上海、乌鲁木齐与昌吉三市城市土壤重金属富集特征比较研究

选择上海、乌鲁木齐、昌吉3个城市,通过对其城市土壤重金属含量水平、分布特征及活性的比较研究,发现城市土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量均远高于背景值,但Mn、Fe含量与背景值差别不大;上海市Cr、Pb、Zn含量最高,而昌吉市Cu含量最高,城市规模的大小并不能直接反映土壤重金属含量的高低,工业污染物排放量、交通量、城市规模大小、城市发展历史、工业区位置及变迁、土壤背景值等因素均会影响土壤重金属含量水平。除Mn、Fe无明显的功能区分布差异外,各城市重金属功能区分布规律并不相同,城市污染来源的不同可能是主要原因。重金属活性并未与其含量分布规律完全一致,上海土壤重金属活性大于乌鲁木齐、昌吉,上海土壤pH值小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉可能是主要影响因素,但也存在上海土壤中个别重金属活性小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉的现象,污染物来源存在差异等可能是主要原因。也可能较强,反之亦然。     

宁连高速两侧土壤及小麦重金属污染特征研究

选择宁连高速沿线4个路段采集土壤和小麦样品，研究Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn等5种重金属在高速两侧土壤及小麦中的分布特征、累积规律和影响因素。结果表明：高速两侧距路肩0 m～350 m范围内，土壤和小麦中5种重金属质量比均受到高速交通影响；高速两侧农田内土壤和小麦综合质量影响指数IICQ均＜1，各路段农田土壤环境质量清洁；Pb同位素组成显示大气吸收是小麦中重金属累积的主要途径。交通污染是影响高速沿线土壤和农产品质量安全的主要因素。     

镇江地区土壤中重金属Cu和Pb污染状况与空间分布

为了锯镇江地区土壤中重金属Cu和Ph的污染状况与空间分布，对镇江地区表层土壤中的Cu和Pb进行了采样监测。结果表明，镇江地区表层土壤中cu的含量为19．2～273mg／kg，Pb的含量为20．6～3846mg／kg。与全省土壤背景值相比，均有一定程度的富集。对cu和Pb的相互关系进行分析可得出，镇江地区土壤在一定程度上受到农业面源的污染。     

乌鲁木齐市供暖期大气颗粒物中重金属分布特征与化学形态分析

分析探讨了乌鲁木齐市采暖期大气颗粒物中TSP、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的含量,对颗粒物样品进行分级提取,测定Hg,As,Pb,Cd的存在形态。结果表明,不同区域中的重金属元素存在形态分布差别较大,不同粒径颗粒物中的重金属形态各不相同,质量分布亦有明显差异。     

乌鲁木齐市冬季重污染天气下PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征及来源解析

通过乌鲁木齐市2013年2月5日至26日一次重污染天气过程中,在6个采样点位进行细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的采集,并对其中的13种重金属(Cu、Sr、Mo、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、As、Hg)含量、Mull污染指数、空间分布以及溯源进行了分析。结果显示:采样期间乌鲁木齐市重金属浓度在0.23~178 ng/m~3之间,浓度水平排序PbMnCrFeAsVCuNiSrCdMoCoHg,其中Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、As浓度均高于乌鲁木齐市背景值和国内外其他城市水平,且Mull污染指数处于较严重的污染水平;在重金属元素浓度的空间分布上,铁招和南公园点位重金属浓度较高,31中学和市监测站相对较低。     

城市路边沉积物中Pb、Cu污染调查与评价

对连云港市商业区路边沉积物中Pb和Cu的含量及污染程度进行了调查。结果表明，连云港市商业区路边沉积物中Pb的算术平均值为97．24mg／kg。是我国A层土壤算术平均值的3．7倍，沉积物中Cu的算术平均值为49．99mg／kg。是我国A层土壤算术平均值的2．24倍；沉积物中Cu含量分布变异性比Pb含量高。地累积指数的评价结果表明，沉积物中Pb比Cu污染严重。     

