离子色谱法分析土壤水溶性盐中的阳离子

阐述了离子色谱法分析土壤水溶性盐中的阳离子的方法和步骤。通过震荡浸出,离心分离,C18柱小柱净化,一次进样,同时分析土壤水溶性盐中阳离子(Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)的含量,测试结果表明本方法的检出限低,灵敏度高,准确度和精密度高,加标回收率高,是一种可行的分析方法。     

环境样品中砷的形态分析

从砷的提取、不同形态砷的色谱分离和检测技术等3个方面综述了环境样品中砷的形态分析研究进展，指出发展简便、快速的分离富集技术及高灵敏性、高选择性的检测方法是今后的研究重点。     

离子色谱法测定清洁水中阴离子的方法

F~–、Cl~–、NO_~(3–)、SO_4~(2–)是清洁水样中的常规检测项目。通常用化学分析法测定离子的过程比较费时并且繁琐,而用离子色谱法分析测定比化学分析方法简便快速,而且灵敏度高,精密度高,样品回收率高,多组分可同时测定。     

黑龙江省松花江流域河流中高锰酸盐指数非点源污染负荷分析

采用3种方法分析黑龙江省松花江流域高锰酸盐指数非点源污染的负荷。分析结果显示,非点源污染造成的松花江流域高锰酸盐指数负荷约为70%;松花江流域支流源头属于高高锰酸盐指数河段,本底值约为5mg/L,河流流经1000Km非点源污染会增加高锰酸盐指数约1mg/L;松花江流域河流中高锰酸盐指数含量高的主要原因是流域内土壤有机质含量高。     

连续流动分析快速测定环境水样中的硫化物

用新型的连续流动分析对环境水样中的硫化物进行分析测定。与传统的分析方法相比,该方法具有快速、灵敏度高、检出限低的特点。该方法的分析频率可达60次/小时,检测下限为0.006mg/L,大大提高了实验室自动化程度。     

微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中稀土金属元素

建立了一种电感耦合等离子体质谱测定土壤中微量稀土金属的方法.分析了土壤标准样品中的微量稀土元素,结果与标准值一致.土壤实际样品分析也得到可靠结果.该方法样品采用微波溶样,灵敏度高,是一种比较可靠的微量稀土元素分析新方法.     

流动注射分光光度法测定水中六价铬的研究

研究建立了测定水中六价铬的流动注射光度分析方法,探讨了利用抗坏血酸的还原性扣除水样中轻度色度或浊度干扰的可行性.本方法线性关系好,检出限低,精密度和准确度高,对地表水、地下水、生活污水、工业废水等实样的测定获得了令人满意的结果.与传统的二苯基碳酰二肼分光光度法相比,具有方法简单、灵敏度高、分析速度快等优点,适用于环境监测的分析工作.     

在线固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法直接测定水中15种全氟烷基化合物

通过优化样品保存、前处理、分析条件,建立了水中15种典型全氟烷基化合物(PFASs)在线固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法,并对饮用水水源地和末梢水中PFASs进行定量检测。水样过膜后,准确移取700 μL水样、300 μL甲醇至1.5 mL聚丙烯进样瓶,并加入同位素内标后直接进样800 μL至在线固相萃取流路,进行萃取富集,再通过十通阀切换将洗脱的PFASs转移至分析流路进行分离,质谱检测,内标法定量。方法分析总时长22 min,15种全氟烷基化合物的方法检出限为0.31~1.20 ng/L,纯水高、中、低浓度加标样品回收率为70%~115%,相对标准偏差为0.2%~14.0%(n=6)。经实际样品验证,该方法与传统手动固相萃取方法分析结果基本一致。结果表明,该方法操作简单、自动化程度高、有机试剂用量少、灵敏度高、方法稳定,可满足地表水和末梢水中PFASs的快速测定。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱技术在环境监测中的应用进展

电感耦合等离子体质谱技术(ICP-MS)是目前发展最快的痕量元素分析测试技术之一。由于该技术提供了极低的检出限、极宽的动态线性范围,干扰少、分析精密度高,可进行多元素同时快速分析,可与多种分离技术及样品前处理方法和进样方法相结合等优点,得到了迅速的发展。介绍了ICP-MS的基本原理及仪器构造、与其他分析测试技术的比较及发展趋势,并着重介绍了其在环境监测和环境科学研究领域的应用。     

微波消解-ICP-MS测定土壤和底泥中的12种金属元素

以20.0μg/L铟作内标,采用硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系微波消解,ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子体质谱法)同时测定土壤和底泥中的12种金属元素,各元素方法检出限为0.003～0.2μg/g,相对标准偏差小于6.1%,土壤标准样品的测定值与标准值吻合。方法简便快捷,灵敏度高,重现性好,是分析大批量土壤和底泥样品中多元素的可靠、高效方法。     

Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential: An Assessment of Models and Methods for the Power Sector

The success of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions requires that there are scientifically sound and usable measurement methods for the emission baseline. Three different methods are investigated in the context of China’s electrical sector: simulation with dispatch analysis, decomposition analysis, and operating and build margin analysis. It is found that dispatch analysis is the best method available as it is able to consider important regional and temporal dimensions, while decomposition analysis can help quantify the potential effects of different energy and environment policy choices.     

运用方差分析法分析白城市月亮湖水库水质

运用方差分析法中的相关系数法和SNK检验方法,分析了1998～2007年白城月亮湖水库中主要污染物的监测数据.结果显示,溶解氧与氨氮具有线性关系,与高锰酸盐指数正相关,pH值在10年中没有显著变化.     

