共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
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为了实现滤膜式PM2.5测量仪中挥发性颗粒物的连续补偿测量,根据挥发性颗粒物加热挥发、冷却凝结的物理特性,利用冷凝装置和串级冲击采样器原理,设计了双通道的挥发性颗粒物连续采样测量装置。按照采样粒径为10、5、2.5μm的颗粒物设计了3级冲击采样器,通过理论计算得到了采样器的孔径、孔数等相关参数;对采样器中采集的样品使用石英晶体微天平(QCM)直接测量,并采用加热清洗的方式结合双通道的设计实现挥发性颗粒物的连续采样测量。该装置不但可以应用于目前滤膜式颗粒物监测仪中的挥发性颗粒物补偿测量,使测量结果更加准确可靠;也可直接应用于挥发性颗粒物的测量分析。 相似文献
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中国4城市空气颗粒物元素的因子分析 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
因子分析在研究空气颗粒物来源上得到了广泛的应用。本文应用最大方差旋转因子分析法对中国4城市空气中粗、细颗粒物元素的来源进行了分析。结果指出粗、细颗粒物因子大致可分为土壤源因子和工业污染源因子两大类。粗颗粒物主要来自土壤源,细颗粒物主要来自工业污染源,并指出土壤源因子对粗颗粒物的贡献大于对细颗粒物的贡献。 相似文献
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对上海市8台燃煤机组开展了石膏雨和相关污染物排放监测,考察部分燃煤电厂石膏雨排放对周边居民生活和电厂生产造成的影响。结果表明,采用GGH并加热到一定温度,同时对除雾器进行优化的机组烟尘和可凝结颗粒物浓度均较低,石膏雨沉降和液滴均未检出,无冷凝回流液;虽然装有湿式电除尘器和GGH的机组石膏雨沉降未检出,但液滴浓度较高;仅装有湿式电除尘器的2台机组中1台检出石膏雨沉降;对照机组石膏雨沉降和液滴浓度均较高。建议电厂提升排烟温度,同时采取措施消除烟气中石膏夹带,彻底消除石膏雨,在标准制定时应充分考虑目前燃煤电厂多种污染物排放情况及其对环境的影响,尤其是石膏雨和可凝结颗粒物,制定相应的监测方法和评价体系,将其纳入火电厂排放标准中。 相似文献
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空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染特征及其毒性机制的研究进展 总被引:14,自引:2,他引:14
细颗粒物(PM2.5)是指空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒物,其表面吸附大量的有毒有害物质,并可通过呼吸沉积在肺泡,甚至可通过肺换气到达其他器官.由于细颗粒物的重要性,美国EPA已经于1997年颁布了细颗粒物的空气质量标准,年均值为0.015mg/m3,日均值为0.065mg/m3,然而我国至今仍未制定细颗粒物空气质量标准.颗粒物上吸附的化学组分主要可分成自然来源及燃煤或燃油等人为污染来源两大类,特别是来自工业性和居住区燃煤及汽车燃油尾气.空气细颗粒物污染表现为形态各异、成分复杂等特征.细颗粒物有明显的毒性作用,可引起机体呼吸系统、免疫系统等较为广泛的损害.细颗粒物与心肺疾病密切相关,如增加入院率、急诊次数、呼吸疾病及症状增加、肺功能下降,甚至于过早死亡.简要概述了细颗粒物的污染特征及其毒性机制研究进展. 相似文献
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为了解超低排放改造后工业源烟气颗粒物排放状况及其组分特征,于2020年1—5月对2家垃圾焚烧企业和2家燃煤电厂外排烟气开展了调查,同步采集外排烟气中的可过滤颗粒物(FPM)和可凝结颗粒物(CPM),测定质量浓度及其离子组分、元素组分,对各组分浓度范围及平均值进行统计评价。结果表明:4家企业外排烟气中CPM和FPM质量浓度平均值的比值分别为30.5,10.3,3.0,0.94,CPM的排放不可忽视;离子分析结果发现,烟气处理过程中产生的铵离子和硫酸根离子等水溶性离子,在FPM中基本未检出,在CPM中检出且浓度较高;金属元素分析结果发现,检出的铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)3种元素主要存在于FPM中,而砷(As)、汞(Hg)元素则更多地存在于CPM中;CPM中水溶性离子为主要成分,以水溶性离子作为CPM排放的控制因子是可行的。 相似文献
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综述了国内外固定污染源可凝结颗粒物(CPM)冲击冷凝法和稀释冷凝法2种采样方法,指出CPM是固定污染源排放颗粒物的重要组成部分,国内对于固定污染源CPM排放的监测和研究尚处于起步阶段,缺乏必要的CPM采样标准方法。通过分析2种采样方法的优缺点,提出冲击冷凝采样法需进一步降低SO_2等水溶性气体的影响,提高气相CPM冷凝效果及超细颗粒态CPM的捕集效率;稀释冷凝法需提高采样装置的便携性实现可过滤颗粒物(FPM)和CPM的分离采样,提高采样管路壁面颗粒物回收率。同时,针对我国固定污染源如燃煤电厂大量使用湿法脱硫设备的情况,CPM采样方法需提高对低温高湿且夹带液滴烟气采样的适用性。 相似文献
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简述了我国现阶段大气固定污染源颗粒物监测中遇到的问题及低浓度颗粒物采样与分析技术研究的必要性,归纳了国外低浓度颗粒物采样分析技术要点,包括大体积采样、滤筒上游采样设备堆积颗粒物的回收、有效称重步骤的确立等,并对我国开展低浓度颗粒物采样及分析技术研究提出了相关建议. 相似文献
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燃煤锅炉湿法脱硫烟气中颗粒物排放特征 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
选择北京市典型燃煤锅炉进行研究,结果表明:烟气中可凝结颗粒物在总颗粒物中占有较高比例,供热燃煤锅炉总颗粒物排放水平明显高于电厂燃煤锅炉;颗粒物中水溶性离子含量较高,供热燃煤锅炉硫酸根比例尤其显著;烟气总颗粒物中存在大量不稳定的易被氧化的组分;同为燃煤源,不同的烟气净化工艺排放的PM2.5组分特征差异明显;现有标准和技术规范存在不足,无法满足全面、准确监测污染源排放总颗粒物的实际需要。建议建立总颗粒物、可凝结颗粒物的监测技术规范,全面测算燃煤锅炉硫、氮化合物排放情况,科学评估脱硫及脱硝效率。 相似文献
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为全面测量固定源湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的排放浓度及其离子组成特征,提出了一种基于一级冷凝、二级过滤和一级冲击吸收的多形态烟气颗粒物的同步测量方法,外场实测了3种湿法脱硫和除尘工艺的排放水平。现场测试表明:简易湿法除尘脱硫(NaOH法)一体化装置烟气中可过滤颗粒物(FPM)浓度为(36±11)mg/m3,可逃逸颗粒物(EPM)浓度为(33±7)mg/m3;氧化镁法+布袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度为(14±5)mg/m3,EPM浓度为(13±6)mg/m3;石灰石-石膏脱硫+电袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度低,小于3 mg/m3,EPM浓度为(6±1)mg/m3;烟气中EPM是传统滤膜法检测FPM浓度的0.7~5.7倍,EPM的主要存在形态为冷凝液中的可溶解颗粒物(DPM),颗粒物的组分与脱硫方法密切相关,各形态颗粒物的主要组分是SO42-、SO32-、NO3-、NO2-、NH4+、Cl-、Na+、Mg2+和Ca2+等离子。 相似文献
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为研究宁波市大气污染状况及其影响因素,利用2013—2018年宁波市国控站点实时监测污染物数据以及气象数据,探讨分析了宁波市大气污染特征以及所受气象因素的影响概况。结果表明:宁波市颗粒物污染和O3污染呈现典型的季节性特征,颗粒物浓度冬季最高,O3最大滑动8 h平均质量浓度春、秋季最高。宁波市O3污染问题越来越突出,且呈现出春、秋季O3超标天数最多的季节变化特征。O3小时质量浓度与气温和太阳辐射成正相关关系,NO2和颗粒物浓度与气温成负相关关系。NO2与O3浓度成负相关关系,与颗粒物浓度成正相关关系。 相似文献
