离子对COD测定的干扰及校正方法的研究

对不同含量范围的氯离子在测定过程中造成的干扰及排除方法作了较系统的研究，采用标准曲线活对氯离子在测定废水COD时的干扰进行校正，用重铬酸钾法测定不同浓度的纯NaCl溶液的COD，将测定结果绘成标准曲线，由水样测定的COD减去标准曲线查得的氯离子校正值，即得水样的真实COD值．该方法简捷、方便，不用剧毒试剂HgSO4，选用于含氯离子500-25000mg／L的COD的测定．     

测定工业废水中COD时对Cl-离子正干扰的消除

当 Cl-离子含量高于 30 0 0 mg/L 以上时 ,可采用改进蒸馏法测 COD:以 Ag NO3取代 Hg SO4 ,同时改变其酸度 (由 9.0 mol/L降为 7.2 mol/L) ,尽量减少 Cl-离子被 Cr2 O2 - 7氧化的可能性。当COD含量不高时 ,可免去样品稀释 ,消除 Cl- 离子对测定造成的正误差测定工业废水中COD时对Cl~-离子正干扰的消除@沈艳玲$天津市塘沽区环境监测站!天津300450 @李宝坤$天津市塘沽区环境监测站!天津300450 @楚桂玲$天津市塘沽区环境监测站!天津300450…     

离子色谱法测定矿泉水中K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4

采用离子色谱法同时测定矿泉水中的K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4,方法线性良好,检出限为0.01 mg/L～0.09 mg/L,实际水样平行测定的RSD≤0.8%,加标回收率为91.7%～105%,标准样品的测定结果符合要求.     

高氯离子废水低浓度COD的分析技术

对于高氯离子浓度,低COD值的水样,用国标法测定COD值时会产生较大误差,且误差随着Cl-浓度的增加而增大。通过实验探讨了高氯离子浓度对水样COD测定的影响及消除影响的方法。结果表明,采取不掩蔽Cl-测定水样的COD总量,减去氯离子自身产生的COD值,能较准确地反映水样的COD值且结果重复性好。     

离子色谱法测定矿泉水中K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)

采用离子色谱法同时测定矿泉水中的K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-,方法线性良好,检出限为0.01 mg/L~0.09 mg/L,实际水样平行测定的RSD≤0.8%,加标回收率为91.7%~105%,标准样品的测定结果符合要求。     

使用COD测定仪应注意的问题

COD测定仪已广泛应用于环境监测系统,现根据多年工作经验,阐述COD测定仪使用中应注意的一些问题。该仪器的消解液为供应商提供,价格昂贵,但可自行配制;测定时,消解液的加入量对测定结果影响较大,应保持在5mL。对COD质量浓度<5 0mg/L的水样,一定要用低浓度消解液消解,并取平行双样进行测定,以降低测定误差。空白样对测试结果影响较大,应作空白样平行测定。新消解管的管壁厚薄不均,使用前应作筛选。取一批消解管,加入0 .0 2 5mol/L重铬酸钾溶液5mL进行消解测定,选用COD测定值≤3mg/L的消解管。另外,消解管在比色测定时有方向性,不能放…     

实验室酸性含汞废液的处理

环境监测实验室的实验废液中有含有大量汞的废水,以重铬酸钾法测定COD为例,1个实验室每天测10个样品,为消除Cl^-干扰,每个样品中需加HgSO40．4g,1个月以监测10天计每月需消耗HgSO440g,1年以10个月计便用去HgSO4400g,如对此类废水不加处理,则一年有270gHg排到环境中,这是一个不能忽视的污染问题。通过不断的摸索和实验,用铁粉处理酸性含汞废水,取     

高氯废水中有机物污染指标CODcr测定方法研究

CODcr作为评价有机物污染的重要指标,高氯及无机还原性耗氧物质是影响CODcr测试结果准确性的主要干扰因素.提出用0.1mol/L的K2Cr2O7为氧化剂,HgSO4为掩蔽剂并辅以空白扣除法消除高氯的影响;用酸化吹气法去除S2-等无机还原物质的影响.所用方法科学准确,测定结果可靠.     

利用H ach仪器开发低浓度COD的测试方法

利用Hach仪器开发了0 mg/L～150 mg/L COD的测试方法.采用反应器消解,比色法测定,配制的消解液能保证样品消解过程中浓硫酸和催化剂的含量与国标法相当,通过150 mg/L COD样品消解结束后重铬酸根离子半电池反应的电位折中确定重铬酸钾浓度.校准曲线线性关系良好,方法检出限为7 mg/L,与国标法作比较,结果表明两种方法可替换使用.     

