NH4NO3-Pd(NO3)2联合基体改进剂石墨炉法测海水中痕量镉

用NH4NO3-Pd(NO3)联合基体改进剂,石墨炉法直接测海水中痕量镉.通过不同条件的实验,确定了最佳的分析条件;并通过对实际样品平行性和加标回收率的测定,验证了方法的精密度和准确度.建立了空白实验,在0.19～5.0μg/L线性范围内,镉的最低检出限为0.19μg/L.实验结果表明,该方法快速方便,提高了分析效率,准确度高,精密度好.     

采用间隔流动注射仪测定总氰和氰化物的探讨

采用间隔流动注射的方法对水质中的氰化物进行检测。通过选择合适的锌盐和关闭的紫外灯,将总氰模块应用于易释放氰化物的检测。结果表明,仪器测定的总氰和易释放氰化物的精密度、准确度和加标回收率均满足水质检测的质量控制要求。     

海水中总氮的测定方法比较研究

通过标准曲线、检出限和测定范围、方法精密度、方法准确度、实际海水样品测定结果、加标回收率、分析效率和物料消耗这几方面比较了过硫酸钾氧化法、流动注射分析法和高温氧化-化学发光检测法这3种测定海水中总氮(TN)方法的优缺点。结果表明,流动注射分析法和高温氧化-化学发光检测法的测定范围更宽,精密度、准确度更好,3种样品的加标回收率达到96.2%~101%;高温氧化-化学发光检测法分析效率高、物料消耗少、节能环保,适用于一般海水样品的批量分析,且由于测定范围大,该法也适用于TN浓度较高的海水样品的批量分析,流动注射分析法因其较低的检出限更适用于TN浓度较低的海水样品的批量分析。     

土壤中总氰化物分析方法的研究

通过对底泥、土壤中氰化物预处理方法的选择,证明在硫酸介质中蒸馏,用氢氧化钠为吸收液,异烟酸吡唑啉酮光度法测定土壤中总氰化物的分析方法具有准确度高、精密度好等特点。     

废水中总氰化物测定的新方法

研究了用气提法测定废水中总氰化物的条件的方法.实验结果表明,与蒸馏法相比,气提法简便安全,分析结果的准确度和精密度能满足监测要求.     

氢化物原子荧光法测定海水中的砷

采用氢化物原子荧光法测定海水中的砷,进行了基体干扰实验与条件实验,建立新的海水砷的分析方法。方法检出限为0.077μg/L,方法精密度、准确度和加标回收率均能满足测定要求,该方法操作简单,分析速度快。     

土壤中氰化物的快速测定——以江苏镇江电镀园区土壤监测为例

以电镀园区为例,利用流动注射仪对园区土壤中的氰化物进行了快速测定,并与传统分光光度法进行了比对.结果表明：流动注射法中准确度和精密度均满足监测要求;pH为3.8、蒸馏温度为125℃是氰化物测定的最佳实验条件;流动注射法和传统方法测试的结果相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于8％.该法具有分析速度快、稳定性好等特点,适用于大批量土壤样品测定.     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定总铬的研究

用火焰原子吸收分光光度法直接测定水和废水中的总铬.通过不同条件的实验,确定了最佳的分析条件;并通过标准样品和实际样品的分析,验证了方法的准确度和精密度.在大量实验基础上,建立空白实验、准确度质量控制图,以便定期对各种监测数据提供可行的质量保证措施.实验结果表明,该法快速方便,提高了分析效率,准确度高,精密度好,值得普及和推广.     

总氰化物预处理操作条件控制的探讨

吡唑啉酮光度法测定总氰化物虽然操作简单,但实验条件苛刻,尤其是预处理过程,存在很多的干扰因素,导致实验结果产生偏差。文章对测定水中氰化物时可能存在的干扰因素进行分析,研究最佳的操作条件,提出改进措施,监测结果的准确度和精密度都较好。     

反相流动注射法测定海水中磷酸盐

建立了反相流动注射-结晶紫-磷钼杂多酸离子缔合体系测定海水中磷酸盐的方法,确立了最佳试验条件,有效解决了海水的盐度干扰问题.方法线性良好,检出限为0.1 μg/L,精密度和准确度均符合要求,且流路简单,操作方便,可用于现场自动分析.     