乌鲁木齐表层土壤中氟元素的分布特征

研究了乌鲁木齐市不同功能区表层土壤中水溶性氟（Ws-F）的含量。结果表明：土壤Ws-F平均含量为5.36 mg/kg,变幅为1.55~12.53 mg/kg。其中,工业区（7.13 mg/kg）〉绿化区（5.73 mg/kg）〉商业区（5.71 mg/kg）〉居民区（4.93 mg/kg）〉农业区（3.08 mg/kg）。乌鲁木齐市土壤中Ws-F含量已高于我国地氟病发生区表层土壤Ws-F的平均值（2.50 mg/kg）,应引起有关部门的高度重视。     

乌鲁木齐市蔬菜基地土壤有效态镉的空间变异特征

以乌鲁木齐市北郊蔬菜基地为典型区,对干旱区绿洲城市郊区土壤有效态镉含量的结构特征进行分析,得出该区有效态镉的空间分布格局,并揭示了引起这种分布格局的成因和污染来源.结果表明,乌鲁木齐市北郊蔬菜基地有效态镉属中等变异.半方差函数模型拟合表明,有效态镉含量可以用指数函数拟合,且在一定范围内存在空间相关性.采用Kriging...     

乌鲁木齐城市土壤与灰尘粒径空间分布特征

结合野外调研的基础,按照四分法采集乌鲁木齐市城市土壤与城市灰尘样品共计306个,利用激光粒度仪和ArcGIS分析了城市土壤与灰尘样品的全粒径(0.02～2 000μm)组成与空间分布特征。研究结果表明:乌鲁木齐城市土壤与灰尘在小粒径范围内空间分布差异不明显,城市土壤粒径主要集中在10～50μm,城市灰尘集中于100～250μm;城市重工业对城市土壤和灰尘小粒径颗粒分布影响更大,而城市商业、居住等为主的人类其他活动行为对大粒径颗粒影响更为显著。乌鲁木齐城市土壤可能对城市灰尘PM_1、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)粒径分布的贡献比较突出,应从城市土壤、城市灰尘、颗粒物粒径空间分布、气象等因素综合考虑乌鲁木齐市大气污染的防控。     

金昌市城区土壤重金属空间分布及潜在生态危害评价

通过对金昌市区范围内74处土壤的取样研究分析，结果表明：Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn5种重金属平均含量均超过当地土壤背景值，其中以Cu和Ni最为显著，其平均含量分别达到430mg／kg和361mg／kg；5种重金属变异系数均较大，其中Cu和Ni变异系数达到了11.5％和12.3％，属强变异性；采用克立格最优内插法得到金昌市表层土壤重金属含量的空间分布图，发现Cu和Ni呈局部污染态势，矿业开采和金属冶炼加工等工业活动是Cu和Ni最大的污染源；Pb、Zn和Cd在整个研究区域内都有积累，工矿活动和交通运输是金昌市Pb、Zn和Cd的共同污染源。潜在生态危害评价结果表明，该地区重金属污染已构成中度生态危害。     

Heavy metals in urban ambient PM10 and soil background in eight cities around China

The ambient PM₁₀ and background soil samples were collected and analyzed with ICP-AES in eight cities around China to investigate the levels of ten heavy metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb). The mean concentrations of ten heavy metals in PM₁₀ of the eight cities of China followed the order of Zn?>?Pb?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr?>?Co?>?V. The metals in the ambient PM₁₀ and soil were compared in each city to evaluate the heavy metal mass fraction from anthropogenic sources in ambient air. The CD values in these cities were all above 0.2, indicating that the ingredients spectrums of PM₁₀ and soil vary markedly. Most heavy metals were enriched in PM₁₀, except Fe and Ti. The results showed that almost all the cities suffer important heavy metal pollution from anthropogenic sources. The eight cities were also grouped according to their similarity in heavy metals of ambient PM₁₀ by cluster analysis to investigate the relationship between the heavy metals and the pollution sources of each city. The conclusion was that the eight cities were divided into three clusters which had similar industrial type and economy scale: the first cluster consisted of Shenzhen, Wuxi, and Guiyang; followed by Jinan and Zhengzhou as the second grouping; and the third group had Taiyuan, Urumqi, and Luoyang.     

