直接进样气相色谱法分析废水中的甲胺磷

5%PEG 20M/Chromosorb 380柱(玻璃2m×3m)在SP501 FPD—GC上用于直接测定水中甲胺磷最低测量2.8×10~(-8)g,2μL进样量最低检测浓度14mg/L.工效高,无回收率低之虞.     

恶臭空气中有机硫化物的气相色谱测定

本文采用气相色谱法测定空气中PPm级有机硫化物。使用火焰光度(FPD)检测器,色谱柱材料为内径3mm,长3m玻璃柱,固定相为60—80目DMCS 201红色载体涂渍25％ββ′—氧二丙腈。它能分离H_2S等七个组分。SO_2的保留时间与(CH_3)_2S很接近,但当SO_2:(CH_3)_2S=6:1以下时,SO_2不干扰(CH_3)_2S的测定。直接进样1ml其检出限为:CS_2:0.5×10_(-3)μg(CH_3)_2S 1×10~(-3)μg;CH_2SH:2×10~(-3)μg(C_2H_5)_2S1×10~(-3)μg;C_2H_5SH:2×10~(-3)μg(CH_3)_2S_21×10~(-3)μg:测定的变异系数小于10％,相关系数在0.99以上,回收率结果令人满意。     

2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚固相萃取光度法测定镉的研究

研究了用2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚(PAR)固相萃取光度法测定镉,在pH=8 0的硼酸-氢氧化钠缓冲介质中,TritonX-100存在下,QAMDHB与镉反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,体系最大吸收波长为520nm,摩尔吸光系数 =5 18×104L·mol-1·cm-1。样品中的镉用强阴离子交换固相萃取柱固相萃取预分离和富集后,用该方法测定,结果令人满意。     

基于磁性多壁碳纳米管的涡旋辅助分散基质固相萃取-高效液相色谱检测水中双酚A

针对分散基质固相萃取中吸附剂与液相难以彻底分离等问题,合成磁性多壁碳纳米管作为吸附剂,结合液相色谱检测,建立了基于涡旋辅助磁性分散基质固相萃取检测水中双酚A的分析方法。磁性多壁碳纳米管与液相可以实现简便、彻底的分离,省略分散基质固相萃取中的过滤或离心步骤。在优化条件下,方法检出限为0.02μg/L,线性范围为0.05~10μg/L(r=0.999 2)。将该方法用于实际水样的分析,相对回收率为89.6%。     

气相色谱法测定环境空气中三甲胺

采用4%聚乙二醇(PEG)-20M+1%KOHGXD-401为固定相,2m×3mm玻璃填充柱分离三甲胺,FID检测。该方法有较高灵敏度和良好的线性关系。结果表明:在柱温140℃,进样口温度180℃,检测器温度180℃,氮流量30mL/min时,平均回收率为100 3%,相对标准差为3%。     

用离子色谱法测定雨水中的F~-、Cl~- 、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)等阴离子

一、仪器及试剂: (一)仪器 Dionex 2010i型离子色谱仪、电导检测器、保护柱HPIC---AG34×50mm。分离柱HPIC AS34×250mm。 抑制柱:纤维抑制柱 SP 4270积分仪 (二)试剂 1.试验所用的水,均为电导率<5的去离子水、并经0.22μm的微孔滤膜过滤。 2.淋洗液贮备液:配成0.22M Na_2CO_3/     

气相色谱-质谱法分析污水中溶解态有机物

采用0.45μm玻璃纤维滤膜将污水分离为悬浮态和溶解态有机物质,以二氯甲烷为萃取剂,采用液液萃取-气质联用法对污水中溶解态有机物进行测定,同时还对萃取条件(萃取次数,萃取时间,无机盐加入量)进行优化.结果表明:萃取回收率最高的是每个pH范围各萃取2次、静置5 min,氯化钠加入15g.该方法分析时间短,准确度好(样品平均加标回收率为91.1％ ～ 103％),精密度高(相对标准偏差小于5％),易于操作.     

偶氮溴膦PN与钪的络合反应及钛铁溶液中微量钪的测定

本文详细研究了偶氮溴膦PN与钪的络合反应条件。使用铜铁试刑沉淀,PMBP-二甲苯萃取分离钛铁废水中微量钪,作为简便快速,准确的光度测定方法,ε=2.16×10~4(680nm)。     

固相萃取-气质联用法测定固体废物浸出液中的二硝基苯

建立了一种利用固相萃取法对固体废物浸出液(TCLP)中二硝基苯进行萃取,DB-5石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)进行分离,质谱检测器检测二硝基苯的方法。方法在0.002 0~0.020 0 mg/L之间线性关系良好,二硝基苯三种同分异构体的检出限均为0.5μg/L,模拟样品加标回收率为93%~96%,RSD≤2%;实际固体废物样品测定的加标回收率为95%~98%。     

气相色谱法测定环境空气和废气中乙酸

以蒸馏水吸收环境空气或工业废气中的乙酸,用5%PEG20M+0 5%H3PO4ChromosorbHP80目～100目、2m×2mm玻璃填充柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,样品直接进气相色谱仪测定。方法最低检出质量浓度为0 16mg/m3,相对标准差为2%～5%,加标回收率在85%～106%之间。方法操作简便、快速。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...