高氯低COD值水样的无汞快速测定法

以硝酸银和硫酸铬钾代替硫酸汞来消除 COD 测定中的氯离子干扰，同时将重铬酸钾溶液的浓度降低为0.100 mol／L，并用硫磷混酸代替硫酸，该方法经过对标准样品和实际样品的测定，表现出对于测定氯离子含量低于25000 mg／L的高氯低 COD 值水样具有较好的准确度和精密度，同时可以实现银盐的回收再利用。     

投菌水解（酸化）—生物接触氧化—混凝法处理酵母生产废水

研究了采用投菌水解（酸化）－生物接触氧化－浊凝化处理酵母生产废水。试验结果表明，进水浓度控制在ＣＯＤＣｒ值５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右，生化系统可取得较高的处理效率；生经处理出水再以碱式 化铝为混凝剂，聚丙烯酰胺为助凝剂进行混凝处理，其出水ＣＯＤＣｒ值可控制在２００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，并且可部分回流使用。     

Qualitative evaluation of Kanhan river and its tributaries flowing over central Indian plateau

Water quality evaluation of Kanhan river and its tributaries viz. Pench and Nag rivers was carried out in order to assess the qualitative changes and possibility of point and non-point pollution loads in these rivers for the post monsoon and summer seasons. pH, turbidity, conductivity, total alkalinity and total hardness were found in the range 7.18.7, 0.835 (NTU), 227970 (microScm(-1)), 7.18.7, 158486 (mg/L) and 142246 (mg/L), respectively. Ca, Mg, Na and K were in the range 2462, 1328, 15183 and 333 mg/L, respectively. The respective ranges of Cl, SO(4), NO(3) and PO(4) were observed between 19102, 823, 332 and 0.11.4 mg/L. DO and COD in the rivers ranged between nil to 8.5 and 7172 mg/L, respectively. Absence of DO and higher COD in Nag river is due to its sewage content from Nagpur city. Nag river showed higher bacterial counts than Kanhan and Pench rivers. The temporal and spatial variability in the river water quality may be attributed to catchment characteristics, agricultural and urban activities in catchment and on the bank of the river. The values of RSC, ESP and SAR indicated that the water of Kanhan and Pench rivers are suitable, whereas that of Nag river is unsuitable for irrigation purpose.     

铵离子对COD测定的干扰及干扰的消除方法

水样中只存在铵离子时对COD的测定几乎没有影响,而当铵离子与氯离子同时存在时,除了氯离子带来的干扰外,铵离子也会对COD的测定产生干扰。针对此现象,研究建立了加碱氮吹法,此法可有效去除COD测定中浓度小于1 000 mg/L铵离子的干扰,并确定了最佳除铵离子条件为过量加碱、600 m L/min的氮气流量和3 h的通气时间。通过7次平行测定含铵离子干扰物的水样,该方法的相对标准偏差为3.3%~6.5%,加标回收率为90.2%~97.0%,表明方法具有较好的精密度和准确度,能够较准确测定含有铵离子干扰水样的COD。     

Simplifying and improving the extraction of nitrate from freshwater for stable isotope analyses

Determining the isotopic composition of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) in water can prove useful to identify NO(3)(-) sources and to understand its dynamics in aquatic systems. Among the procedures available, the 'ion-exchange resin method' involves extracting NO(3)(-) from freshwater and converting it into solid silver nitrate (AgNO(3)), which is then analysed for (15)N/(14)N and (18)O/(16)O ratios. This study describes a simplified methodology where water was not pre-treated to remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or barium cations (added to precipitate O-bearing contaminants), which suited samples with high NO(3)(-) (≥ 00 μM or 25 mg L(-1) NO(3)(-)) and low DOC (typically < 17 μM of C or 5 mg L(-1) C) levels. % N analysis revealed that a few AgNO(3) samples were of low purity (compared with expected % N of 8.2), highlighting the necessity to introduce quality control/quality assurance procedures for silver nitrate prepared from field water samples. Recommendations are then made to monitor % N together with % O (expected at 28.6, i.e. 3.5 fold % N) in AgNO(3) in order to better assess the type and gravity of the contamination as well as to identify potentially unreliable data.     

