猛进水库水环境问题研究

猛进水库是五家渠地区的主要水源地,也是乌鲁木齐市重要的淡水鱼供应基地.近年来,猛进水库水质呈不断恶化的趋势,水质为劣V类,为此,猛进水库水质恶化问题已经成为各级政府及公众十分关注的问题.本文选用新疆水环境监测中心多年对猛进水库水质监测及调查的资料,对猛进水库水质现状进行分析评价,运用季节性肯达尔(Kendall)检验等方法,分析了猛进水库水质变化趋势及影响猛进水库水质的主要污染源,提出了进一步保护猛进水库水质的建议,为改善其水环境质量提供依据.     

乌拉泊水库水质分析及保护对策

根据乌鲁木齐市环境监测中心站多年的监测数据，运用单因子指数法、综合污染指数法和综合营养状态指数法分析了乌拉泊水库水质状况及变化趋势，并提出了保护和改善乌拉泊水库水质的对策建议，以期为乌拉泊水库环境保护管理提供依据。     

二滩水库水质污染及富营养化的评价分析

为更准确掌握四川二滩库区水污染情况,科学评估水库水质,根据2016-2019年度水质逐月环境监测数据资料,对二滩水库三个断面的水质污染状况及营养化状态进行了分析,结果表明库区综合污染指数下降,综合营养指数显示二滩水库的营养化程度由中营养化向贫营养化转变,出库断面水质略优于入库断面。     

2016-2020年珠海市金湾区集中式饮用水水源地环境质量变化特征

根据2016—2020年珠海市金湾区集中式饮用水水源地的监测数据,采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和综合营养状态指数法对金湾区黄绿背水库、爱国水库和木头冲水库环境质量变化趋势及特征进行分析评价。结果表明,2016年3个水库的综合污染指数最高,水质最差,超标因子为总磷,除了2016年黄绿背水库超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类标准外,其他年份和其他水库水质均达相应水功能区标准; 2016—2020年3个水库水质总体呈好转趋势,但改善趋势不显著,影响水质的主要因子为溶解氧、总磷、化学需氧量和五日生化需氧量; 3个水库水质的综合营养状态指数在10～24范围内,均处于贫营养状态,未呈现富营养化。     

洋河水库水质主成分分析

自20世纪80年代以来,洋河水库每年夏季都爆发“水华”现象,水质不断恶化。为研究水库水体水质年变化情况,于2005年对水库5个采样点的叶绿素a(Chl-a)、总磷(TP)等12项水化学指标进行为期1年的监测。采用基于因子分析的主成分分析方法,将洋河水库水质参数概括为5个主要成分,并分析各个主成分的含义以及其月均值随时间的变化规律。最后结合空间数据,分析了5个主成分年均值的空间分布特征和意义。结果表明,南库区的水质要明显好于北库区。     

通过监测浮游植物评价红旗水库水质现状和发展趋势

在“十五”期间通过水质生物学评价指标——浮游植物来评价红旗水库水质的现状，同时通过“九五”和“十五”浮游植物种类和数量的变化及“十五”的5年的变化来分析红旗水库水质的变化发展趋势．通过评价、对比，得出红旗水库水质属于轻污一中污染水体，并有稍微恶化的趋势，但是仍然符合饮用水源地标准.     

季节性Kendall检验法在黄坛水库水质趋势分析中的应用

根据2003～2010年的黄坛水库水质监测数据,选取有代表性的溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、总磷、氨氮和总氮6项指标,运用季节性Kendall检验法对黄坛水库水质变化趋势进行分析,结果表明:黄坛水库水质的高锰酸盐指数呈高度显著下降趋势,五日生化需氧量、总磷和氨氮呈显著下降趋势,溶解氧和总氮无明显变化趋势。     

拟建永定桥水库坝址区环境保护研究

修建水库可以蓄水,防洪,对库区附近的工农业生产与人民生活带来很大便利,而水库水质的好坏是影响周边居民生活用水的关键问题,文章提出在流沙河周边山地设立水源地保护带的概念,以保护流沙河周边的生态环境和地质环境,从而对提高水库的水质发挥积极作用。     

基于多元统计分析的石头口门水库汇水流域水质综合评价

根据石头口门水库汇水流域的4个监测断面2001～2007年的水质监测数据,应用多元统计分析方法(聚类分析与因子分析)确定主要污染因子并计算权重,从而对流域的水质进行综合评价。结果表明,通过因子分析,提取了3个公因子,第一主因子主要包括溶解氧、氨氮、总氮、高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量、生化需氧量;第二主因子的主要代表指标是总磷;氟化物、总大肠菌群数对第三主因子贡献明显。由综合评价结果得出,石头口门水库总体属Ⅲ类水质,主要污染因子为总磷;饮马河(烟筒山断面)和岔路河(星星哨水库断面)水质属Ⅲ类,主要受第一主因子影响;双阳河(新安断面)水质属Ⅴ类。流域水质主要受到了农业非点源污染和生活污染的影响。     

丹江口水库总氮较高原因初步分析

通过对丹江口水库库区、河南省辖入库河流及其它水体含氮类指标的对比,对水库总氮偏高的原因加以分析,指出总氮标准与硝酸盐、氨氮标准有差异,提出合理评价总氮指标及水库水质、加强水质保护措施的建议。     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

Operational and Design Considerations of a Trickling Filter for Ammonia Removal from Potable Water

We studied the steady-state behavior of a mathematical model of a nitrifying trickling filter. In particular, we studied the effect of the operating conditions of the filter on the complete and safe nitrification. We presented the results with the help of the operating diagram of the system and we determined the range of operating conditions resulting in optimal operation. We also computed biofilm thickness along the filter depth and concentration profiles inside the biofilm, and compared them with experimental results found in the literature. The comparison shows very good qualitative agreement between model predictions and experimental data.     

