环境空气中VOC s 的监测技术新进展

大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)严重威胁着人类的健康,目前对它的监测技术的研究越来越多.文章综述了近年来国内外在VOCs的采样及测试技术上的进展,重点介绍了固相微萃取、罐取样、吸附法等采样技术以及以气相色谱法为主的分析方法,并对一些非色谱法的分析技术进行了简单介绍.     

环境空气中挥发性有机物监测技术细化研究

真空罐/气相色谱-质谱法是我国目前用于环境空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）监测的主要方法。对该方法的采样前及采样环节的技术细节（包括流量控制器和过滤器的校准检查,采样罐的性能检查,样品的采集、运输及保存）,以及实验室分析环节的技术细节（包括色谱柱的选择,内标物的选择,湿度及气体稀释仪对分析结果的影响,标准曲线绘制方式和系统性能优劣的判断）进行讨论和分析。并针对以上技术细节提出解决方案和注意事项,以期为分析人员提供技术参考。     

攀枝花市大气有机污染特征及来源识别

采用SUMMA罐采样-预浓缩-气相色谱/质谱联用技术测定挥发性有机物(VOCs),滤膜采样-高效液相色谱法测定颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)。选取攀枝花市不同功能区的5个测点,分别采集并测定了4个季度的大气样品。共检出VOCs 54种,其中烃类占24%,卤代烃类占52%,含氧化合物占22%,其它化合物占2%,苯系物检出率最高。检出PAHs15种,其中苯并[a]芘等11种PAHs单体的检出率为100%。主要大气有机物分布整体呈现出旱季高,雨季低的特点。应用比值法、相关性及因子分析法对来源进行识别,结果表明机动车、燃煤和炼焦排放是攀枝花市大气有机污染物的主要来源。     

生活垃圾填埋场空气中VOCs组成及年际变化

采用SUMMA罐采样-气相色谱-质谱法采集并分析了2006—2010年4、10月上海某生活垃圾填埋场及周边环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的种类和含量变化情况。结果表明,共检测出34种VOCs化合物,以单环芳烃、甲基乙基酮、卤代脂肪烃为主,其中19种化合物属于美国环保局重点控制的空气中有害污染物;填埋区作业面是填埋堆体内部VOCs释放的重要途径之一,其中甲基乙基酮、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯对TVOCs质量浓度贡献率超过60%;生活垃圾填埋场及周边环境空气中TVOCs质量浓度年季变化较稳定,但同年度内秋季浓度高于春季。     

空气中挥发性有机物污染状况及健康风险评价

为了了解南京某县空气中挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)的污染状况,采用苏码罐采样-气相色谱-质谱法分析了该县不同功能区空气中的VOCs,探讨了其可能来源并采用国际公认的评价模型,对空气中的VOCs进行了健康风险评价。     

环境监测用氮气中多组分VOCs标准物质的研制

介绍了采用称量法制备瓶装1μmol/mol氮气中42个组分挥发性有机物(VOCs)标准物质的研制方法。建立了选择离子模式,气相色谱-质谱联用的分析方法,对目标组分在气瓶中的长期稳定性进行了考察。所选择的42种目标组分完全满足中国环境保护标准《环境空气挥发性有机物的测定吸附管采样-热脱附/气相色谱-质谱法》(HJ 644—2013)和美国环保署《使用特殊处理的采样罐/气相色谱仪检测环境大气中的挥发性有机物》(EPA TO—14A)这2个方法标准中所规定的环境空气中挥发性有机有害成分的监测要求。将研制的气体标准物质与中国计量科学研究院(NIM)和英国国家物理实验室(NPL)分别进行了比对测试,取得了良好的比对结果与国际等效度。结果表明,1μmol/mol氮气中42种组分VOCs标准物质的有效期为一年,相对扩展不确定度为5.0%(包含因子k=2),并取得国家标准物质证书GBW(E)062231。     

动态稀释法在汽车涂装行业固定污染源挥发性有机物测定中的应用

介绍了固定污染源中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要采样方法,并重点介绍了动态稀释法在固定污染源中采样的应用。采用动态稀释法取样,对某汽车企业涂装车间的排放废气进行了定性分析,并对其中主要的10种VOCs进行了定量分析。研究了方法测定的稳定性,10种化合物相对标准偏差为9%~32%,符合工况变动范围。将不同采样时间及不同吸附材料的测定结果与在线监控数据进行比较,结果显示动态稀释法的测定结果均在实际工况波动范围内,说明该方法能够较好地满足汽车涂装行业VOCs的采样要求。     