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Coal combustion in the power sector gives rise to the emission of primary and secondary particulate pollutants. Since the emission of pollutants depends on coal quality and combustion technology, and given that transport, transformation and deposition of contaminants depend on regional climatic conditions, specific studies for the power stations is needed to evaluate their environmental impacts. Monitoring of ambient respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels around a large coal-fired power station in India was carried out. The specific objectives were the determination of spatial and seasonal variability in RSPM and SPM levels, and their relationship with meteorological parameters such as wind velocity and relative humidity. The results have shown a marked seasonal trend and spatial variability in RSPM and SPM levels in the study area. Higher concentrations of ambient RSPM and SPM were found in downwind monitoring stations compared to upwind direction. Ratios of RSPM to SPM and correlation coefficient values between RSPM and SPM along with meteorological parameters were also worked out. Relative humidity and wind velocity have shown an inverse relation with particulate deposition pattern. 相似文献
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Six air issues are currently on science and policy agendas in Canadaand elsewhere. These are climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion(increased UV-B radiation), acidic deposition, SMOG (increasedground-level ozone), suspended particulate matter, and hazardous airpollutants. Atmospheric scientists and decision makers have largelyaddressed these issues individually resulting in single-issue policies. However, it is now recognized that these issues are inter-related, andthey may interact to cause negative as well as some beneficial effects,not only on the state of the atmosphere but also on societal andecological systems. This paper illustrates through several examples theatmospheric dysfunction caused by the linkages among the six airissues. It also points to potentially conflicting policies arising from thesingle-issue approach, and it emphasizes the need for better integrationof air issues. The linkages are summarized qualitatively in Table I. 相似文献
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Particulate matter emissions from stack number 2 of a majorferrochrome smelter, Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting Company(ZIMASCO) were characterized and the rates at which the elementsCr, Fe, Cu and Zn and total ferrochrome dust are emitted into theatmosphere were determined. The extent of soil contamination bythe dust deposited around the smelter in the generally prevailingsoutheasterly wind direction around the smelter was carried out.The highest concentrations of Cr and Fe occurred in the fineparticulates of sizes less than 59 m whilst that of Cu and Znoccurred in the coarse particulates of size range 70-100 m.The emission rates from stack 2 were; total ferrochromeparticulates 62.17 kg h-1, Cr 6.217 kg h-1, Fe 2.423 kg h-1, Zn42 mg h-1 and 6 mg h-1 for Cu. Particulate matter was emitted at arate of 289 mg m-3 from stack number 2. This value exceeds thelegal limit of 200 mg m-3. Chromium and iron are the metalsin the largest amounts. The particles that constitute the largestproportion of the dust were in the range of 58-107.5 m. Thisis a characteristic feature of the particulate matter emissionsfrom ZIMASCO. Soils in the downwind direction from the smelterwere polluted with Cr up to a distance of about 700 m outward fromthe perimeter of the boundary of the smelter. 相似文献
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