某钢丝绳典型产业区土壤重金属含量现状调查

以钢丝绳产业集聚区内的土壤为研究对象，采集和分析产业区中心河两边淹水环境下的水稻田、少用受污染河水灌溉的棉花田及不用受污染河水灌溉的蔬菜地样本，结果表明，产业区内土壤中铅和锌的含量明显高于产业区外。产业区内除水稻田土壤中铅的质量比超过评价参比值外，其他灌溉方式下土壤中铅和锌的质量比均未超过《土壤环境质量标准》（GB 15618-1995）中的二级标准（pH值＞7）。统计分析表明，土壤中的重金属含量与废水灌溉方式有关，该产业区内土壤外源重金属来自钢丝绳产业的可能性很大。在不同的灌溉方式下，土壤剖面样品中的重金属含量随着土壤深度增加呈现降低的趋势，2010年和2011年的测定结果无显著差异。     

Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China

The level, distribution, compositional pattern, and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil of Shanghai were investigated. The concentrations ranged from 140.7 to 2,370.8 μg kg(?-1) for 21 PAHs and from 92.2 to 2,062.7 μg kg(?-1) for 16 priority PAHs, respectively. The higher level of PAHs was mainly distributed in the south and west of Shanghai region, and the lower concentration was found in Chongming Island. Generally, the composition pattern of PAHs was characterized with high molecular weight PAHs, the seven possible carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 4.8-50.8% of the total PAHs, and fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene were the most dominant components in soil samples. The correlation analysis suggested that low molecular weight PAHs and high molecular weight PAHs were originated from different sources and further corroborated that total organic carbon was a key soil property affecting the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment. The isomer ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in the investigated areas were derived primarily from combustion of biomass, coal, and petroleum. Compared to the soil quality standards of the Netherlands, all the target PAHs (except Ant) in most samples exceeded their target values. The Nemerow composite index based on the same soil quality standard showed that 69.4% of the soil samples were heavily polluted. The total BaP(eq) of ten Dutch target PAHs in 72% soil samples were higher than the reference total carcinogenic potency. Therefore, the agricultural soil in Shanghai is suffering from serious PAHs contamination.     

新疆绿洲城市夏季农田区对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度特征分析

2014年夏季6~8月利用地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪(MAX DOAS)在新疆绿洲城市乌鲁木齐市三道坝镇、库尔勒市西尼尔镇及博乐市84团农田区观测的NO_2垂直柱浓度(VCD)数据,结合同期的气象数据分析了NO_2VCD的变化特征。研究表明:1NO_2气体的日变化规律在乌鲁木齐市和库尔勒市农田区呈波浪式多峰特征,博乐市农田区呈明显的双峰形式,且峰值除了库尔勒市在午后外,乌鲁木齐市和博乐市均出现在早晚时段;2新疆绿洲城市农田区在夏季6月(3.327×1015molec/cm~2)的NO_2VCD最高,其次是7月(2.002×1015molec/cm~2),最低是8月(1.656×1015molec/cm2);3NO_2VCD与气温、水汽压气象要素密切相关;由于城市间地势、格局的差异,库尔勒市的NO_2浓度与风速呈显著正相关,乌鲁木齐市、博乐市的NO_2浓度与风速相关性不显著。     

