海南饮用水源地水体中阿特拉津健康风险评价

采用全自动固相萃取-超高压液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS-MS)测定海南饮用水源地原水中阿特拉津的含量。结果表明,在22个监测点位中,阿特拉津的检出率达到69.7%,其检出浓度为未检出~74.8 ng/L,浓度值均低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中阿特拉津的标准限值。采用USEPA推荐的健康风险评价方法,对海南饮用水源地原水中阿特拉津通过饮用水和皮肤接触途径引起的健康风险进行了初步评价,阿特拉津通过饮用水和洗浴途径引起的非致癌总风险指数、致癌总风险指数分别为0~7.1×10-5和0~5.7×10-7,均在USEPA的建议值内,初步认为海南饮用水源地原水中的阿特拉津不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

环境样品阿特拉津及降解产物分析方法进展

阿特拉津是一种世界范围广泛使用的除草剂。文章介绍了环境样品中阿特拉津及其降解产物分析的前处理技术和分析方法的研究进展,并为今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

气相色谱测定土壤中微量阿特拉津

采用丙酮加水提取土壤中的阿特拉津,再用三氯甲烷萃取,经浓缩、定容后,用毛细管气相色谱法测定.     

胶团强化超滤处理水中阿特拉津的研究

采用胶团强化超滤去除水中阿特拉津.考察了表面活性剂、pH、操作压力、操作时间以及温度对阿特拉津去除效果的影响.结果表明,胶团强化超滤法能有效去除水中阿特拉津,最佳工艺条件为:采用分子量为5 000 Dalton的聚砜中空纤维膜、SDBS浓度为8.00mmol/L、压力为0.15 MPa、pH为10、温度为25℃.在此条...     

固相萃取—高效液相色谱法测定水中阿特拉津和2种邻苯二甲酸酯

采用固相萃取法对水样进行提取富集,液相色谱法测定水中2种邻苯二甲酸酯类和阿特拉津有机污染物,并对方法进行了探索、优化和验证。在固相萃取过程中,研究了水体p H、洗脱液组份对邻苯二甲酸酯和阿特拉津萃取回收率的影响,解决了邻苯二甲酸酯和阿特拉津回收率不高的问题。在空白水加标实验中,邻苯二甲酸酯的回收率为89.3%~92.2%,阿特拉津回收率为88.9%,获得了较高的回收率及测定精度。除此之外,还对地表水进行了加标回收实验,结果符合要求。     

高效液相方法同时测定地表水中的阿特拉津和甲萘葳

主要研究用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定水样中的阿特拉津和甲萘葳。结果表明,低浓度水样：可取500ml,加入5%的氯化钠,经一定量的二氯甲烷萃取、浓缩、甲醇定容后,上机测定;高浓度水样：可将水样过滤后直接进样测定。该方法的阿特拉津和甲萘葳检出限分别为0.006μg/L和0.036μg/L,加标回收率分别可达74.2%~11...     

用气相色谱法分析废水和底泥中的阿特拉津

阿特拉津（2-氯-4-乙胺基-6-异丙胺基均三氮苯）是一种对旱田杂草具有较强杀伤效力的农药，被广泛用于农业生产，但过量使用这种农药会在稻田中大量残留，对水稻等农作物造成不同程度的危害，叙述了用气相色谱法检测废水及底泥中阿特拉津的方法。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定水中痕量有机磷和阿特拉津农药

采用PA萃取纤维吸附水中敌敌畏、乐果、内吸磷、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷、马拉硫磷等6种有机磷和阿特拉津农药,在气相色谱-质谱仪进样口热解吸后进行检测.筛选比较了几种萃取纤维,优化了萃取方式、萃取时间、离子强度、pH、解吸温度和解吸时间等萃取条件.方法适用于多类型水体中6种有机磷和阿特拉津农药的分析.     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定水中甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津