基于GC-MS分析方法的石油化工行业特征挥发性有机物分析

2014年青奥会期间,采用苏玛罐采样和GC/MS分析的方法对南京市2家石油化工企业部分典型工艺的特征VOCs进行了监测分析,结果表明,其主要组分为烷烃、苯系物、含氧有机物、卤代烃和烯烃,主要特征污染物有异丁烷、正戊烷、正丁烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醇、乙醛、丙酮等。指出,企业在日常的生产管理中,应加强巡查、监管,避免装置挥发性有机物的跑冒滴漏,减少污染物的逸散,降低对环境的影响。     

盐城市城区VOCs污染特征及来源解析

2020年4—9月通过离线采样研究了盐城市城区大气中的挥发性有机物（VOCs）浓度水平及组成特征、臭氧生成潜势、二次有机气溶胶生成潜势以及毒性效应等多效应评估和来源贡献。结果表明：盐城市城区VOCs平均体积浓度为35.09×10^-9,盐塘湖公园站点浓度最高;盐城市VOCs主要组分为含氧有机物（OVOCs）和烷烃。通过挥发性有机物多效应评估发现,关键物种为乙醛、对二乙苯、丙酮、甲苯和间/对二甲苯等。采样期间对VOCs浓度的主要贡献来源为二次生成、工业排放和交通排放。     

江苏某醋厂排放VOCs的特征及健康风险评价

以江苏某醋厂为研究对象,使用便携式气相色谱/质谱仪实地采样,定性定量分析该厂挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征及异味物质强度特征。采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)的健康风险评价模型,评估醋厂排放VOCs对周围居民的健康影响,结果表明,该厂排放的VOCs仅导致较强的感官影响,未产生明显的致癌效应。     

便携式GC-MS在应急监测中的应用

建立了便携式GC-MS测定空气和水体中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法,能快速、有效地对空气中37种和水体中54种挥发性有机物进行现场定性和定量。具有相关性好、检出限低、精密度好、准确度高的特点,适用于空气和水体中挥发性有机物的应急监测工作。     

城市大气中挥发性有机化合物监测技术进展

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧及二次有机颗粒物(SOA)的主要前体物。近年来,我国逐步将VOCs纳入大气污染物控制体系。准确可靠的监测技术是大气VOCs研究及控制的重要前提保障。按照采样方法、分析方法 2个方面介绍并讨论了城市大气中VOCs的现有监测方法,较为详细地介绍了几类广泛采用的离线及在线监测技术,简要讨论了目前VOCs监测中存在的一些问题,展望了今后的发展趋势。     

Organic Liquids Storage Tanks Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) Emissions Dispersion and Risk Assessment in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar-Es-Salaam City, Tanzania