贵州某流域城市河段沉积物及悬浮物重金属污染研究

通过在丰水期对贵州省某流域城市河段悬浮物和沉积物中的重金属含量进行测定，运用单因子指数法、生态风险评价法、因子分析法，初步探讨了该河段Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr、Ni及As等8种重金属元素的含量分布、污染特征、潜在生态风险及主要来源。检测结果显示，沉积物和悬浮物中Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb、As的平均含量较高，是贵州省土壤背景值的1.02～16.97倍。单因子指数评价结果表明：在沉积物中，Zn、Pb、As为轻度污染，Hg和Cd为重度污染；在悬浮物中，Cu、Pb、As为轻度污染，Zn为中度污染，Hg和Cd为重度污染。潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示，Hg和Cd的生态风险最大，为主要污染元素。研究区沉积物样品综合生态风险指数(RI)介于183.27～1 393.96,平均值为912.06,总体处于严重生态风险等级；悬浮物样品RI值介于341.53～612.38,平均值为436.85,总体处于重度生态风险等级。其中，沉积物样品重金属平均生态风险等级高于悬浮物样品，支流样品重金属生态风险等级总体上低于干流下游样品。根据因子分析法分析结果，初步推测沉积物及悬浮物Hg、Cd、Cr、Ni含量主要受工...     

包头某铝厂周边土壤重金属污染及健康风险评价

以包头市某铝业周边500 m内土壤为研究对象,测定其东北、东南、西北、西南4个方向不同水平距离及深度处土样中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni和Cr的含量,并采用地累积指数法和健康风险评价法对重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该区域表层土壤中6种重金属普遍高于内蒙古土壤背景值,且在西南方向50 m处含量最高,人类活动对该区域重金属干扰强烈,而风向对重金属分布影响不大;铝厂周围土壤中Cd、Pb处于中污染-重污染,Cu和Ni处于无污染-中污染,Zn和Cr为无污染,各金属污染程度随土壤深度的增加而减轻;健康风险评价表明,研究区域内Cu、Pb、Ni和Cd均不存在非致癌健康风险,而Cd的致癌危害虽在可接受范围内,但已存在潜在致癌风险,Ni的致癌健康风险指数已超过预警值,应予以高度重视和防治。     

Distribution of heavy elements in urban and rural surface soils: the Novi Sad city and the surrounding settlements, Serbia

Concentrations of ten heavy elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), as well as the pH values, organic matter contents, and electrical conductivities were measured in the surface soil samples collected from 21 sites of urban areas in the city of Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia, its suburban settlement and the nearby villages. Range of the heavy element concentrations was from 0.16 mg/kg (for Hg) to 18,994 mg/kg (for Fe). Significantly higher Hg and Mn concentrations were observed in subgroups with rural and market garden samples in comparison to the subgroups with urban and grassland samples, respectively, while the contents of Pb found in the grasslands subgroup were significantly higher than in the subgroup with market garden soils. Only one sample of urban soil exceeded the maximum permissible value for Zn set by the relevant Serbian legislation. According to the Dutch soil quality standard, the Cd and Co concentrations in majority of the examined soils were higher than the target values for unpolluted soil. The content of Hg was above the target value in 52% of the samples, most of them belonging to the subgroup of market garden soils. The results for the Novi Sad city area were compared to the relevant data available for other cities in the Western Balkan Countries. Principal component analysis of data revealed seven outlying samples, while the rest of the analyzed samples were grouped together indicating similar heavy element patterns most probably due to mixed emission sources.     

典型金属冶炼城市降尘中重金属污染特征及风险评价

2021年1-3月,采集湖南省某典型金属冶炼城市不同功能区的降尘样品,分析测定了17种重金属元素含量,其中15种重金属元素含量超出了湖南背景值,分别为Ag、Fe、Cd、Ti、Sb、Tl、Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo、Ni、Cr、Ba、Mn。采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价模型对大气降尘中重金属可能造成的生态风险和健康风险进行评价。结果表明:受长期的有色金属冶炼影响,Ag、Cd、Fe、Sb、Ti、Tl 6种重金属达到了极重度污染,Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo在中度污染程度以上。工业区的综合生态危害指数远高于工业居民混合区、工业农业混合区、居民区和交通区,达到了极强生态危害级别。健康风险评价结果显示:大气降尘中As和Pb存在非致癌风险,As、Cd和Ni存在致癌风险,且经口摄入是最主要的暴露途径。与青少年和儿童相比,大气降尘中重金属对成人造成的风险较高,且成年女性面临的风险高于成年男性。