Performance of an electrochemical COD (chemical oxygen demand) sensor with an electrode-surface grinding unit

An electrochemical COD (chemical oxygen demand) sensor using an electrode-surface grinding unit was investigated. The electrolyzing (oxidizing) action of copper on an organic species was used as the basis of the COD measuring sensor. Using a simple three-electrode cell and a surface grinding unit, the organic species is activated by the catalytic action of copper and oxidized at a working electrode, poised at a positive potential. When synthetic wastewater was fed into the system, the measured Coulombic yields were found to be dependent on the COD of the synthetic wastewater. A linear correlation between the Coulombic yields and the COD of the synthetic wastewater was established (10-1000 mg L(-1)) when the electrode-surface grinding procedure was activated briefly at 8 h intervals. When various kinds of wastewater samples obtained from various sewage treatment plants were measured, linear correlations (r(2)> or = 0.92) between the measured EOD (electrochemical oxygen demand) value and COD of the samples were observed. At a practical wastewater treatment plant, the measurement system was successfully operated with high accuracy and good stability over 3 months. These experimental results show that the application of the measurement system would be a rapid and practical method for the determination of COD in water industries.     

用接触氧化+生态氧化塘工艺处理城镇污水的应用研究

通过对阿瓦提县城污水处理工程的改造项目进行分析,从而得出生物接触氧化塘技术的技术可行性论证,并通过污染源监测数据说明该氧化塘COD进口平均浓度为279.91 mg/L,出口平均浓度为73.33 mg/L。工程改造前后排口COD由205 mg/L下降为73.33 mg/L,COD浓度明显降低,COD可减少105.735 t/a,减排效果明显。     

生物生态耦合技术处理农村生活污水的应用研究

在对“厌氧池+跌水充氧接触氧化池+水耕蔬菜型人工湿地”生物生态耦合技术应用于农村生活污水处理进行实证研究的基础上，进一步探讨了生物与生态处理单元各自的主要去除对象和效率，为生物生态技术的合理耦合提供了依据。结果表明：在进水COD、TN、TP质量浓度波动范围为51.20~211.12，28.29~122.12，1.26~5.97mg/L时，出水平均质量浓度为15.80，5.51，0.34mg/L，出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB 18918—2002）》一级A标准。污水中COD、TN、TP的78%，85%，50%的去除是在生物处理单元完成的，而TP的达标排放还必需生态处理单元的参与。整个处理技术处理效果良好，运行费用低，适合在条件允许的农村地区推广使用。     

利用废铁屑和粉煤灰的电化学原理处理印染废水的方法研究

提出一种改进的铁屑法处理印染废水 ,对其机理进行探讨 ,并确定工艺条件为 p H4.0 ,处理时间 3 0 min,铁屑和粉煤灰的投加率分别为 5 %和 6%时 ,CODcr可降至 40 0 mg/L以下 ,去除率达 77%以上 ,脱色率 95 %以上 ,是一种高效可行的印染废水预处理方法     

Spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen pollution in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, Zhejiang, China

Water quality has degraded dramatically in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, Zhejiang, China, especially due to rapid economic development since 1995. This paper aims to assess spatial and temporal variations of the main pollutants (NH??-N, TN, BOD(5), COD(Mn), DO) of water quality in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, using the geographic information system, cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that concentrations of BOD(5), COD(Mn), NH??-N, and TN were significantly higher in tertiary rivers than in primary and secondary rivers. From April 2006 to March 2007, the concentrations of NH? ?-N (2.25-57.9 mg/L) and TN (3.78-70.4 mg/L) in all samples exceeded Type V national water quality standards (≥2 mg/L), while 5.3% of all COD(Mn) (1.83-27.5 mg/L) and 33.6% of all BOD(5) (0.34-50.4 mg/L) samples exceeded Type V national water quality standards (COD(Mn)?≥ 15 mg/L, BOD(5)?≥ 10 mg/L). Monthly changes of pollutant concentrations did not show a clear pattern, but correlation analysis indicated that NH??-N and TN in tertiary rivers had a significant negative correlation with 5-day cumulative rainfall and monthly rainfall, while there were no significant correlations in primary and secondary rivers. The results of CA and spatial analysis showed that the northern part of Wen-Rui Tang River watershed was the most seriously polluted. This region is characterized by the high population density and industrial and commercial activities. The PCA and spatial analysis indicated that the degraded water quality is caused by anthropogenic activities and poor wastewater management.