流沙湾海域水质的综合评价与分析

以流沙湾2008年4个航次水质监测数据资料为依据,选择具有代表性的9种监测指标,分别采用模糊综合评价法和模糊贴近度法进行海水水质评价比较与分析,得出流沙湾海域水质评价等级。研究结果表明,流沙湾海域冬夏季节的水环境质量差于春秋两季,其中夏季水质最差。将整年水质监测指标平均值进行综合评价,结果表明,流沙湾各站位均符合二类水质标准。以模糊贴近度法作为主要评价方法、以模糊综合评价法作为辅助评价方法进行综合评价,更有利于流沙湾海域水质的整体分析。研究结果可作为流沙湾海域水产养殖规划和整治的参考依据,为将来合理开发利用流沙湾海域提供科学依据。     

河北省近岸海域氮磷变化及其影响因素分析

根据2011—2018年河北省近岸海域海水、入海河流、降水中氮和磷的监测数据,分析了海水中氮和磷的变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明：2011—2018年,河北省近岸海域海水中无机氮（DIN）和无机磷（DIP）的平均浓度均低于第二类海水水质标准,海域富营养化状况以贫营养和轻度富营养为主,超标（第二类海水水质标准限值）点位和中度、重富营养区域主要集中在沧州市近岸海域。河北省近岸海域海水中DIN的平均浓度在2011—2014年、2015—2017年呈现阶段性上升趋势,2018年大幅下降;DIP的平均浓度在2011—2013年无明显波动,2014年陡增后开始逐年下降;N/P在2011—2014年无明显变化,2015—2018年呈逐年上升趋势。自2016年起,入海河流中氨氮和总磷的平均浓度、降水中氨氮的平均浓度均呈逐年下降趋势。近岸海域海水、入海河流、降水中的氮和磷表现出一定的相关性和协同性,陆源污染输入总量降低是海水中氮磷浓度降低的主要原因。应警惕污染物控制力度的不同所导致的海水中生源要素结构的改变,及其引发的潜在海洋生态风险。     

人工沙滩对海水入侵影响评价的数值模拟研究

以广东省珠海市2018年完工的唐家湾沙滩为研究对象，基于OpenGeoSys程序构建海水入侵数值模型，根据水文地质调查数据，建立沙滩修复前地下水运动的数学模型，利用地下水盐度历史数据进行参数率定与模型验证。在该模型基础上，根据填沙的水文地质参数，改变模型相应部分的属性，分析针对不同人工沙滩修复方案情景下的咸淡水界面运移规律。结果表明：人工填沙可加速海水入侵，填沙厚度对海水入侵程度影响较小；增加填沙宽度可以有效缓解海水入侵，当填沙宽度达到50 m时，可驱退咸淡水界面至沙滩修复前的状态。     

Dissipation of cypermethrin,chlorpyriphos, and profenofos in tomato fruits and soil following application of pre-mix formulations

In this study, changes in heavy metal accumulation in U. rigida J. Agardh taxon and seawater have been investigated with respect to different stations and seasons. For this purpose, the severity of heavy metal pollution in the Dardanelles has been presented through the determination of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd concentrations in U. rigida macroalgae and seawater taken seasonally from the stations located on six different regions on the strait. While the metal concentrations in alga specimens were found to be high in spring and winter in all stations; the metal concentrations in the seawater, particularly the Pb concentration, were found to be high in all seasons.     

Butyltin contamination in sediments and seawater from Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan

The distribution of butyltin (BT) compounds in the sediments and seawater, at the river outfalls, fishing ports, shipyards, and industrial zone docks of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan were investigated. Twenty sediment and seawater samples were collected from various locations in the Harbor in 2006 and analyzed for monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and tributyltin (TBT). Results showed that the concentration of total BTs varied from 1.5 to 151 ng/g in sediment samples, with TBT being the major component of the sediment samples. This suggests that sediments could be the most possible sink of TBT brought by the sorption mechanism. The concentrations of BTs ranged from 9.7 to 270 ng/L in seawater samples, whereas DBT and MBT, the degradation byproducts of TBT, were mainly the most abundant BT compounds of the seawater samples. This indicates that the abiotic or biotic degradation potential of TBT was significant. Spatially, the highest concentrations of BTs were observed in both water and sediment samples collected from the shipyard and fishing port areas. This indicates that the shipping-related activities (e.g., navigation, ship repair, and ship building) would contribute most of BTs in the environment. Results show that the concentrations of degradation products (DBT and MBT) were related closely to temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll-a of the seawater. This implies that seasonal changes of the water parameters controlled the degradation of TBT in seawater. The observed levels of BT compounds in both seawater and sediments were much higher than those required to induce toxic effects on marine organisms, suggesting that appropriate TBT control strategies should be taken in Kaohsiung Harbor.     