Kelp as a Bioindicator: Does it Matter Which Part of 5 M Long Plant is Used for Metal Analysis?

Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms, including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized. However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese). The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts. In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year. Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play a role in a subsistence diets.     

Geostatistical analysis as applied to two environmental radiometric time series

This article details the results of an investigation into the application of geostatistical data analysis to two environmentalradiometric time series. The data series employed consist of ⁹⁹Tc values for seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) and seawater samples taken as part of a marine monitoring program conducted on the coast of northern Norway by the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. Geostatistical methods were selected in order to provide information on values of the variables at unsampled times and to investigate the temporalcorrelation exhibited by the data sets. This information is ofuse in the optimisation of future sampling schemes and for providing information on the temporal behaviour of the variablesin question that may not be obtained during a cursory analysis.The results indicate a high degree of temporal correlation withinthe data sets, the correlation for the seawater and seaweed databeing modelled with an exponential and linear function,respectively. The semi-variogram for the seawater data indicatesa temporal range of correlation of approximately 395 days with noapparent random component to the overall variance structure and was described best by an exponential function. The temporal structure of the seaweed data was best modelled by a linear function with a small nugget component. Evidence of drift was present in both semi-variograms. Interpolation of the data setsusing the fitted models and a simple kriging procedure were compared, using a cross-validation procedure, with simple linearinterpolation. Results of this exercise indicate that, for theseawater data, the kriging procedure outperformed the simpleinterpolation with respect to error distribution andcorrelation of estimates with actual values. Using theunbounded linear model with the seaweed data produced estimatesthat were only marginally better than those produced by thesimple interpolation.     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...     

基于WRF-NAQPMS的一次沙尘天气预报评估

为提高沙尘天气的预报准确率,利用ECWMF再分析资料和近地面PM₁₀小时质量浓度监测数据,评估WRFNAQPMS模式对2021年3月15—21日甘肃强沙尘过程的预报能力。结果表明,WRF-NAQPMS能够在一定程度上模拟此次污染过程:WRF对“3· 15”天气系统的模拟与实况整体趋势较为一致,随着预报时效延长,气象模拟场移动偏快,导致沙尘预报场发展偏快、沙尘二次传输影响下游时间提前;近地面风向的局地偏差是导致甘肃中东部地区沙尘浓度出现预报误差的主要气象因素。NAQPMS模式对PM₁₀小时质量浓度的模拟随着预报时效增加和离沙源地距离的增大,预报误差逐步增大:在河西地区,沙尘影响时段和起沙浓度的模拟值均接近监测值,其中嘉峪关、酒泉、张掖的PM₁₀小时质量浓度模拟值与监测值相关系数r>0.8;中部地区城市的沙尘影响时段预报略有偏差,且模拟值低于监测值;受复杂下垫面和气象场预报误差影响,省内其他地区沙尘预报结果参考性较低。     

Eutrophication Status of Marine Environment of Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru Ports

The marine environment of Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru ports was monitored for some environmental and biological parameters during three different periods between 2001 and 2002. The results are compared with the records available since 1960s. With the passage of time the environmental status underwent changes, probably due to the increase in anthropogenic activities in the metropolis. The nutrient level especially the nitrate concentration has increased gradually over the years with a simultaneous decrease in dissolved oxygen, indicating increase in the biological activity. Characterization of this environment based on Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) model indicates that the current status is poor and may get worsen in future if no appropriate management policies are put into place.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Simulation of mixing depths incorporating the urban heat island effect

The main objective of this paper was to establish the effect of anthropogenic heat flux on the formation of mixing depth specially in urban areas. In this study an energy balance mixing depth model was developed for the simulation of mixing depth incorporating the heat island effect. To demonstrate the effect of heat island, mixing depths were simulated under two conditions. Under the first condition, hourly gridded anthropogenic heat flux and variant surface characteristics were considered, while under the second condition anthropogenic heat flux term was ignored and constant surface characteristics were considered throughout the modelling domain. The release of anthropogenic heat flux in the urban environment was found to be responsible for the growth of the unstable layer in the lower atmosphere even during the night. This resulted in higher mixing depth values in urban areas compared to the surrounding countryside. The maximum differential surfaces sensible heat flux between urban and rural areas was estimated as 130 W/m². From the simulation of mixing depth, it was revealed that the maximum increment in mixing depth in urban areas was 300 m due to the heat island effect. This increment in mixing depth in urban areas can provide an extra space for dilution and mixing of pollutants.