2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4,5-二甲基苯酚光度法测定水中的铜

研究了2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4,5-二甲基苯酚(QADMP)与铜(Ⅱ)的显色反应,在pH为4 0的HAc-NaAc缓冲介质中,CTMAB存在下,QADMP与铜(Ⅱ)生成分子比为2∶1的稳定红色配合物,该配合物λmax=561nm,摩尔吸光系数ε为4 56×104L·mol-1·cm-1,铜(Ⅱ)含量在0～0 4mg/L内符合比耳定律,该方法用于水样中微量铜的测定,结果满意。     

微波消化-固相萃取光度法测定生物样品中铜的研究

根据试剂2-(4-安替比林偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯氨(ADA)与铜的显色反应及Waters Plus-C1s固相萃取小柱对显色络合物的固相萃取,结合微波消化样品技术,建立了一种测定生物样品中铜含量的新方法.在pH=4.5 HAc-NaAc缓冲介质中,吐温-80存在下,ADA与铜反应生成2:1稳定的红色络合物,该络合物可用Waters Plus-C18固相萃取小柱富集,富集完后小柱上富集的络合物可用乙醇(含1%HAc)洗脱,洗脱液中铜含量在0-1.0 mg/L内符合比耳定律,摩尔吸光系数ε=5.04×104L·mol-1·cm-1.用微波消化样品后,生物样品中铜含量可用该方法测定.     

5—(4—磺酸基苯偶氮)8—(2,4—二硝基苯氨基)喹啉测定食品中铜的研究应用

在弱碱性介质中 ,5— (4—磺酸基苯偶氮 ) 8— (2 ,4—二硝基苯氨基 )喹啉 (SPDNPAQ)与铜反应生成 2∶ 1紫红色络合物 ,体系 λmax=56 0 nm,ε=1.2 3× 10 5L· mol-1· cm-1。铜含量在 0～ 0 .4 mg/ L内符合比耳定律 ,方法用于一些生物样品和水样中铜的测定。     

在平平加存在下,三溴偶氮胂双波长法同时测定水中的钙、镁

本文研究了三溴偶氮肿(TBA)与钙、镁的显色反应,结果表明:在平平加存在下,PH10.4硼酸-氢氧化钠缓冲体系中,钙、镁与TBA都形成1:2稳定的紫色络合物,以490nm为参比波长,620nm为测定波长,用双波长分光光度法测得ε_(490-620)~(Ca)=7.21×10~3l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),ε_(490-620)~(Ca)=2.55×10~4l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),比尔定律范围是0-35μgmg/25ml,0-40μgCa/25ml,无平平加时ε_(490-620)~(Mg)=6.61×10~3l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),ε_(490-620)~(Ca)=2.3×10~4。根据有无平平加时测定络合物吸光度的差异,利用公式法求得Ca,Mg含量,方法简便、快速、可靠。     

2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4-二乙氨基苯甲酸光度法测定镍的研究

合成了新试剂 2 -( 2 -喹啉偶氮 ) -4 -二乙氨基苯甲酸 ( QADEABA) ,并研究了其与镍的显色反应 ,在 p H=8.0的硼酸 -磷酸二氢钾缓冲介质中 ,吐温 -80存在下 ,QADEABA与镍反应生成 2∶ 1稳定络合物 ,λmax=5 90 nm ,ε=1 .1 8× 1 0 5L· mol-1· cm-1。镍含量在 0～ 0 .4 mg/ L内符合比耳定律 ,方法用于水样中镍含量的测定 ,结果令人满意     

锌-双硫腙-溴化十六烷基三甲铵水相光度法测定水中微量锌

研究了双硫腙水相光度法测定微量锌的条件.在阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB存在下,于pH9.8～12.4的缓冲溶液中,锌与双硫腙形成红色配合物,其最大吸收波长为545nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为8.92×10~4L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),锌含量在0～12μg/25ml范围内符合比耳定律.用该方法测定水样中的微量锌,获得了较满意的结果.     

吐温-20和锰(Ⅱ)存在下二安替匹林间氯苯基甲烷光度法测定水中微量铬(Ⅵ)

研究了Cr(Ⅵ)与二安替匹林间氯苯基甲烷(DAmCM)的分析特性,在吐温-20和Mn(Ⅱ)存在下,在H_3PO_4介质中,DAmCM与Cr(Ⅵ)反应生成红色产物,其最大吸收波长在480nm,ε=1.0 × 10~ 5L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)·Cr(Ⅵ)量在0～10μg/25ml间符合比耳定律。     

新疆环境天然贯穿辐射水平调查研究

报道了1984年～1989年新疆环境天然贯穿辐射剂量的调查方法及其结果.在全区海拔-154～ 5 300(米)的广大区域,布测点 1624个,含25×25(km)网格点740个,各类加密点 884个.结果表明:1.原野γ辐射剂量率的范围值,按网格、面积加权和人口加权的均值,依次分别是(1.17～32.64),5.81、5.76和 5.94(×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1); 2.道路上γ辐射剂量率按网格的均值为 5.63×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1);3.建筑物室内γ辐射剂量率按网格和人口加权的均值分别是9.92和 9.86(×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1));4.宇宙射线电离成分所致空气吸收剂量率按网格和人口加权的均值,室外分别是4.40和 4.01(×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)).室内分别是3.90和3.55(×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1));5.天然贯穿辐射剂量率(不包括中子成分)按网格和人口加权均值,室外分别是10.22和 9.77(×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1))室内分别是13.82和13.42 (×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1));6.天然贯穿辐射所致全区居民人均年有效剂量当量为857μSv.其中γ辐射和宇宙射线所致分别为535和 322μSv;所致居民年集体有效剂量当量为 11 207man·Sv;7.新疆属正常本底辐射水平地区,但局部区域原野γ辐射剂量率偏高(20～30×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)).     

总氮测定方法中在操作上应注意的问题

1.前言 ①按照JIS K0102—42～44,原来的方法是测定四种氮,并将其总和作为总氮。但是,②根据JIS K 0102—45·4(过氧—120℃分解—铜镉柱法),则改为对全部氮进行总氮测定。现在使用的总量法是(JIS K0102—45·1),采用凯达尔氮(凯氏氮)和戴氏铜锌铝合金,测定硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮,并以它作为总氮。 根据以上情况,我们以清洁水和污水为测定水样,按照上述的①和②,用同一水样,进行总氮的平行样分析。由分析结果,提出两者的相关情况(或称,分析中应注意的问题),以供广大分析人员参考。     

新显色剂对——偶氮苯重氮氨基偶氮苯磺酸用于测定痕量镉研究

本文报告在PH10.0的NH_3·NH_4Cl体系和Triton x-100存在下,对—偶氮苯重氮氨基偶氮苯磺酸与镉形成红色络合物,最大吸收峰532mm,摩尔吸光系数2.02×10~5L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1) ,并研究了测定镉的各种条件.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.