环境监测中部分常用环境标准存在问题的探讨

结合环境监测实际 ,探讨了部分常用环境标准存在的行文问题、选配分析方法问题、标准与选配分析方法之间的关系问题、部分技术术语问题、同一标准内的逻辑统一问题、不同标准之间的关系问题等 ,并提出了相应的建议。     

固定污染源噪声标准与监测问题的探讨

环境噪声污染问题影响面广,矛盾纠纷大.但现行的固定污染源噪声环境标准在执行和监测实施中存在一些不合理以及执行困难的问题,本文讨论了这些问题并提出了建议.     

呼兰县畜牧生态环境建设现状及其对策的研究

主要介绍呼兰县近几年畜牧生态环境建设中存在的问题,对主要问题进行科学分析,并提出相应的对策。     

21世纪中国城市环境地质问题

从全球环境的角度对中国城市的环境地质问题进行了研究.文中分析了当今全球主要环境问题,探讨了全球环境变异对中国城市地质环境的影响,详细研究了现代城市工程经济建设中引起的环境工程地质问题.     

中国西北地区水资源的开发和利用

我国西北地区地广人稀,水资源比较贫乏,而且时空分布极不均匀,极大地影响了该地区人民的生活,限制了该地区的经济开发,因此大力开发西北地区面临的首要问题即水资源问题。本文从西北地区水资源的自然分布、开发利用水资源中存在的问题及有效的解决途径三方面进行了简要的综述。     

从盐城2.20水污染事故看基层环境应急监测队伍建设

简要介绍了盐城2.20事故发生后,环境监测部门的应急监测工作情况,以及在监测工作中暴露出的问题,针对问题提出了对策和建议。     

氨氮测定中几个问题的探讨

针对纳氏比色法测定氨氮过程中存在的问题,提出了相应的解决办法。消除了混浊和显色前后稀释问题,降低了空白吸光度,提高了测定的准确度。     

应用水跃区流体动力学特性提高含油污水采样的代表性

含油污水采样代表性问题是目前一个尚未解决的技术问题,利用水跃区的流体动力学特性,可使含油污水得到充分地混合,提高水样的代表性。     

加强环境监测质量管理人员队伍建设的思考

加强环境监测质量管理人员队伍建设、提高环境监测工作质量是环境监管部门需要解决的重点问题。本文通过对环境监测质量管理人员队伍目前所存在的问题进行剖析,阐述建立高素质管理队伍的重要性,并根据存在的问题提出相应的解决措施,完善培训机制,提高管理人员素质,为环境监测质量管理工作提供有益的建议。     

我国污染源在线监控系统建设运行及对策措施研究

介绍了我国污染源在线监控系统建设运行现状,阐述污染源在线监控系统建设运行过程中存在的问题,对如何解决这些问题进行研究,提出相应对策措施.     

大气污染影响下凯里植物氮、硫含量分析

对大气污染影响下凯里植物氮、硫质量分数进行测定分析。结果表明:植物的氮质量分数为0.8%～2.8%,平均值为1.5%;硫质量分数为0.4%～1.4%,平均值为0.8%。植物的氮、硫质量分数都高于对照点植物,为对照点植物的1.4倍、1.9倍,表明该区植物已受到了大气污染的影响。不同植物间的氮、硫质量分数差异达到3.5倍和2.5倍。不同类型植物的氮、硫质量分数也存在差异,氮质量分数中:藤本>草本>灌木>乔木,硫质量分数中:藤本>草本>乔木>灌木;落叶植物的氮、硫质量分数>常绿植物的氮、硫质量分数。不同研究点植物的氮、硫质量分数存在差异,均表现为:玻璃厂>火电厂>水泥厂。     

Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity in the Arctic

The Canadian Arctic is characterized by a high variation in landform types and there are complex interactions between land, water and the atmosphere which dramatically affect the distribution of biota. Biodiversity depends upon the intensity, predictability and scale of these interactions. Observations, as well as predictions of large-scale climate models which include ocean circulation, reveal an anomalous cooling of northeastern Canada in recent decades, in contrast to the overall significant increase in average annual temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. Predictions from models are necessary to forecast the change in the treeline in the 21st century which may lead to a major loss of tundra. The rate of change in vegetation in response to climate change is poorly understood. The treeline in central Canada, for example, is showing infilling with trees, and in some locations, northerly movement of the boundary. The presence of sea ice in Hudson Bay and other coastal areas is a major factor affecting interactions between the marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Loss of ice and therefore hunting of seals by polar bears will reduce bear and arctic fox populations within the region. In turn, this is likely to have significant effects on their herbivorous prey populations and forage plants. Further, the undersurface of sea ice is a major site for the growth of algae and marine invertebrates which in turn act as food for the marine food web. A rise in sea-level may flood coastal saltmarsh communities leading to changes in plant assemblages and a decline in foraging by geese and other consumers. The anomalous cooling in the eastern Arctic, primarily in late winter and early spring, has interrupted northern migration of breeding populations of geese and ducks and led to increased damage to vegetation in southern arctic saltmarshes as a result of foraging. It is likely that there has been a significant loss of invertebrates in those areas where the vegetation has been destroyed. Warming will have major effects on permafrost distribution and on ground-ice resulting in a major destabilization of slopes and slumping of soil, and disruption of tundra plant communities. Disruption of peat and moss surfaces lead to loss of insulation, an increase in active-layer depth and changes in drainage and plant assemblages. Increases of UV-B radiation will strongly affect vulnerable populations of both plants and animals. The indigenous peoples will face major changes in life style, edibility of food and health standards, if there is a significant warming trend. The great need is for information which is sensitive to the changes and will assist in developing an understanding of the complex interactions of the arctic biota, human populations and the physical environment.     