水样经聚四氟乙烯滤头过滤,直接用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津。通过试验考察不同材质滤头和各仪器条件对测定的影响,并确定最佳分析条件,使该方法在0.01μg/L~10.0μg/L范围内线性良好。甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津的方法检出限分别为6.1 ng/L、2.8 ng/L、3.1 ng/L,空白水样的3个质量浓度加标回收率在96.4%~110%之间。该方法用于测定实际水源水及饮用水中的甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津,结果均未检出,实际水样平均加标回收率为81.4%~97.2%。     

液液萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定水中甲萘威和阿特拉津

用二氯甲烷萃取水中的甲萘威和阿特拉津，经旋转蒸发和氮吹富集浓缩后，采用高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测器在222 nm波长下测定。甲萘威和阿特拉津在0.100 mg/L～5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好，检出限分别为0.031 μg/L和0.027 μg/L，空白水样加标平均回收率为78.5%～91.7%，平行测定3次的RSD＜5%。     

天津城郊土壤中PAHs含量特征及来源解析

以天津市郊环城四区为研究对象,系统采集了环城四区95个表层土壤样品,利用高效液相色谱仪对16种PAHs进行分析测定,结果表明,西青、东丽、津南和北辰土壤中16种PAHs的总量范围分别为62.6～1 994.9、36.1～4 074.7、20.1～2 502.5、22.1～707.7μg/kg;平均含量分别为445.8、841.8、509.5、242.5μg/kg。四区中都以高环多环芳烃为主,西青、东丽、北辰和津南高环多环芳烃分别占多环芳烃总比例的45.4%、42.2%、38.8%和38.7%。空间分析的结果表明,靠近天津市市区样点土壤中多环芳烃的含量要明显高于远离市区土壤中多环芳烃的含量。利用环数PAHs的相对丰度和比值法对天津市郊环城四区土壤中多环芳烃的污染来源进行了解析,研究区土壤监测样点的PAHs主要来自燃烧源,少部分来自石油类来源或几种污染源的共同复合累加的作用。     

TCLP法对天津市农田重金属生态风险评价

TCLP法是用缓冲剂提取重金属的一种方法,该法评价重金属生态风险在美国已开展多年。利用TCLP法对天津市某农田土壤重金属进行生态风险评价,结果表明,在采集的23个样品中有效态铜、铅、锌、镉的含量范围为1.13~5.26、2.11~5.22、2.60~30.6、1.09×10-3~77.9×10-3mg/kg,普遍低于铜、铅、锌、镉在土壤中的总量(22.1~66.8、21.2~50.6、56.8~445、0.04~0.20 mg/kg)。镉的TCLP有效态与总量的差别最大。锌、铅存在轻微污染,污染率分别为21.7%、4.3%。     

天津市颗粒物中元素化学特征及来源

2006年的8月—12月采集天津市PM2.5和PM10样品,分析了Na、Al等17种元素质量浓度及月变化特征,PM2.5中元素平均质量浓度为17.2μg/m3,占PM2.5的10.3%。微量元素Zn、Pb在PM10和PM2.5中含量较高,Cr、V、Ni、As等则在细粒子中有明显分布。用富集因子法分析发现,PM2.5中元素富集程度高于PM10。地壳元素除Ca外,均无明显富集,微量元素则呈现不同程度的富集,以Cd富集最为明显。颗粒物分析表明,土壤尘、燃煤、机动车尾气及化工行业是PM2.5中无机元素的主要来源。     

Dissipation and residue of MCPA (4-chloro-2-ethylphenoxyacetate) in wheat and soil

A rapid and simple HPLC method has been developed for the quantitation of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in both wheat and soil samples. Samples were extracted in acidic media and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction with C(18) cartridges before HPLC-DAD detection. The limits of detection and quantification of MCPA were 0.02 ng and 0.01 mg/kg for both wheat and soil. The mean recoveries ranged from 87.1% to 98.2%, and the RSDs ranged from 0.604% to 3.44% for the three spiked levels (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 mg/kg). The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of MCPA residues in wheat and soil samples from an experimental field. The dissipation half-lives in soil were calculated to be 3.22 days (Beijing) and 3.10 days (Tianjin), respectively. Direct confirmation of the analytes in real samples was achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that at harvest time, the residues of MCPA in wheat were well below the maximum residue levels and were safe to apply in wheat.     