地表水环境质量大数据分析技术路线探讨

简述了地表水环境质量大数据分析的概念和意义,探讨了基于因素识别、数据选择、数据收集、数据整理、关联分析、模型验证和结果应用流程的地表水环境质量大数据分析技术路线,列举了4种典型的应用示例。提出,应建立数据共享机制,建立大数据分析工作程序,开发大数据分析应用软件,培养大数据分析技术人才。     

生态地球化学调查评价形态分析实验室间比对试验结果分析

通过对生态地球化学调查评价形态分析实验室间比对试验结果的统计分析和技术分析,进一步验证和统一生态地球化学评价样品形态分析方法,提高实验室间形态分析数据的可比性,了解参加实验室形态分析的技术能力,为制定生态地球化学评价样品形态分析相关规范提供基础数据依据。     

断续流动法测定水中TN

在人工消解使水中N元素转化为NO3-N的基础上,利用Bran Luebbe AutoAnalyzer 3流动分析仪NO3-N NO2-N分析模块测定水中TN,这样,既充分利用了仪器资源,又实现了大批量样品分析.实验结果显示,相对标准偏差均＜2%,回收率在92.4%～106.8%之间,检出限较低,且系统运行稳定.     

应用地理信息系统进行垃圾填埋场选址的初步研究

在ArcGIS 8.3软件空间分析模块(spatial analysis)支持下,以江苏省长江以南市辖区为研究对象,进行了空间叠加和空间复合查询分析,以确定垃圾填埋场候选区域分布,并同已有的垃圾填埋场监测点进行比较,结果表明,利用地理信息系统技术进行垃圾填埋场辅助分析是可行的.     

An inquiry into the potential of scenario analysis for dealing with uncertainty in strategic environmental assessment in China

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inherently needs to address greater levels of uncertainty in the formulation and implementation processes of strategic decisions, compared with project environmental impact assessment. The range of uncertainties includes internal and external factors of the complex system that is concerned in the strategy. Scenario analysis is increasingly being used to cope with uncertainty in SEA. Following a brief introduction of scenarios and scenario analysis, this paper examines the rationale for scenario analysis in SEA in the context of China. The state of the art associated with scenario analysis applied to SEA in China was reviewed through four SEA case analyses. Lessons learned from these cases indicated the word “scenario” appears to be abused and the scenario-based methods appear to be misused due to the lack of understanding of an uncertain future and scenario analysis. However, good experiences were also drawn on, regarding how to integrate scenario analysis into the SEA process in China, how to cope with driving forces including uncertainties, how to combine qualitative scenario storylines with quantitative impact predictions, and how to conduct assessments and propose recommendations based on scenarios. Additionally, the ways to improve the application of this tool in SEA were suggested. We concluded by calling for further methodological research on this issue and more practices.     

水质分析多样品自动制备系统研究

随着环境监测分析任务日趋繁重,实验室自动化系统越显重要,样品制备是分析自动化的一个重要环节。研制基于空间三维坐标系工作的机器人,用于在水质分析中实现对多样品的自动制备。仪器可对1～3种药液进行自动定量和移置加液,一批次可制备30～208个样品,具有移液误差小、分析精度高、使用灵活方便的特点,是分析检测自动化的理想设备。     

Multi-criteria decision analysis with probabilistic risk assessment for the management of contaminated ground water

Traditionally, environmental decision analysis in subsurface contamination scenarios is performed using cost–benefit analysis. In this paper, we discuss some of the limitations associated with cost–benefit analysis, especially its definition of risk, its definition of cost of risk, and its poor ability to communicate risk-related information. This paper presents an integrated approach for management of contaminated ground water resources using health risk assessment and economic analysis through a multi-criteria decision analysis framework. The methodology introduces several important concepts and definitions in decision analysis related to subsurface contamination. These are the trade-off between population risk and individual risk, the trade-off between the residual risk and the cost of risk reduction, and cost-effectiveness as a justification for remediation. The proposed decision analysis framework integrates probabilistic health risk assessment into a comprehensive, yet simple, cost-based multi-criteria decision analysis framework. The methodology focuses on developing decision criteria that provide insight into the common questions of the decision-maker that involve a number of remedial alternatives. The paper then explores three potential approaches for alternative ranking, a structured explicit decision analysis, a heuristic approach of importance of the order of criteria, and a fuzzy logic approach based on fuzzy dominance and similarity analysis. Using formal alternative ranking procedures, the methodology seeks to present a structured decision analysis framework that can be applied consistently across many different and complex remediation settings. A simple numerical example is presented to demonstrate the proposed methodology. The results showed the importance of using an integrated approach for decision-making considering both costs and risks. Future work should focus on the application of the methodology to a variety of complex field conditions to better evaluate the proposed methodology.     

由河流流速、COD浓度估计河流COD衰减系数的经验模型

本文在综合分析影响河流ＣＯＤ衰减系数的各要素和系统调查相关资料的基础上,采用逐步回归分析方法得到了一个由河流流速、ＣＯＤ浓度估计河流ＣＯＤ衰减系数的经验模型,并通过方差分析检验了模型的可靠性。该经验模型简便,易于操作,既可应用于现有的河流水体,也可与水质模型相结合应用于变化后的河流水体,具有较强的应用性。