宁波市颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度水平、分布及来源分析

讨论了2003年宁波市颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度水平、分布及来源,结果表明,PM10中PAHS占TSP中总量的83%,PM2.5中的PAHS占TSP总量的54%,颗粒物中多环芳烃主要存在于小于10μm的颗粒中。颗粒物中多环芳烃季节变化特征明显,夏季最低,冬季最高。汽车尾气对PM10中多环芳烃的贡献率达56%,汽车尾气是颗粒物中多环芳烃的主要来源。     

合肥市环巢湖地区种植业面源污染监测与评价

通过2016-2018年在合肥市环巢湖5个县区主要农田周边沟渠中采集水样,监测农田氮磷流失浓度,并评价该区域种植业面源污染状况。结果表明,这3年该区域种植业TN、TP流失的平均质量浓度分别为3.48 mg/L、0.602 mg/L,均高于地表水Ⅴ类水质标准。2016年与2017年TN、TP浓度差异不大,2018年较前两年TN浓度有所提高,TP浓度相比显著降低。巢湖市农田沟渠水中TP浓度高于其他县区,TN浓度相对较低;NO-3 N浓度庐江县高于其他县区;NH 3 N地区间几乎没有差异。TP和NH 3 N浓度均为秋季高于夏季,TN和NO-3 N浓度均为夏季高于秋季。     

重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜中Hg、Pb的污染特征及相关性分析

通过对重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb的含量分析 ,发现土壤 Hg含量远远大于背景值 ,并且土壤 Hg的含量与菜地周围的环境密切相关 ;土壤 Pb的含量同背景值相差不大。Hg、Pb在土壤和蔬菜中的污染特征表现为主城区 >近郊区 >远郊区 ;并且不同蔬菜品种中 Hg、Pb的含量差异较大 ,在不同蔬菜种类表现为叶菜类 >果菜类 >根菜类。相关性分析表明同一菜地土壤和蔬菜中 Hg、Pb含量无相关性 ;不同菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb含量不具有相关性。     

Cadmium Contamination in Wild Birds as an Indicator of Environmental Pollution

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that has serioustoxicity in humans and animals and causes Itai-Itai disease.However, there is little available information on itscontamination in wildlife as an indicator of environmentalpollution. The Cd contents in the kidney and liver of 85 wildbirds from 9 different prefectures in Japan were investigated.The ranges of the Cd contents in the kidney and liver in allbirds were ND-174.4 and ND-21.2 g g^-1 dry wt.,respectively. The mean Cd contents were higher in theoil-contaminated birds than those in the non-contaminated ones.Furthermore, a strong correlation was obtained only between theCd contents in the kidney and those in the liver of theoil-contaminated seabirds and not in the other non-contaminatedones. These results suggest that wild birds reflect the levelof environmental contamination which should be monitored.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

德阳市农用地土壤中镉的分布特征及异常来源分析

通过龙门山区域的德阳市6个县市农用地土壤中镉的采样监测,分析了该区域镉的分布特征及区域分异原因,并对其环境生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,德阳市农用地土壤中镉含量总体水平为0.11~4.68 mg/kg,呈现西北到东南逐渐降低的分布特征;西北部绵竹和什邡市农用地土壤中镉出现超标的范围较广,2个城市约62.5%的监测点土壤中镉出现超标,且绵竹市农用地土壤中镉超标程度和生态风险程度最重,绵竹地区约25%的监测点土壤中镉出现了轻中度超标;监测区域土壤中镉出现较重生态风险点共有4个,均出现在绵竹;但较高含量的镉在该区域并非大范围连片存在;区域农用地土壤中镉异常的来源主要为龙门山中段的地质背景和部分以矿石为原料企业的综合影响。     

江苏省茶园和农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留与污染特征分析

于2018年4—6月采集了江苏省10个市的茶园和农田表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱仪分析样品中12种拟除虫菊酯类农药的质量比和组成。结果表明,江苏省茶园和农田土壤中广泛检出拟除虫菊酯类农药,总量分别为27.1~50.7,56.9~97.0 ng/g。研究区域的拟除虫菊酯类农药含量存在差异,但组成相近,均是高效氯氟氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的比例较高。与国内其他地区土壤相比,江苏省茶园和农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯含量处于中等水平。     

Extreme Spatial Variability and Unprecedented Methylmercury Concentrations Within a Constructed Wetland

We began monitoring concentrations of both total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in surface water at Stormwater Treatment Area-2 (STA) on July 20, 2000. This 2602 hectare STA was constructed with three independent marshes to remove phosphorus from agricultural runoff and reduce eutrophication in the northern Everglades. However, there was concern that in doing so, STA-2 might inadvertently worsen the existing mercury problem in the Everglades. Accordingly, operating permits stipulated that flow-through operation of these treatment cells could not begin until concentrations of THg and MeHg in the interior marsh were not significantly greater than corresponding concentrations in the supply canal. Cells 2 and 3 quickly met the start-up criteria in the fall of 2000. In contrast, Cell 1 exhibited anomalously high MeHg concentrations in the fall of 2000 and 2001, and the summer of 2002. During the last such event, water-column concentrations in Cell 1 reached 32 ng THg/L and an unprecedented 20 ng MeHg/L. Tissue Hg in resident fishes reached levels as high as 430 ng/g in mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, 930 ng/g in sunfish, Lepomis spp., and 2000 ng/g in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Guided by results from the monitoring program, flow rate and water depth were managed as a means to alter sulfur biogeochemistry and, thereby, reduce in situ mercury methylation. This adaptive management strategy likely played a role in the decline in water-column concentrations of THg and MeHg in Cell 1 by late 2002 and the subsequent declines in tissue Hg levels in resident fishes. Cell 1 finally met formal start-up criteria on November 26, 2002.