The emission estimation of nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from eight organic liquids storage tanks companies in Dar-es-Salaam City Tanzania has been done by using US EPA standard regulatory storage tanks emission model (TANKS 4.9b). Total VOCs atmospheric emission has been established to be 853.20 metric tones/yr. It has been established further that petrol storage tanks contribute about 87% of total VOCs emitted, while tanks for other refined products and crude oil were emitting 10% and 3% of VOCs respectively. Of the eight sources (companies), the highest emission value from a single source was 233,222.94 kg/yr and the lowest single source emission value was 6881.87 kg/yr. The total VOCs emissions estimated for each of the eight sources were found to be higher than the standard level of 40,000 kg/yr per source for minor source according to US EPA except for two sources, which were emitting VOCs below the standard level. The annual emissions per single source for each of the VOCs were found to be below the US EPA emissions standard which is 2,000~kg/yr in all companies except the emission of hexane from company F1 which was slightly higher than the standard. The type of tanks used seems to significantly influence the emission rate. Vertical fixed roof tanks (VFRT) emit a lot more than externally floating roof tanks (EFRT) and internally floating roof tanks (IFRT). The use of IFRT and EFRT should be encouraged especially for storage of petrol which had highest atmospheric emission contribution. Model predicted atmospheric emissions are less than annual losses measured by companies in all the eight sources. It is possible that there are other routes for losses beside atmospheric emissions. It is therefore important that waste reduction efforts in these companies are directed not only to reducing atmospheric emissions, but also prevention of the spillage and leakage of stored liquid and curbing of the frequently reported illegal siphoning of stored products. Emission rates for benzene, toluene, and xylene were used as input to CALPUFF air dispersion model for the calculation of spatial downwind concentrations from area sources. By using global positioning system (GPS) and geographical information system (GIS) the spatial benzene concentration contributed by organic liquid storage tanks has been mapped for Dar-es-Salaam City. Highest concentrations for all the three toxic pollutants were observed at Kigamboni area, possibly because the area is located at the wind prevailing direction from the locations of the storage tanks. The model predicted concentrations downwind from the sources were below tolerable concentrations by WHO and US-OSHA. The highest 24 hrs averaging time benzene concentration was used for risk assessment in order to determine maximum carcinogenic risk amongst the population exposed at downwind. Established risk for adult and children at 2.9×10^-3 and 1.9×10^-3 respectively, are higher than the acceptable US-EPA risk of 1×10^-6. It is very likely that the actual VOCs concentrations in some urban areas in Tanzania including Dar-es-Salaam City are much higher than the levels reported in this study when other sources such as petrol stations and motor vehicles on the roads are considered. Tanzania Government therefore need to put in place: an air quality policy and legislation, establish air quality guidelines and acquire facilities which will enable the implementation of air quality monitoring and management programmes.     

VOCs在线监测系统与SUMMA罐采样-气质联用法的比对分析

将挥发性有机污染物在线监测系统与实验室内SUMMA罐采样气质联用法(GC-MS)的挥发性有机物分析进行了标准气体和实际空气样品的分析比对,并对偏差原因作分析,提出在线监测系统的维护建议。结果表明,挥发性有机物在线监测系统的监测结果与实验室方法有一定的可比性,可用于大气中挥发性有机污染物的在线监测。     

环境空气VOCs在线监测中标准气体的比对研究

环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的在线监测技术近年来受到普遍关注。相对于传统的离线手工监测,在线监测能够解决监测数据时空代表性不足的问题,同时更好地满足环境质量连续监测和研究的需要。现有环境空气常规气体在线监测技术规范对量值溯源有较高的要求,其中标准气体的溯源和比对是质量控制和质量保证的根本。通过构建上海市环境空气VOCs在线监测的标准气体实验室比对测试流程,提出了标准气体比对结果的评价指标及方法,以确保在线监测数据的准确性和可比性。结果显示,6瓶臭氧前体混合物标准气体中,90%以上物种的测定结果的相对偏差在±10%以内,个别物种超出范围,说明定期开展标准气体比对对于VOCs在线监测的质控和质保具有重要意义。     

预冷浓缩系统与气相色谱——质谱法测定室内空气中挥发性有机物

针对室内空气挥发性有机物测定方法的不足，本文采用预冷浓缩系统和气相色谱，质谱联用。建立了测定室内空气中39种挥发性有机物的分析方法，该方法采用苏码罐采样，经液氮预冷冻浓缩后，用心城由检测。该方法灵敏度高，操作简便、重现性好、准确度高，适用于室内空气中挥发性有机物的测定。     

预冷冻浓缩系统与气相色谱-质谱联用测定空气中挥发性有机物

采用预冷冻浓缩系统和气相色谱-质谱联用,建立了测定空气中39种挥发性有机物的分析方法,该法用苏玛罐或Tedlar气袋采集空气样品经-160℃液氮预冷冻浓缩后,用GC-MS检测.该方法采样简便,灵敏度、准确度高,已应用于室内空气和环境空气的测定,取得满意的结果.     

Porous silica spheres as indoor air pollutant scavengers

Porous silica spheres were investigated for their effectiveness in removing typical indoor air pollutants, such as aromatic and carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and compared to the commercially available polymer styrene-divinylbenzene (XAD-4). The silica spheres and the XAD-4 resin were coated on denuder sampling devices and their adsorption efficiencies for VOCs evaluated using an indoor air simulation chamber. Real indoor sampling was also undertaken to evaluate the affinity of the silica adsorbents for a variety of indoor VOCs. The silica sphere adsorbents were found to have a high affinity for polar carbonyls and found to be more efficient than the XAD-4 resin at adsorbing carbonyls in an indoor environment.