Identification of sources of elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial area in Tianjin, China

The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector in 105 topsoil samples from an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in the North of China. Results demonstrated that concentrations of PAHs in 104 soil samples from this area ranged from 68.7 to 5,590 ng g^???1 dry weight with a mean of ∑16PAHs 814 ± 813 ng g^???1, which suggests that there exists mid to high levels of PAH contamination. The concentration of ∑16PAHs in one soil sample from Tianjin Port was exceptionally high (48,700 ng g^???1). Ninety-three of the 105 soil samples were considered to be contaminated with PAHs (>200 ng g^???1), and 25 were heavily polluted (>1,000 ng g^???1). The sites with high PAHs concentration are mainly distributed around chemical industry parks and near highways. Two low molecular weight PAHs, naphthalene and phenanthrene, were the dominant components in the soil samples, which accounted for 22.1% and 10.7% of the ∑16PAHs concentration, respectively. According to the observed molecular indices, house heating in winter, straw stalk combustion in open areas after harvest, and petroleum input were common sources of PAHs in this area, while factory discharge and vehicle exhaust were the major sources around chemical industrial parks and near highways. Biological processes were probably another main source of low molecular weight PAHs.     

天津市臭氧污染特征与影响因素分析

2013—2015年,天津市臭氧(O_3)浓度整体呈下降趋势,污染状况略低于京津冀区域的其他城市。O_3浓度春、夏季高,冬季低,高值主要集中在5—9月,浓度从早上06:00开始升高,至中午14:00达到峰值。污染主要集中在中心城区、西部和北部地区,东部、南部和西南部地区污染相对较轻。O_3浓度在温度303 K以上、相对湿度70%以下或西南风为主导时较高。VOCs/NOx比值低于8,O_3的生成处于VOCs控制区。芳香烃类和烯烃类对天津市O_3生成贡献最大,其中,乙烯和甲苯为O_3生成潜势贡献最大的物种,其次为间/对二甲苯、丙烯、邻二甲苯、异戊二烯、反-2-丁烯、乙苯等,通过控制汽车尾气、化工行业及溶剂使用等对O_3生成潜势贡献大的VOCs排放源可有效控制天津市O_3污染。     

Characterization of soil heavy metal contamination and potential health risk in metropolitan region of northern China

Soil in metropolitan region suffers great contamination risk due to the rapid urbanization especially in developing countries. Beijing and Tianjin, together with their surrounding regions, form a mega-metropolitan region in northern China. To assess the soil environmental quality, a total of 458 surface soil samples were collected from this area. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd, and Hg were analyzed and compared to the Chinese environmental quality standards for soil. Multivariate analysis was carried out to identify the possible sources and Geographic Information Systems techniques were applied to visualize the spatial data. It was found that the primary inputs of As were due to pedogenic sources, whereas Hg was mainly of anthropogenic source. Other elements including Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd were from both lithogenic and anthropogenic origins. Health risk assessment based on the maximum heavy metal concentration indicated that As derived from sewage irrigation area can result in carcinogenic lifetime risk due to ingestion and/or dermal contact of soil. The potential non-carcinogenic risk for children is significant for Pb and the cumulative effect of multiple metals is of concern for children in the vicinity of mining site. The results increased our knowledge for understanding natural and anthropogenic sources as well as health risk for metals in metropolitan soil.     