Continuous flow methods for evaluating the response of a copper ion selective electrode to total and free copper in seawater

This work describes the development of an instrument for measuring free and total copper in seawater by continuous flow analysis (CFA) with an Orion copper (II) ion selective electrode (CuISE). Sample analysis times are reduced considerably by using an extrapolation technique based on the fitting of an empirical mathematical expression to the electrode time-response curve enabling a prediction of the final equilibrium potential. CuISE measurements in seawater samples containing nanomolar levels of total copper can be very time consuming, and this predictive approach significantly reduces sample analysis time, and improves sample throughput. The time taken to measure pCu in seawater to a precision of +/- 0.1, using conventional potentiometry, varies considerably depending on the condition of the electrode membrane but can be reduced by a factor of 3-6 (typically from 60 to 10 min) by using the extrapolation technique in conjunction with CFA. Details are given of the protocols used for preconditioning the CuISE. The system can be used as a portable instrument for field measurements or for shipboard measurements of free copper in seawater. Extrapolated equilibrium potentials are within +/- 0.5 mV of true steady state values.     

Chlorination Byproducts in Drinking Water Produced from Thermal Desalination in United Arab Emirates

Oil activities in the Arabian Gulf can potentially affect the quality of the intake water available for coastal desalination plants. This paper addresses such situation by investigating the quality of intake water and desalinated water produced by a desalination plant located near a coastal industrial complex in United Arab Emirates (UAE). Analyses of the organic compounds on the intake seawater reported non-detected levels in most samples for the three tested organic groups; namely Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Phenols, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic Acids (HAAs) were also tracked in the intake sea water, throughout the desalination processes, and in the final produced drinking water, to evaluate the undertaken pre- and post chlorination practices. The levels of considered Chlorination Byproducts (CBPs) were mostly found below the permissible international limits with few exceptions showing tangible levels of bromoform in the intake seawater and in the final produced drinking water as well. Lab-controlled experiments on the final produced distillate showed little contribution of its blending with small percentage of seawater upon the formation of trihalomethane and in particular, bromoform. Such results indicate that the organic precursors originated in the seawater are responsible for bromoform formation in the final distillate.     

Sea water intrusion studies near Kovaya limestone mine, Saurashtra coast, India

The Kovaya Limestone Mine is situated on the Saurashtra coast of India. Though the mine is dependent on the desalination plant installed in the plant for its domestic and industrial water requirements, there is significant withdrawal of groundwater by the large number of bore wells and open wells, which are present in the agricultural fields lying in and around the leased area of the mine. The heavy withdrawal of groundwater has led to intrusion of seawater. The present work entails study of possible seawater intrusion by chemical analysis of major cations and anions in selected groundwater samples. Very high total dissolved solids in the range of >1,000 mg/l and high chloride in the range of 103 mg/l to 3,899 mg/l have been measured in the groundwater samples. 'Resistivity Imaging Survey' has also been carried out on selected profiles in the study area. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography images indicate very low resistivity zones (~0-3 Omega m) in the bottom portion of the resistivity depth section. These low resistivity zones can be interpreted to be due to seawater intrusion. The resistivity sections on the excavated Pits, where mining is going on, indicate possibilities of seawater intrusion. Hence, protection from seawater intrusion is recommended through restriction of mining up to the safe level.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of tributyltin (TBT) in seawater, sediments and bivalves from coastal areas of Korea during 2001–2005

Tributyltin (TBT) concentrations were determined in seawater, sediments and bivalve samples collected from Korean coastal areas during 2001-2005, to investigate the levels and temporal variation in TBT contamination in relation to the timing of the imposition of regulations on TBT use in Korea. TBT concentrations ranged from <5.0 to 164 ng/L in seawater, from <7.0 to 9,576 ng/g dry weight in sediments, and from <7.0 to 6,296 ng/g dry weight in bivalves. The highest concentrations of TBT were found at locations close to intensive shipping traffic and industrial complexes, and the contamination at some hot spot areas was high enough to cause harmful effects on marine organisms. TBT concentrations and their occurrence in Korean coastal waters have been decreasing annually. In particular, TBT concentrations in seawater have dramatically decreased. This result is consistent with regulations and bans on the use of TBT in Korea.     

海南红沙港海水中细菌污染调查与评价

于2006年4-6月在红沙港海域进行了四个航次调查,对海域中5个站位的海水样品进行了细菌学检测.结果表明,四个航次海水粪大肠杆菌群超标率最高为40%,异养细菌总数超标率均达60%以上.四个航次海水粪大肠杆菌单项污染指数平均值分别为0.755、1.792、2.215和0.578,异养细菌总数单项污染指数平均值分别为1.54、2.73、24.04和6.11.生物统计学分析显示,粪大肠杆菌群与异养细菌总数存在一定的正相关关系,其相关系数r2=0.439 9.红沙港海水已受到粪大肠杆菌和异氧细菌污染.