Hg bioavailability and impact on bacterial communities in a long-term polluted soil

Different soil samples characterised by a long-term Hg-pollution were studied for Hg total content, fractionation, phytotoxicity and influence on the bacterial community. Hg pollution ranged from 1 to 50 mg kg(-1) and most of it was speciated in scarcely soluble forms. In agreement with this, the biochemical quality indexes were investigated (biomass, enzyme activities) and the bacterial community (viable heterotrophic (VH) bacteria, functional diversity) apparently was not influenced by the degree of Hg pollution. In particular, the investigated soils exhibited a low percentage of Hg-resistant (Hg(R)) bacteria ranging from less than 0.001% to 0.25% of the VH and the addition of available Hg in the form of HgCl(2) induced an enrichment of resistant Hg(R) populations. The general biodiversity of the bacterial community was evaluated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of DNA of Hg spiked soil microcosms and of control soils. Hg(R) bacteria capable to grow in a minimal medium containing HgCl(2) were also isolated and identified. MerA and merB gene PCR fragments were obtained from different Hg(R) strains and the range of similarities at the DNA level and at the deduced amino acid level showed that they carried mercuric reductase and lyase. Differently from bacteria, some influence of soil Hg content on seeds' germination and root elongation was observed for Lepidium sativum L. and Solanum lycopersicum L. In conclusion, most of the Hg in these long-term polluted soils was scarcely mobile and available and did not significantly influence the soil bacterial community. The risk of potential Hg remobilization over time, that could be naturally favoured by the activity of plant roots or other inorganic processes occurring in soil, can be extenuated since bacterial community was resistant and resilient to subsequent Hg stress.     

Accumulation of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) at different depths clay and loamy sand textural soils due to tobacco waste application

The effects of tobacco waste (TW) application to the soil surface on the accumulation of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in clay and loamy sand textural soils at various depths were investigated in two different fields. The tobacco waste had been found to be infected with TMV. Eighteen months after TW application to the soil surface, soils were sampled at 20 cm intervals through to 80 cm depth. The DAS-ELISA method was performed to determine infection of soil with TMV. The viruses persisted in clay soil for a long period compared with loamy sand soil. There was no accumulation of TMV at any depth of loamy sand soil in Experimental Field 2. TMV adsorption to soil particles in 0-60 cm depth of clay soil was determined in all TW treatments in Experimental Field 1. The highest ELISA Absorbance (A405) values in all treatments were determined in the 20-40 cm soil depth that had the highest clay content. ELISA A405 values of TMV at different depths of clay soil gave significant correlations with clay content (r = 0.793**), EC values (r = 0.421**) and soil pH (r = -0.405**). Adsorption of TMV to net negatively charged clay particle surfaces increased with increasing EC values of soil solution. Decreasing soil pH and infiltration rate increased adsorption of TMV to clay particles. Higher infiltration rate and lower clay content in loamy sand soil caused leaching of TMV from the soil profile.     

Monitoring of heavy metals uptake and allocation in Pinus sylvestris organs in alkalised soil

The concentration of heavy metals in soil and in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) organs growing on a pH gradient from 4.0 to 7.9 of soil at different distances from a cement plant was monitored. Emission for over 40 years of alkaline dust (pH 12.3-12.6) into the atmosphere in North Estonia had resulted in alkalisation and elevated concentration of total heavy metals in upper layers of the soil (0-30 cm), which was considerable even 10 years after the dust pollution stopped. Monitoring showed that the accumulation and allocation of heavy metals varied between the stem, shoots and needles and differed from the trees in the unpolluted area, depending more on the mobility of elements and the pH than element concentrations in the alkaline soil. A strong negative correlation was found between the soil pH and Mn, Zn and Cd concentrations in different tree organs. Compared to the unpolluted area, Pb was present in relatively higher concentrations in all organs but Cr, Fe and Cu in needles and shoots. The concentrations of Mn and Cd were much lower than control in all organs of trees in alkalised soil. The height increment and density of needles on shoots were predominantly in negative correlation with the pH of soil.